This presentation was given by School of Planning & Architecture , New Delhi for "Anusandhaana" - XV Annual NOSPlan Convention

1. “Safe Cities - Disaster Resilient & Crime Free Cities”
URBAN INDIA 2050
Master Plan Review – Draft Chandigarh Master Plan-2031
By: School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi
Members: Imran Basha, Suneel
Kumar, Nanda
Kishore, Prakhar, Devesh, Disha
XV NOSPlan Convention- Mysore

2. STRUCTURE OF PRESENTATION
DRAFT CHANDIGARH MASTER PLAN - 2031
 Terminologies
 Relevance of the Theme.
 Safe City Concept/Concerns and Parameters.
 Factors Contributing to Lack of Safe City.
 Justification of the Case Study: Chandigarh
 Case Study Profile
 Safe City Parameter wise Master Plan Provisions Review
 Existing Scenario/Issues
 Master Plan provisions
 Effectiveness of the provisions
 Merits/Demerits in provisions
 Recommendations
 Proposals & Strategies
 Role of Planner and public.
State of Cities and Master Plan Provisions.
“Safe Cities- Disaster Resilient & Crime Free Cities”
XV NOSPlan Convention- Mysore

3. TERMINOLOGIES & THEME RELEVANCE
DRAFT CHANDIGARH MASTER PLAN - 2031
Safety: (Oxford)
• Relative freedom from danger, risk, or threat of harm, injury, or loss to personnel and/or
property, whether caused deliberately or by accident.
Security: (UN)
• It is the degree of protection against danger, loss, and criminals.
• Human security - people can exercise these choices safely and freely, and with confidence.
Disaster: (UNISDR)
• It is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society.
• Involves widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and impacts,
• Exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope using its own resources .
Resilience: (UNISDR)
• The ability of a system, community or society exposed to hazards to
resist, absorb, accommodate to and recover from the effects of a hazard in a timely and
efficient manner.
Safe City:
• City that offers safety & security in all respects &aspects in terms of both physical & natural
Relevance of the Theme- “Safe Cities Disaster Resilient & Crime Free Cities”
Rapid Urbanization
CITIES
Safety & Security Concerns
• Planning process to make cities a better place to live with safety & security.
State of Cities and Master Plan Provisions.
“Safe Cities- Disaster Resilient & Crime Free Cities”
XV NOSPlan Convention- Mysore

4. SAFE CITY CONCEPT/CONCERNS & INDICATORS
Safe City Objectives:
Safe City Indicators:
DRAFT CHANDIGARH MASTER PLAN - 2031
• Enhance overall quality of life & better living.
Crime & Violence:
Women Safety
Crime
Police
Terrorism/mafia
Safe City Concept:
To create safe urban areas that provide better
social and economic environments by preparing
for both natural and man-made disasters.
Safe City
Concept
They improve social
and better living
conditions in cities &
empower women.
Road Safety
Accidents
Pedestrian Safety
To ensure road
safety & enable free
pedestrian flow.
Security of Tenure:
Forced evictions
Land Security
Enable security of
tenure and sense of
ownership.
Disaster resilience
Lessen the adverse
Natural & Manmade
impacts of hazards
Fire Safety
Structural Safety. and the possibility.
Public Health
Health facilities
Diseases.
State of Cities and Master Plan Provisions.
“Safe Cities- Disaster Resilient & Crime Free Cities”
Improves health &
living conditions in
cities.
XV NOSPlan Convention- Mysore

5. DRAFT CHANDIGARH MASTER PLAN - 2031
FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO LACK OF SAFE CITIES
Urbanization
Planning
Processes
Absence of
Disaster Risk
Reduction
Poverty
SAFE CITY
ISSUES
Inadequate
Safety
Strategies
State of Cities and Master Plan Provisions.
“Safe Cities- Disaster Resilient & Crime Free Cities”
Inadequate
Access to Infra
Attitude
& Inequality
XV NOSPlan Convention- Mysore

6. SAFE CITY CONCERNS
DRAFT CHANDIGARH MASTER PLAN - 2031
 Public security fails when the state is:
(1) Unable
When security
forces lack the
capacity to
protect at-risk
civilians
(2) Unwilling
When security
forces choose
to avoid
entering
dangerous areas
…. and the rise of Private Security
When public
security
fails, civilians
are left to
provide
their own
security
 Privatization
 Even when they are
willing/able, some security
forces are seen as being
part of the problem
– e.g. “social cleansing”
 “Elite security” :
 Guards
 Gated communities
 Alarm systems
 “Slum security”:
 Gangs
 Paramilitaries
 Vigilante groups
Social Segregation
State of Cities and Master Plan Provisions.
“Safe Cities- Disaster Resilient & Crime Free Cities”
Community violence
XV NOSPlan Convention- Mysore

7. NATURE & IMPACT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF DISASTERS
DRAFT CHANDIGARH MASTER PLAN - 2031
Disaster
Degree of
Uncertainty
Extent
Impact
Flooding
Tides are
predictable,
Precipitation
not so
predictable
City / Region
wide,
Predictable,
vulnerable areas
could be
mapped
•Impact on power supply
and communication,
•Disturbance to transport
•Loss of property and life
Landslides
Linked with
precipitation
Local,
vulnerability
could be
assessed
Serious impact on life
and property of slum
dwellers
Earthquake
Highly
uncertain
City / Region
wide
Unpredictable
Similar to above
State of Cities and Master Plan Provisions.
“Safe Cities- Disaster Resilient & Crime Free Cities”
XV NOSPlan Convention- Mysore

8. NATURE & IMPACT OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF DISASTERS
DRAFT CHANDIGARH MASTER PLAN - 2031
Disaster
Degree of
Uncertainty
Extent
Impact
Building collapse & Vulnerable areas are
known, but
Fire
occurrence in
unexpected.
Local. Through
surveys and
warnings loss of
life sought to be
prevented
Impact essentially
local but could affect
traffic
Riots, bandhs,
communal tension.
Can sometimes be
anticipated
Initially local but
could spread over
a larger area
Law and order
problem.
Terrorism
General threat
persists but
occurrence is
sudden
Attempts are to
cause wide spread
disturbance
Depends upon target,
explosives used.
Nuclear power
Threats are
unknown
Unknown
Could be large.
State of Cities and Master Plan Provisions.
“Safe Cities- Disaster Resilient & Crime Free Cities”
XV NOSPlan Convention- Mysore

9. SAFE CITY CONCERNS
DRAFT CHANDIGARH MASTER PLAN - 2031
Justification:
• First planned city of India. The planning of Chandigarh was purely physical, in fact the city
was designed rather then planned.
• The concept of the city is based on four major functions: living, working, care of the
body and spirit and circulation.
• Latest Draft Master Plan for the year 2031, Approved 2013.
Chandigarh Profile:
Chandigarh Interstate Metropolitan Regional Plan-2056
Site Selection:
• Selected in 1948 taking into account various attributes:
•
•
•
•
Central location in the state,
Proximity to the national capital
Availability of sufficient water supply, fertile of soil,
Gradient of land for natural drainage, beautiful site with the
panorama of blue hills as backdrop & moderate climate.
Location:
• Chandigarh is a city in
Northern India that serves
as the capital of the states
of Punjab and Haryana.
• About 240km from
Delhi.
Area: 114 sq.km
Connectivity:
• NH-21 and NH-22 run
through the city connecting
it to the major cities
• Connected by rail to many
cities
• Domestic airport is 8 km
away from city center.
State of Cities and Master Plan Provisions.
“Safe Cities- Disaster Resilient & Crime Free Cities”
XV NOSPlan Convention- Mysore

10. DRAFT CHANDIGARH MASTER PLAN - 2031
SAFE CITY CONCERNS
Physical Settings:
Seismic Characteristics :
• It lies in Zone-IV of the
Seismic Zonation Map (2002)
of India.(High Vulnerable)
• It is located on Indo-Gangetic
near to the active tectonic zone
Demographic Profile:
Sex Ratio
Existing Land
Perspective
Use -2011
Plan-2031
Source: Draft Master Plan of Chandigarh-2031
Density:
Rural-Urban Composition:
Census 2011, Urban (97.25%) & rural (2.75%)
82.80% urban and 17.20% rural in the year 1961
Source: Draft Master Plan of Chandigarh-2031
State of Cities and Master Plan Provisions.
“Safe Cities- Disaster Resilient & Crime Free Cities”
XV NOSPlan Convention- Mysore

11. MASTER PLAN EVOLUTION
DRAFT CHANDIGARH MASTER PLAN - 2031
Site for New Capital
• In March 1948, the then Government of Punjab in consultation
with the Government of India approved the site for new capital
for the state.
ALBERT MAYER ‘S PLAN FOR CHANDIGARH
• The team prepared the Master Plan and detailed out the super
block which constituted the basic module of city planning
Le Corbusier’s Plan (PhaseI) With Green Lungs
• Reflecting concepts of ‘modernism’ movement and based on
nature (the head/ lungs / heart / limbs) and incorporated the
essentials of site / climate/culture/tradition.
• The original plan was divided into a grid of 30 sectors with the
Capitol Complex as well as the Civic Centre its focal points.(pop150,000)
Le Corbusier’s Plan (Phase II)
• Phase Two from sector 31 to 47 targeted 350,000 was with 4storeyed apartments for government employees with an
increase in the ratio of smaller plots/lesser open areas / nearly 4
times increase in density.
• Concept included re densification of Phase I.
Draft Chandigarh Master Plan -2031
• The first comprehensive plan for developing the city and its
periphery within the UT boundary after a spate of adhoc
developments impacting its periphery and improve healthy
living.
State of Cities and Master Plan Provisions.
“Safe Cities- Disaster Resilient & Crime Free Cities”
Albert Mayer’s Plan
Le Corbusier’s Plan
Draft Chandigarh Master Plan
XV NOSPlan Convention- Mysore

12. DRAFT CHANDIGARH MASTER PLAN CONCEPT & MAJOR HIGHLIGHTS
Challenges for future
development
etc.
Capital City
poised to
protect
City Shall
become a
Tourism Hub
Public
transport shall
be encouraged
as preferred
mode
Chronological account of
external factors
Conservation
of architectural
& planning
idiom
Chandigarh
Vision
Pedestrian
Friendly
development
Become a
Central
Educational
Hub
To reduce
spatial socioeconomic
disparities
Maintaining
low to medium
density profile
DRAFT CHANDIGARH MASTER
PLAN – 2031 CONCEPT
DRAFT CHANDIGARH MASTER PLAN - 2031
Vision & Components of Draft CMP-2031
Phased Development &
Periphery Control
Interstate Regional Plan
Guiding Principles for Future
Plan
Population Dispersion
Strategy
Concept of Sustainable
Development
Public Participation
Mechanism
Assessment Criteria
State of Cities and Master Plan Provisions.
“Safe Cities- Disaster Resilient & Crime Free Cities”
XV NOSPlan Convention- Mysore

13. CRIME & VIOLENCE: SAFE CITY PARAMETER WISE REVIEW
Map showing Existing Police stations
DRAFT CHANDIGARH MASTER PLAN - 2031
Existing Scenario:
• Though the city has been
planned considering safety
but not able to deliver its
result.
• Deficit of 5 Police Stations for
2031
Contributing Factors:
Issues:
• Growth of Informal sector
• Stress and Societal behavior
• Unemployment
• Weak public security system
• Lack of awareness
S.N
Master Plan Provisions
1
• Strict enforcement of the
Paying Guest Scheme
2
• Women Safety Programmes
3
• Housing for women
4
Effectiveness of
Provisions
• Concept of fully use of
facilities
Absence of clear
provisions and detailing
out measures to ensure
will impact poor
implication
State of Cities and Master Plan Provisions.
“Safe Cities- Disaster Resilient & Crime Free Cities”
Recommendations
Special provisions in master plans & other
development plans.
Women Safety Cell & commission
Participation of women in policy and
programmes framing.
Eye-on Street Concept to be introduced.
XV NOSPlan Convention- Mysore

14. DRAFT CHANDIGARH MASTER PLAN - 2031
DISASTER ANALYSIS : SAFE CITY PARAMETER WISE REVIEW
Hazard & Vulnerability Mapping
Existing Scenario: Disaster
• High Vulnerability to Earth quake
• Lies in Seismic Zone-IV
• State Disaster Management Authority for Chandigarh
has been formed
Contributing Factors:
• Industries & Chemical
Plants
• Sewerage Disposal
• Seismic zone
S.N
1
2
3
Issues:
• Industries effluents impact
living conditions.
• Ground Water quality
degradation
• Increases vulnerable areas
&risk for the residents
Master Plan Provisions
Disaster Management Strategy
a)Pre Disaster Phase
b)Impact phase
c)Post Disaster Phase
Disaster Management Planning
a)Enforcing Existing codes & Laws
b)Structural Mitigating measures
c)Retrofitting & Earthquake resistance
Effectiveness
Recommendations
Will enable better coping
capacities
Better strategies for
mitigation of the risks related
to disasters in future.
Long Term Response Plan
State of Cities and Master Plan Provisions.
“Safe Cities- Disaster Resilient & Crime Free Cities”
• Disaster Risk Reduction
Plan
• Risk & Vulnerability
mapping
• Using GIS technology to
manage disaster &
disaster simulation.
• Info dissemination &
Public Participation
XV NOSPlan Convention- Mysore

15. DISASTER RESILLIENCE: FIRE SAFETY AND STRUCTURAL SAFETY
Fire Safety Provisions as per Draft CMP-2031
DRAFT CHANDIGARH MASTER PLAN - 2031
Existing Scenario:
• 7 fire stations existing in the area.
• 1 fire station available for every 2,00,000 persons in the city.
• RCC bands required for structural safety during quakes not
provided.
Contributing Factors:
Issues:
• Disaster in industries due to
fire.
• Earthquake-prone area
• Congested residential areas in
the inner city.
• 2 additional fire stations
required as per holding
capacity of the area.
• Strategy for structural safety
not present
S.No
1.
2.
3.
Master Plan
Provisions
Design of buildings as per Fire
Safety Act and National
Building Code.
Area for fire station - 2.5
acres. Existing- 7
Effectiveness of
Provisions
Will improve and minimize fire
risk.
Coverage demarcation will enable
for better service delivery
Examination of structural
safety in rehabilitation
colonies guided by
redevelopment/retrofitting/ur
ban renewal
State of Cities and Master Plan Provisions.
“Safe Cities- Disaster Resilient & Crime Free Cities”
Recommendations
Sites to be allocated for development of
additional fire stations.
Enforce building bye laws effectively.
Vulnerability Mapping
XV NOSPlan Convention- Mysore

16. DISASTER RESILLIENCE: FIRE SAFETY AND STRUCTURAL SAFETY
Fire Safety Provisions as per Draft CMP-2031
DRAFT CHANDIGARH MASTER PLAN - 2031
Existing Scenario:
• 7 fire stations existing in the area.
• 1 fire station available for every 2,00,000 persons in the city.
• RCC bands required for structural safety during quakes not
provided.
Contributing Factors:
Issues:
• Disaster in industries due to
fire.
• Earthquake-prone area
• Congested residential areas in
the inner city.
• 2 additional fire stations
required as per holding
capacity of the area.
• Strategy for structural safety
not present
S.No
1.
2.
3.
Master Plan
Provisions
Design of buildings as per Fire
Safety Act and National
Building Code.
Area for fire station - 2.5
acres. Existing- 7
Effectiveness of
Provisions
Will improve and minimize fire
risk.
Coverage demarcation will enable
for better service delivery
Examination of structural
safety in rehabilitation
colonies guided by
redevelopment/retrofitting/ur
ban renewal
State of Cities and Master Plan Provisions.
“Safe Cities- Disaster Resilient & Crime Free Cities”
Recommendations
Sites to be allocated for development of
additional fire stations.
Enforce building bye laws effectively.
Vulnerability Mapping
XV NOSPlan Convention- Mysore

17. DRAFT CHANDIGARH MASTER PLAN - 2031
ROAD SAFETY: SAFE CITY PARAMETER WISE REVIEW
Existing Scenario:
• The original plan of the city was based on the gridiron
defined by a system of seven types of roads, which was
called the 7Vs.
• V/C Ratio around 0.8, where at Madhya Marg it’s as high as
1.1, while it can be as low as 0.3 in outskirts.
• No. of road accidents increased from 798 in 2006-07 to 1094
in 2008-09
Issues: Priority of High
Contributing Factors:
Speed corridor compromise
High per capita income Inter- the road safety
city traffic
Incomplete facilities for non
Through Traffic
motorised vehicles
S.No
Master Plan
Provisions
1.
Widening of Road
2.
3.
Provide green buffer
Construction of Metro
(37KM)
Cycle tracks
4.
5.
Effectiveness of
Provisions
Almost reached max. road
widening
Under threat
Will only help during peak
hours
Problems at existing places
which have provisions
Will avoid through traffic
PLA:ORIGINAL CIRCULATION O
Traffic & Road as per Draft CMP-2031
Map
N P1
NETWORK AND
TRANSPORTATION N
TO
MULLA
NPUR
B
SEC
S
TOR
1
7
RAILWAY
STATION
AMBALA
T
O
AIRP
ORT
ISBT,
SECTOR
43
Recommendations
Improving design component at
roundabouts will reduce accidents.
Priority between non-motorised and
motorized has to be set & pedestrian safety
measures
Promote Public Transport
By-Pass
State of Cities and Master Plan Provisions.
“Safe Cities- Disaster Resilient & Crime Free Cities”
DE
S
XV NOSPlan Convention- Mysore

18. DRAFT CHANDIGARH MASTER PLAN - 2031
SAFE CITY INITIATIVES- PROPOSALS & STRATEGIES
Features/ Components of Safe City Initiative
http://www.scopussecurity.com/areasofoperation.php?id
State of Cities and Master Plan Provisions.
“Safe Cities- Disaster Resilient & Crime Free Cities”
XV NOSPlan Convention- Mysore

19. DISASTERS RESILENCE MANAGEMENT – PROPOSALS & STRATEGIES
Disaster
Mitigation
Preparedness
Response
Recovery
• Emergency
warning
•Communication
• Training in
disaster
management
•Stocks of
supplies and
equipment
Rescue and
Relief –
Police, Fire
fighters
ambulance
crew
Search and
rescue, relief
Rehabilitation
of
infrastructure,
buildings and
property
DRAFT CHANDIGARH MASTER PLAN - 2031
Flooding
Improved storm
drainage,
data on
precipitation
Maintenance of
drainage system
Earthquake
Survey &
Similar to above
identification of
vulnerable
buildings.
Compliance with
building code
Similar to
above
Similar to
above
Building
Collapse/
Fires
Periodic surveys, Similar to above
repairs
reconstruction
Local
government
staff, Repair
Board
Similar to
above
State of Cities and Master Plan Provisions.
“Safe Cities- Disaster Resilient & Crime Free Cities”
XV NOSPlan Convention- Mysore

20. DISASTERS RESILENCE MANAGEMENT – PROPOSALS & STRATEGIES
DRAFT CHANDIGARH MASTER PLAN - 2031
Disaster
Mitigation
Preparedness
Terrorism
• Emergency
Surveillance
and Intelligence warning
•Communication
• Training
• Stocks of
supplies and
equipment
Hazardous
material
Regulating
manufacturing
storage and
transport.
Similar to above
State of Cities and Master Plan Provisions.
“Safe Cities- Disaster Resilient & Crime Free Cities”
Response
Recovery
Police,
Commando
firefighters,
ambulance
crew.
Overpower
Terrorists,
Search,
rescue,
relief
Reinstatement
of
infrastructure
and property.
Police,fire
fighters
XV NOSPlan Convention- Mysore

21. POLICY RECOMMENDATION & TOOLS, TECHNIQUES
Applied Tools & Techniques
DRAFT CHANDIGARH MASTER PLAN - 2031
Policy Level Recommendations Mechanism
•Participatory Risk Mapping
• Open ended interview with key
Issue
Identification /
Knowledge Generation
Agenda
Setting
informants
• Group discussion
• Town watching & identification
POLICY
CYCLE
Policy
Design
of micro hotspots on map.
• Observation & mapping of
Impact
Assessment
activity conflicts.
• Photography & visual
Monitoring
Implementation
communication.
• Secondary data collection
techniques/ methods
State of Cities and Master Plan Provisions.
“Safe Cities- Disaster Resilient & Crime Free Cities”
XV NOSPlan Convention- Mysore

22. DRAFT CHANDIGARH MASTER PLAN - 2031
SAFE CITIES BOTTOM-UP-APPROACH- STRATEGIES & AUDIO VISUAL
State of Cities and Master Plan Provisions.
“Safe Cities- Disaster Resilient & Crime Free Cities”
XV NOSPlan Convention- Mysore

23. ROLE OF PLANNER IN ENSURING SAFE CITIES
Planner has the following roles that need to perform :
DRAFT CHANDIGARH MASTER PLAN - 2031
•
Ensure development must be planned based on safer cities strategies & disaster
resilience assessments,
•
Empower community participation build local capacities and strengthen participation in
planning and land use.
•
Planner needs to understand the risk completely and facilitate:
- Risk assessment; Risk communication and information; Risk reduction
- Risk mapping: As aid to planning; Risk governance: Policies, programmes and
projects.
The vulnerabilities also need to be assessed and mapped just like risk.
•
•
He needs to facilitate Integrated Disaster Management Plans (DMP) including 4RsRescue; Relief; Reconstruction; Rehabilitation & SAFE CITY PLAN.
•
Include safer cities & disaster Preparedness as part of Development Plans and
master plans and prepare Pre-Disaster Mitigation programme.
•
Make mandatory provision for including Certified planner as part of Drafting committee
of DMPs, SOP( Standard Operating Procedure) and other plans for disaster risk
management & safer cities strategies.
State of Cities and Master Plan Provisions.
“Safe Cities- Disaster Resilient & Crime Free Cities”
XV NOSPlan Convention- Mysore