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DR.R.NIVEDITHA
Organs of the Respiratory system
Slide 13.1Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Nose
 Pharynx
 Larynx
 Trachea
 Bronchi
 Lungs –
alveoli
Figure 13.1
respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha
1. Olfactory receptors in nose for perception of smell
2. Exchange of gases supplies the body with oxygen
and disposes of carbon dioxide.
3. Phonation-voice production by larynx.
4. Maintains body temperture-insensible water loss.
5. helps regulate blood pH
 Functions:
 Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food
and air appropriately, assists in sound production
 Trachea: transports air to and from lungs
 Bronchi: branch into lungs
 Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchange
Lower Respiratory Tract
A layer of pseudostratified ciliated
columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus
Found in nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx and
trachea
Mucus can trap contaminants
Cilia move mucus up towards mouth
The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs
located on either side of the chest (thorax). The
trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the
lungs through its tubular branches, called
bronchi.
Gross Anatomy of the
Lungs
conical shape. It has concave
base rests upon the muscular
diaphragm.
the apex projects superiorly
Both lungs are bordered by the
thoracic wall anteriorly, laterally,
and posteriorly, and supported
by the rib cage.
mediastinum.
The relatively broad, rounded
surface in contact with the
thoracic wall is called the costal
surface of the lung.
Lungs
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Occupy most of the thoracic cavity
Apex is near the clavicle (superior portion)
Base rests on the diaphragm (inferior
portion)
Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures
Left lung – two lobes
Right lung – three lobes
The outer surface of each lung and the
adjacent internal thoracic wall are lined by a
serous membrane called pleura.
visceral pleura.
parietal pleura.
.
Coverings of the Lungs
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers the
lung surface
 Parietal pleura lines the walls of the
thoracic cavity
 Pleural fluid fills the area between
layers of pleura to allow gliding
The potential space between the serous
membrane layers is a pleural cavity.
The pleural membranes produce a thin, serous
pleural fluid- acts as lubricant
Pleural effusion –collection of fluid in the
pleural cavity in excess with inflammation due
to infection.
Nose and Nasal Cavity
The nose and nasal cavity form the main
external opening for the respiratory system
. The nose is a structure of the face made of
cartilage, bone, muscle, and skin that supports
and protects the anterior portion of the nasal
cavity.
respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha
• moistens and warms entering air
• filters and cleans inspired air
• resonating chamber for speech
Receptors for smell
Mouth
The mouth, also known as the oral cavity, is
the secondary external opening for the
respiratory tract.
the mouth does not warm and moisturize
lacks the hairs and sticky mucus that filter air
passing through
Paranasal Sinuses
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Cavities within bones surrounding the
nasal cavity
Frontal sinus
Sphenoid sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Maxillary sinus
respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha
Pharynx (Throat)
Slide 13.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Muscular passage from nasal cavity to
larynx
 Three regions of the pharynx
Nasopharynx – superior region behind
nasal cavity
Oropharynx – middle region behind mouth
Laryngopharynx – inferior region attached
to larynx
 The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are
common passageways for air and food
respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha
Structures of the Pharynx
Slide 13.7Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Auditory tubes enter the nasopharynx
 Tonsils of the pharynx
Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in the
nasopharynx
Palatine tonsils in the oropharynx
Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue
Larynx (Voice Box)
Slide 13.8Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Routes air and food into proper
channels
 Plays a role in speech
 Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages
and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic
cartilage (epiglottis)
respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha
Structures of the Larynx
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Thyroid cartilage
Largest hyaline cartilage
Protrudes anteriorly (Adam’s apple)
 Epiglottis
Superior opening of the larynx
Routes food to the larynx and air toward
the trachea
Structures of the Larynx
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Vocal cords (vocal folds)
Vibrate with expelled air to create sound
(speech)
 Glottis – opening between vocal cords
Trachea
The trachea, or windpipe, is a 5-inch long tube
made of C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings lined
with pseudostratified ciliated columnar
epithelium.
The trachea connects the larynx to the bronchi
and allows air to pass through the neck and
into the thorax.
provide a clear airway for air to enter and exit
the lungs
trachea produces mucus that traps dust and
other contaminants and prevents it from
reaching the lungs.
The left and right bronchi run into each lung
before branching off into smaller secondary
bronchi.
The secondary bronchi carry air into the lobes
of the lungs—2 in the left lung and 3 in the right
lung.
The secondary bronchi in turn split into many
smaller tertiary bronchi within each lobe.
The tertiary bronchi split into many smaller
bronchioles that spread throughout the lungs.
Each bronchiole further splits into many smaller
branches less than a millimeter in diameter
called terminal bronchioles.
Finally, the millions of tiny terminal bronchioles
conduct air to the alveoli of the lungs.
The Respiratory Tree
Upper respiratory tract is for all intensive
purposes a single large conductive tube
The lower respiratory tract starts after the larynx and divides
again and again…and again to eventually get to the smallest
regions which form the exchange membranes
 Trachea
 Primary bronchi
 Secondary bronchi
 Tertiary bronchi
 Bronchioles
 Terminal bronchioles
 Respiratory bronchioles with
start of alveoli outpouches
 Alveolar ducts with outpouchings
of alveoli
conductive portion
exchange portion
respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha
components of Respiration
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Pulmonary ventilation – moving air in and
out of the lungs
 External respiration – gas exchange
between pulmonary blood and alveoli
components of Breathing
(Pulmonary Ventilation)
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 respiratory system uses both a
negative pressure system and the
contraction of muscles to achieve
pulmonary ventilation
 Two phases
Inspiration – flow of air into lung
Expiration – air leaving lung
Pulmonary ventilation-
1.Inspiration
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Diaphragm and external intercostal
muscles contract
 The size of the thoracic cavity increases
 External air is pulled into the lungs due to
an increase in intrapulmonary volume
Inspiration
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 13.7a
Exhalation
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Largely a passive process which depends
on natural lung elasticity
 As muscles relax, air is pushed out of the
lungs
 Forced expiration can occur mostly by
contracting internal intercostal muscles to
depress the rib cage
Exhalation
SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Figure 13.7b
Micro-organisms frequently found on within the
body of healthy persons
Upper respiratory tract has a lot of normal flora-
Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Diphtheroids
etc
Lower respiratory tract is sterile
1.Sputum
deep coughed , should not be mixed with saliva
or oropharyngeal secretions-LRTI
2.Naso Pharyngeal swabs-
pharyngitis(ex.streptococcal infection)
3.Oro pharyngeal swabs
4.Nasal swabs-MRSA carrier
5. Throat swab and Throat membranes-
diphtheria-cornybacterium
6.Tracheal or bronchial aspirate
7.Broncho alveolar lavage, broncial wash
8.Endo tracheal aspirates. –ICU patients who are
intubated-VAP
9.Pleural fluids –pleural effusion
10.Sinus aspirates-Chronic sinusitis
11.Nasal tissue- fungal organisms(mucormycosis)
ENDOTRACHEAL TUBE AND
ASPIRATE
NASO PHARYNGEAL
SWABS
Throat swabs
Sputum container
Label the parts neatly
respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

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respiratory system anatomy and physiology by Dr.niveditha

  • 2. Organs of the Respiratory system Slide 13.1Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Nose  Pharynx  Larynx  Trachea  Bronchi  Lungs – alveoli Figure 13.1
  • 4. 1. Olfactory receptors in nose for perception of smell 2. Exchange of gases supplies the body with oxygen and disposes of carbon dioxide. 3. Phonation-voice production by larynx. 4. Maintains body temperture-insensible water loss. 5. helps regulate blood pH
  • 5.  Functions:  Larynx: maintains an open airway, routes food and air appropriately, assists in sound production  Trachea: transports air to and from lungs  Bronchi: branch into lungs  Lungs: transport air to alveoli for gas exchange Lower Respiratory Tract
  • 6. A layer of pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus Found in nose, sinuses, pharynx, larynx and trachea Mucus can trap contaminants Cilia move mucus up towards mouth
  • 7. The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax). The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi.
  • 8. Gross Anatomy of the Lungs conical shape. It has concave base rests upon the muscular diaphragm. the apex projects superiorly Both lungs are bordered by the thoracic wall anteriorly, laterally, and posteriorly, and supported by the rib cage. mediastinum. The relatively broad, rounded surface in contact with the thoracic wall is called the costal surface of the lung.
  • 9. Lungs SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Occupy most of the thoracic cavity Apex is near the clavicle (superior portion) Base rests on the diaphragm (inferior portion) Each lung is divided into lobes by fissures Left lung – two lobes Right lung – three lobes
  • 10. The outer surface of each lung and the adjacent internal thoracic wall are lined by a serous membrane called pleura. visceral pleura. parietal pleura. .
  • 11. Coverings of the Lungs SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers the lung surface  Parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity  Pleural fluid fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding
  • 12. The potential space between the serous membrane layers is a pleural cavity. The pleural membranes produce a thin, serous pleural fluid- acts as lubricant Pleural effusion –collection of fluid in the pleural cavity in excess with inflammation due to infection.
  • 13. Nose and Nasal Cavity The nose and nasal cavity form the main external opening for the respiratory system . The nose is a structure of the face made of cartilage, bone, muscle, and skin that supports and protects the anterior portion of the nasal cavity.
  • 15. • moistens and warms entering air • filters and cleans inspired air • resonating chamber for speech Receptors for smell
  • 16. Mouth The mouth, also known as the oral cavity, is the secondary external opening for the respiratory tract. the mouth does not warm and moisturize lacks the hairs and sticky mucus that filter air passing through
  • 17. Paranasal Sinuses SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Cavities within bones surrounding the nasal cavity Frontal sinus Sphenoid sinus Ethmoid sinus Maxillary sinus
  • 19. Pharynx (Throat) Slide 13.6Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx  Three regions of the pharynx Nasopharynx – superior region behind nasal cavity Oropharynx – middle region behind mouth Laryngopharynx – inferior region attached to larynx  The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are common passageways for air and food
  • 21. Structures of the Pharynx Slide 13.7Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Auditory tubes enter the nasopharynx  Tonsils of the pharynx Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in the nasopharynx Palatine tonsils in the oropharynx Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue
  • 22. Larynx (Voice Box) Slide 13.8Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Routes air and food into proper channels  Plays a role in speech  Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)
  • 24. Structures of the Larynx SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Thyroid cartilage Largest hyaline cartilage Protrudes anteriorly (Adam’s apple)  Epiglottis Superior opening of the larynx Routes food to the larynx and air toward the trachea
  • 25. Structures of the Larynx SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Vocal cords (vocal folds) Vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech)  Glottis – opening between vocal cords
  • 26. Trachea The trachea, or windpipe, is a 5-inch long tube made of C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium. The trachea connects the larynx to the bronchi and allows air to pass through the neck and into the thorax.
  • 27. provide a clear airway for air to enter and exit the lungs trachea produces mucus that traps dust and other contaminants and prevents it from reaching the lungs.
  • 28. The left and right bronchi run into each lung before branching off into smaller secondary bronchi. The secondary bronchi carry air into the lobes of the lungs—2 in the left lung and 3 in the right lung. The secondary bronchi in turn split into many smaller tertiary bronchi within each lobe.
  • 29. The tertiary bronchi split into many smaller bronchioles that spread throughout the lungs. Each bronchiole further splits into many smaller branches less than a millimeter in diameter called terminal bronchioles. Finally, the millions of tiny terminal bronchioles conduct air to the alveoli of the lungs.
  • 30. The Respiratory Tree Upper respiratory tract is for all intensive purposes a single large conductive tube
  • 31. The lower respiratory tract starts after the larynx and divides again and again…and again to eventually get to the smallest regions which form the exchange membranes  Trachea  Primary bronchi  Secondary bronchi  Tertiary bronchi  Bronchioles  Terminal bronchioles  Respiratory bronchioles with start of alveoli outpouches  Alveolar ducts with outpouchings of alveoli conductive portion exchange portion
  • 33. components of Respiration SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Pulmonary ventilation – moving air in and out of the lungs  External respiration – gas exchange between pulmonary blood and alveoli
  • 34. components of Breathing (Pulmonary Ventilation) SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  respiratory system uses both a negative pressure system and the contraction of muscles to achieve pulmonary ventilation  Two phases Inspiration – flow of air into lung Expiration – air leaving lung
  • 35. Pulmonary ventilation- 1.Inspiration SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract  The size of the thoracic cavity increases  External air is pulled into the lungs due to an increase in intrapulmonary volume
  • 36. Inspiration SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.7a
  • 37. Exhalation SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Largely a passive process which depends on natural lung elasticity  As muscles relax, air is pushed out of the lungs  Forced expiration can occur mostly by contracting internal intercostal muscles to depress the rib cage
  • 38. Exhalation SlideCopyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 13.7b
  • 39. Micro-organisms frequently found on within the body of healthy persons Upper respiratory tract has a lot of normal flora- Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Diphtheroids etc Lower respiratory tract is sterile
  • 40. 1.Sputum deep coughed , should not be mixed with saliva or oropharyngeal secretions-LRTI 2.Naso Pharyngeal swabs- pharyngitis(ex.streptococcal infection) 3.Oro pharyngeal swabs
  • 41. 4.Nasal swabs-MRSA carrier 5. Throat swab and Throat membranes- diphtheria-cornybacterium 6.Tracheal or bronchial aspirate 7.Broncho alveolar lavage, broncial wash
  • 42. 8.Endo tracheal aspirates. –ICU patients who are intubated-VAP 9.Pleural fluids –pleural effusion 10.Sinus aspirates-Chronic sinusitis 11.Nasal tissue- fungal organisms(mucormycosis)
  • 47. Label the parts neatly