1. AED 1313AED 1313
INTRO. TO BUILT ENVIRONMENTINTRO. TO BUILT ENVIRONMENT
Semester 1, 2013/2014Semester 1, 2013/2014
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENTENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
AND ISSUESAND ISSUES
Compiled by
DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN, CENTRE FOR
FOUNDATION STUDIES, IIUM, PETALING JAYA

2. CONTENT
 INTRODUCTION
 ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
 ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS AND STRATEGIES
 ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS

3. INTRODUCTION
“A community which takes satan rather than Allah as its patron and assault nature to the extend of
altering Allah's creation, will face obvious and tangible loss and its ultimate abode will be (an
environmental) hell from which it will find no escape.”
(Al-Quran, 4:117-119)
WHAT IS POLLUTION ?
 The word comes from Latin word ”POLLUTUS’ which means MADE
FOUL, UNCLEAN or DIRTY
 Anything added to air, water, soil, or food that threatens the health, survival
capability, or activities of living things.
 Material that causes pollution is called pollutants

4. Definition from EQA (Act 127)
Any direct or indirect alteration of the physical, thermal, chemical or biological
properties of any part of the environment
by discharging, emitting or depositing environmentally hazardous
substances, pollutants or wastes, so as to affect any beneficial use adversely , to
cause a condition that is hazardous or potentially hazardous to public health,
safety or welfare, or to animals, birds, wildlife, fish or aquatic life, or to plants
or to cause contravention of any condition, limitation or restriction to which a
license under this Act is subject.

5. WATER POLLUTIONWATER POLLUTION
DEFINITIONDEFINITION
““Any physical, biological or chemical change in water quality thatAny physical, biological or chemical change in water quality that
adversely affects living organisms or makes water unsuitable foradversely affects living organisms or makes water unsuitable for
desired uses”desired uses”
(Saigo, Cunningham, Environmental science, Mc Graw- Hill)(Saigo, Cunningham, Environmental science, Mc Graw- Hill)
WATER POLLUTION IS MAINLY CAUSED BY:
 Domestic waste
 Agriculture waste
 Industrial waste
 Marine pollution – oil spill

6. SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION
1. POINT SOURCES OF WATER
POLLUTION
 Discharge of pollution from specific
locations
 Identifiable because it comes from
specific locations
 Can be monitored / regulated
 E.g. Industrial discharge (wastewater,
chemicals, factories) and sewage
treatment plants that emit fluids of
varying quality directly into water supply.

7. 2. NON – POINT SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION
 Cannot be traced into any one point of discharge.
 Very hard to monitor
 Eg. Agriculture runoff ( chemicals, pesticides, sediments) urban
runoff, roadway runoff.

8. EFFECTS OF WATER POLLUTION TO THE ENVIRONMENT
 Human health – poisoning from drinking water of untreated sewage, poisonous
food animals where they accumulate toxin from environment and human
consume these food.
 Unbalanced river / lake ecosystems that can no longer support full biological
diversity.
 Deforestation from acid rain
 Eutrophication

9. WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
1. Point sources solution
Divert effluent from the waste streams and treat or filter it before it
enters the environment.
e.g. septic tank, primary & secondary sewage treatment

10. 2. Non point sources solution
 Euthrophication
- Harvesting excessive plant growth;
unwanted weeds can be eliminated by chemical treatments.
 Sediments
- Construction and mining sites- sediment traps, destabilize the exposed area
with grass immediately
- Preserving wetlands
 Urban runoff
- Encourage to recycle waste oil and to minimize use of
fertilizers and pesticides.
- Regular street sweeping - reduce contaminants
 Agriculture
- Applying precisely determined amounts of fertilizers
- Use slow-release fertilizers
- Plant buffer zones of permanent vegetation between cultivated field and
nearby surface water

11. AIR POLLUTION
The air pollution have been predicted in the Quran:
“Watch for the day when the sky will bring forth visible smoke that will engulf.”
DEFINITION
Substances which, when presents in
the atmosphere can adversely affect
the health of humans, animals and
plants or microbial life, damage
materials or interfere with the
enjoyment of life and the use of
property.

12. WHAT IS AIR POLLUTANTS?
Chemical or physical changes brought about by either natural processes or human activities,
resulting in air quality degradation.
SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION
 Natural sources
Volcanoes erupt ash, acid mists, hydrogen sulfide and other toxic gases
Forest fire creates cloud of smoke into the air
 Human-caused air pollution

13. Effects and Causes of Air
Pollution
Polluted air can cause health problems
and damage to the environment such
as:
 Health problems affecting all living
things
 Acid rain
 Greenhouse effect
 Thinning of the ozone layer in the
stratosphere
 Global warming
 Haze

14. Transportation
 Hydrocarbon control
 Emission control devices
 Raise parking fees
Industrial process
 Using particular removal such as bag filter and electronic
precipitator
Stationary fuel combustion
 Oil companies are required to offer alternative fuels, such as
methanol or ethanol, hydrogen or compressed natural gas.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

15. In mid-August 2005 several locations in
mainland Malaysia declared air quality
emergencies as smoke from burning in
Indonesia wafted across the Strait of
Malacca and blanketed the country with
haze.
This image, created using data collected by
the Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI)
on NASA’s Aura satellite, shows the
density of the smoke on August 10, 2005.
Red-colored areas show where smoke was
thickest.
AIR POLLUTION CASE
STUDY

16. NOISE POLLUTIONNOISE POLLUTION
WHAT IS NOISE POLLUTION?
Sounds that are often annoys us, unpleasant or
unwanted.

17. Noise PollutionNoise Pollution
 Noise and sound are measured in decibels.
 A decibel number of 65, for example, would cause distraction and is considered
“intrusive.” This is about the level of your average, everyday traffic.
 80 decibels is considered annoying and is approximately the loudness of an alarm
clock. Neither one of these is dangerous to your hearing, but can impair your ability to
sleep.
 A decibel level of around 88 would occur in city traffic or in industrial work.
Individuals exposed to this noise level for a lengthy period of time may experience
actual hearing damage.
 Once the decibel level goes above 80, prolonged exposure such as eight hours or more
may cause increased tension, fatigue, changes in breathing, blood circulation and of
course, loss of hearing.
 Sound at the level of 135 decibels is beyond annoying and intrusive, it becomes simply
painful and can damage your hearing. A pneumatic drill would cause a sound like this.

18. SOURCES
1. Transport noise
Road noise comes from cars, buses, lorries, van & motorbike.
2. Social noise
Neighborhood noise- Amplified music, dogs, domestic activities, car
repairs.
3. Industrial noise
From factory or by building works. - much more problem to people
working in a factory, will suffer permanent hearing damage and report
annoyance from general public.

19. NOISE POLLUTION SOLUTION
Transport noise
 Sound reflector wall that are :
a) High concrete wall or
b) Louvered wall to be built between residential area and highway road as a reflector.
 Bumper as to avoid racing along special road or residential area.
 Planting zone as a barrier between spaces
Social noise -neighborhood
 Layout housing arrangement for car parking spaces, resident have to few minutes
walk away from residential area.
 Landscape design such as planting, fountain to avoid hearing noise from road
 Double glazing and better insulated walls to reduce noise

20. Industrial noise
 Zoning and planning layout by following the guidelines of government
 Finding a new technology on machine by engineers to avoid noise
pollution.
Precision Machinery Enclosure
Low Decibel Room
(Below 40dBA)
High noise machinery enclosure (From130dBA,
reduced to Below 80dBA)

21. GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

22. There are no passengers on
Spaceship Earth. We are all crew
members.
-Buckminster Fuller
DISCUSS THE FOLLOWING:

23. What is Environmental
Ethics?
 It is about how human beings
should relate to their
environment, how to use Earth’s
resources, and how to treat other
species, both plant and animal.

24. Environmental Values
1. Take from the environment – only resource needed
for human life.
2. Modify the environment – only when the present
environment is not conducive for human
2. Protects the public health – preserve the
environment from deterioration.
3. Conserve renewable resources – planned and
managed extraction.
4. Preserve special environment – nature reserve e.g.
Kuala Gula, Hutan Belum, Gua Niah, Bukit
Cherakah, Taman Negara, Tasik Bera, etc.
5. Protect special habitats – protect special animals,
protect endangered species.
6. Protect the integrity of the global ecosystem –
without it people won’t survive.

25. 3 primary theories of moral responsibility regarding the environment:
1. Anthropocentric (human-centered)
- a theory of moral responsibility that views the environment
as a resource for humankind.
2. Biocentric (life-centered)
- a theory of moral responsibility that states that all forms of
life have an inherent right to exist. Human have no right to
reduce the richness and diversity except to satisfy vital needs.
Living simple in means and co-exist with the rest of nature.

26. 3. Ecocentrism
- an approach to environmental responsibility that
maintains that the environment deserves direct moral
consideration rather than consideration derived merely
from human interests.

27. WHY ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICS
 Our natural resources are limited.
 We are part of the environment.
-every living thing is interrelated
-concept of carrying capacity
-Biogeochemical cycles
 We must understand and cooperate
with nature.
 Our action must be ecological sound.

28. Inculcation of Environmental Ethics
 Family
 Education – formal
and informal
 Related agencies
 Promoting models of
sustainability
 Everybody’s role
 Faith

29. The end
Take care of the earth…