Slides on Global inequality for Junior Cert Geography. Deals with such issues as sweatshops, unfair trading patterns and so on

1. Our Unequal World
The North/South Divide.

2. Inequality
• Our world is a very unequal place.
• There are huge social & economic inequalities between different places.
• This means that many countries are rich, while others are very poor.
• The rich countries are mainly in the North, and the poorer countries are
mainly in the south.
• Poor countries are usually called Developing countries and rich
countries are usually called Developed countries.

3. Developed and Developing Countries

4. Some countries are developing faster than others. Many Asian
countries are quickly developing while many African countries
are slowly developing.

5. Inequality

6. Inequality

7. Inequality

8. Mukesh Ambani, the fifth richest man in the world, is building a 550-foot-tall, 27
story skyscraper as his family’s private home in Mumbai, India.
Same city, different life….

9. Inequality
House for sale $150m…
House wanted…

10. Inequality

11. Inequality

12. Inequality

13. Inequality

14. Developed and Developing Countries
• List 3 countries in the developing world and 3 countries in the
developed world.

15. Developed and Developing Countries

17. What does the cartoon tell us about the type of work people
do in the different types of countries?

18. The pie-chart shows the percentage of workers in Bangladesh working
in the different sectors.
Why is this typical for slowly developing countries?

19. Our Unequal World – Life Expectancy
Q. Why is life expectancy different in developing countries compared to
developed countries?

20. Q. How does access to safe drinking water influence life expectancy?
Q. Name 5 countries where less than 65% of people can access safe
drinking water.

21. Water Use and Wealth
• People who live in
wealthy countries
use much more
water than people
who live in poor
countries.
• Q. Why do you think
this is?
• Q. In Ireland we do
not have to pay for
the water we use at
home. Is this a good
thing?

22. Life Expectancy
• Kenya – 47 years
• Japan – 80.7 years
• Ireland – 76 years
• Somalia – 48 years
• China – 70 years
• Egypt – 67 years
• Mali – 42 years
Q. In which country would you prefer to live? Why?
Q. Why do you think people in countries like Japan and Ireland have a
longer life expectancy than people in Mali and Kenya?

23. In some countries the problem is getting worse…
Q. Can you think of any reasons why the life expectancy of people in
these countries has decreased?

24. In some countries the problem is improving…
Life Expectancy at birth in years:
Country 1980 2002
Oman 60 74
Bangladesh 58 61
Indonesia 55 66
Bolivia 52 63
Honduras 60 66
Q. List some things a government could do to increase the life
expectancy of the people in their country.

25. Our Unequal World – Infant Mortality
• Infant Mortality Rates
means the number of
children dying before
aged 1 year.
• Ireland – 6 babies / 1000.
• Mali – 100 babies / 1000.
• Somalia – 117 babies /
1000.
Q. Why do you think more
babies are dying in these
poor countries?

26. The World’s Natural Resources
• Although they have only a small percentage of the world’s
population, the rich countries of the north use most of the earth’s
natural resources. Q. Why do you think this is?

27. Developed and Developing Countries

28. The Gap between Rich and Poor

29. The Gap between Rich and Poor
Inequality in Income
Country GNP per person US$
Switzerland $38,140
USA $34,100
Brazil $3,580
Turkey $3,100
Bangladesh $370
Ethiopia $100
Q. In which country would you prefer to live? Why?

31. Quality of Life
• Income levels do not tell us everything about the quality of life of
people in a country.
• The Human Suffering Index measures quality of life using 10
factors.
1. Life Expectancy
2. Income per person
3. Daily Caloric Intake (amount of food available)
4. Level of inflation
5. Availability of clean water
6. Civil Rights
7. Vaccinations of infants
8. Political freedom
9. Numbers in secondary school
10. Communication technology.

34. Q. In which country do citizens have the best and worst quality of life?
Q. How do you think life differs for the citizens of these countries?

35. Why is Our World so Unequal?
• 200 years ago people in the North and South had similar living
standards. Today there is a big difference. Why?
• There are 3 main reasons why our world is so unequal today.
• They are;
1. Colonialism
2. Trade
3. Debt

36. Colonialism
• Q. What does colonialism mean?
• European countries colonised many parts of the world. This means they
took over countries, making them into colonies. This was often done by
force.
• For example, Spain and Portugal colonised Central and South America.
• Britain and France colonised many parts of Africa. Germany, Belgium, The
Netherlands and Portugal also colonised parts of Africa.
• Britain and France also colonised many parts of Asia.

38. Colonialism
• What happened to these colonies?
• Colonialism had many negative and positive effects.
• We should be very aware of the effects Colonialism had, because
like many countries, Ireland was a colony of Britain.
Q. List some positive and negative effects colonialism had on Ireland.

40. Trade
• European countries used their colonies to provide them with cheap
raw materials.
• These include unprocessed minerals such as Bauxite, Crude oil,
Uranium, and diamonds.
• They also include what are called Cash Crops. Cash crops are
crops that are grown specifically for export such as coffee, tobacco,
cotton, and cocoa.
• Countries in the North buy these natural resources cheaply, and
then process them into finished products. These products are then
sold at a high profit, often to the poor countries of the south.

43. Exporting Natural Resources
Many countries are totally
reliant on one natural
resource.
They sell this product to
wealthy countries in the
north.
Q. How could this put the
economy of the exporting
country at risk?

45. Exports – Cash Crops
Q. Explain why many farmers prefer to grow the coca plant on their land.
Q. Why is this a problem for the developed world?
Q. Explain one thing we could do to encourage farmers not to grow the coca plant.

46. Raw Materials - Cotton
• Q. What has happened
to the price of cotton
since 1995?
• Q. Explain how this
could be a problem for
countries that grow and
sell cotton.

47. Exports – Cash Crops
Q. List 5 countries that grow coffee.
Q. Why do these countries sell their coffee cheaply to the rich countries,
instead of making coffee themselves and selling it for a high price?

48. Cash Crops – Who Benefits?
• Q. Who gets the highest % of
money when the coffee is
eventually sold in the
supermarket?
• Q. Who gets the least?
• Q. Is this fair?
• Q. Explain some things that
could be done to make things
more equal.
• Q. Why do the growers not
make the coffee themselves
and sell it for a high price?

50. Protectionism – Trade Tariffs
Q. What is a tariff?
Q. Why do rich countries have tariffs?
Q. What message is being given in the cartoon above?

52. Types of Aid

53. Which type of Aid is the best?

54. Ireland’s Aid
• Q. What type of aid makes up the biggest proportion of Ireland’s aid?
• Q. What % of Ireland’s aid is Multilateral aid?
• Q. List some examples of when Ireland has given emergency aid.

55. Ireland’s Aid to Africa
• Q. List 5 African
countries that receive
aid from Ireland.
• Q. Discuss what types
of projects the aid
money may be used for
in these countries.
• Q. How can these
projects improve the
lives of people in these
countries?

56. • Q. How much aid money did the Irish government give 1998?
• Q. How much aid money did they give in 2004?
• Q. Why has the government been able to increase its aid budget since the
1990’s.

59. NGO’s Non-Governmental Organisations
• NGO’s are voluntary organisations.
• They collect money which they use for many different projects in the
developing world.
• They can help people to set up a health clinic or school, make wells,
grow crops, start small companies, and irrigate their land.
Q. Can you name any NGO’s based in Ireland?
Q. Can you name any international NGO’s?
Q. Examine one Irish NGO project and explain how it is helping people
to live a better life.

60. Aid V Military Spending
Q. How much money was spent
on military spending in
2001?
Q. How much money was spent
on aid in 2001?
Q. Calculate in increase in
military spending between
1995 and 2001.
Q. Calculate the increase in
money spent on aid
between 1995 and 2001.
Q. What could governments do
to reduce inequality in the
world?

61. Factors Affecting Economic Development
• Climate
• Rapid Population Growth
• War
• Expenditure on Weapons
• We will now examine how
these factors have affected
economic development in
Sudan,

62. Sudan and Ireland
• Sudan is an extremely poor country. The facts below outline how
Sudan compares to Ireland.
Sudan Ireland
Population 31 m 3.9 m
GDP per person $310 $25,918
Life expectancy 56 years 76 years
Infant mortality (per 1000) 81 6
Doctors (per 100,000) 10 219
Q. So why is Sudan such a poor country?

63. Sudan’s Problems
• Climate – The north of Sudan is a desert with little vegetation. The
south of Sudan also has very little rainfall. Therefore it is difficult to grow
crops to feed the people. Drought and famine are problems.
• Rapid Population Growth – Sudan has a high birth rate. The population
is growing quickly. Only 46% of women in Sudan are literate. Most
women have at least 4 children.
• War – Sudan has two ethnic groups, Arab Muslims in the north and
black Christians in the south. There was a long civil war between these
two groups from 1983 – 2002. Farming, health and education services
were disrupted.
• Expenditure on Arms – Sudan spends lots of money on weapons. In
1993 the government spent 9 times more on the army that it did on
healthcare.

64. Sudan – War in Darfur
Sudan has two ethnic
groups, Arab Muslims in
the north and black
Christians in the south.
There was a long civil war
between these two
groups from 1983 – 2002.
Farming, health and
education services were
disrupted.

65. Sudan’s Cultural Fault Line

66. Sudan - Expenditure on Arms
Sudan spends lots of
money on weapons. In
1993 the government
spent 9 times more on
the army that it did on
healthcare.

67. Sudan - Rapid Population Growth
Sudan has a high birth
rate. The population is
growing quickly. Only
46% of women in
Sudan are literate.
Most women have at
least 4 children.

68. Sudan’s Economy
• Like many countries in the
developing world, Sudan
exports unprocessed raw
materials such as cotton and
peanuts.
• The price of cotton has gone
down in recent years
meaning that they are getting
less money for their exports.
• Therefore, they have less
money to improve the quality
of their lives.

69. Economic Inequality in the EU
• Within the EU there are
economic inequalities.
• The core region (the Manchester
Milan axis) is very wealthy.
• Parts of the periphery are poorer,
such as southern Italy, north and
west of Ireland, and Scotland.
• Many of the new members of the
EU are the poorest countries.
Their economies have yet to
catch up with western Europe.

71. Economic Inequality in the EU
• Q. Calculate the difference in
income between the EU 15
countries and the new member
countries.
• Q. Why do these differences
exist?
• Q. What can the EU do to help
make all EU countries more
equal?

72. Economic Inequality in Ireland
• Even within Ireland there are
economic inequalities between
different regions.
• The Border, Midland, and Western
(BMW) Region is poorer.
• The southern and eastern regions
are wealthier.

74. High Salaries in the Dublin Region
• The graph shows the higher salaries in the Dublin region compared to the
western region.

76. Why does this difference exist?
The BMW Region
The land is of poorer quality in this region. Many farms tend to be small and
less profitable. Many people are employed in farming, fishing and forestry.
The population density is low. Urban centres are small and less attractive to
companies. Transport links are poor meaning it is hard to attract investment.
The Southern and Eastern Region
The climate is warmer and drier in this region. Farmers are engaged in
tillage and dairy farming which are more profitable. The population density is
higher. There are 3 million people, many who live in large cities. There are
excellent transport links which helps attract international companies and
investment.

78. Economic Inequality in Italy
• Like Ireland, Italy can be
divided into rich and poor
regions.
• The north of Italy is very
wealthy.
• The south of Italy is
much poorer.
Q. Why does economic
inequality exist in Italy?

79. The north of Italy has very fertile land. The south of Italy has less fertile land. The land
is mountainous. The farms are small.
Most of Italy’s industry is in the north. Big companies such as Fiat are located in the industrial
triangle of Milan/Genoa/Turin.
The north has excellent transport links to the rest of Europe. The south is isolated from Europe.

81. Ending Economic Inequality
• We now know that our world is a very unequal place.
• Q. What can we do to try to solve this problem?
1. Increase the amount of aid given to poorer countries.
2. Aid should be targeted to the needs of the people.
3. Cancel or reduce 3rd world debt.
4. Military aid should be stopped.
5. Democracy must be nurtured to give more power to the people rather than to
corrupt dictators.
6. The world’s trade system must be made more equal.

82. 2010 Higher Level
Paper

83. Past Exam Question – 2010
Ordinary Level

84. Past Exam Question – 2012
Higher Level

85. Past Exam Question – 2009
Higher Level