1. Sociology is defined as the scientific study of society and human behavior. 2. Auguste Comte developed the idea and coined the term "sociology". 3. Serafin M. Macaraig was the first Filipino to acquire a doctorate in Sociology. 4. He published a book titled "An Introduction to Sociology" in 1938. 5. Father Valentin Marin introduced sociology in the Philippines with the opening of a criminology program at the Pontifical University of Santo Tomas in the 1950s.

1. The Nature
and
Scope of
Sociology
Chapter I
(A Big Step Towards the Study
of Society)

2. The Sociological Perspective
Sociological
Perspective
• casts a light that
enables you to gain a
new vision of social
life. It provides a
different way of
looking at life, and
provides an
understanding of why
people are the way

3. Seeing the
Broader
Social Context
 Seeing the broader context of
social life involves looking at:
a. The social location of
people-their culture,
social class, gender,
religion, age and
education
b. The relationship
of one group to
another.
c. The external influences
(people’s experiences) that are
internalized and have become part
of ones thinking and motivations.

4. Foundation
of Sociology
.
Sociology emerged about
the middle of 19th century,
when social observers
began to use scientific
methods to explain social
phenomena.

5. There are three assumptions that
explain the foundation of Sociology:
The first is that, human
behaviours follows a pattern
or order similar to the
patterning of natural
phenomena. This
assumptions claimed that one
has to observed the everyday
activities of his fellows to
determine that certain acts are
performed in a more or less
The second factual basis of
Sociology is that man is a “social
creature”. With this context, man
has a natural tendency to
associate himself in groups and
because of associations, social
phenomena occur as a product
of cause and effect thesis
Sociology grew out of social upheaval.
The industrial revolution had just
begun, and people were moving to
cities in search of work. Their ties to
the land-and to a culture that provided
them with “ready-to-hand” answers
were broken. Life no longer looked the
same, and tradition, which had
provided the answers to social life, no
longer could be counted on.

6. Definition of
Sociology
The word Sociology came from two prominent
languages of early advanced civilization.
“Socious”, a Latin word, meaning, companion,
or society and from the Greek word “logos”,
meaning to study. From this coined words, i
could be further deduced that, sociology is the
study of society and human behaviour.
The concern of Sociology is not only to identify
social phenomena but also to identify the
cause of occurrence of these phenomena, and
the delivery of the long term solution to the
same, under positive perspective, it is not
ambitious to claim that sufferings could be
reduced through sociology.

7. Sociology and Other
Sciences
Hence, sociology is
defined as the
scientific study of
society and human
behavior. As a
science, systematic
methods are used
to obtain
knowledge.

8. Goals of Science
 The goals of science are: to explain
why something happens; to
generalize or to go beyond the
individual case and making
statements that apply to a broader
group or situation by looking for
patterns, recurring characteristics or
events, and to predict-to specify
what will happen in the future.

9. NATURAL SCIENCE vs. SOCIAL
SCIENCE
The NATURAL
SCIENCES
attempt to
comprehend,
explain, and
predict events in
our natural
environment.
The SOCIAL
SCIENCES
-examine human
relationships
-Attempt to
objectively
understand the
social world.

10. SOCIOLOGY has many similarities to OTHER
SOCIAL SCIENCES:
A. Like political scientists, sociologists
study how people govern one another,
specially the impact of various form of
government on people’s lives .b. Like economists, sociologists are concerned with
what happens with the goods and services of society,
but sociologists place their focus on the social
consequences of production and distributionc. Like anthropologists, sociologists study
culture, and have a particular interest in the
social consequences of material goods, group
structure, and belief system, as well as in how
people communicate with one another
d. Like psychologists, sociologists are also
concern with how people adjust to the difficulties
of life.

11. SOCIOLOGIST DIFFERENT from other
SOCIAL SCIENCES
a. Unlike political scientists and economists,
sociologists do not concentrate on a single
institution.
b. Unlike anthropologists, sociologists focus
primarily on industrialized societies while
many anthropologists remained focused on
trival societies.
c. Unlike psychologists, sociologists stress
factors external to the individual to determine
what influences people.

12. Pioneer’s in the Study of
Sociology
The early scholars who
contributed significantly
for the development of
this young science are
as follows:

13. A. AUGUSTE COMTE
(1798-1857)
Born after the
French revolution
of 1789
He proposed the
Philosophical
position of
PositivismHe theorized that the
methods of physical
science are regarded
as the accurate means
of obtaining knowledge
and therefore social
science should adhere
to the same.
He developed the
idea and coined the
term “Sociology”
He was the
founder of
Sociology

14. HARRIET MARTINEAU (1802-
1876)
• She translate the book
of Comte’s work by
English
• Her book ‘Society in
America’ examines
religion, politics, child
rearing, and immigration in
the young nation
• She emphasized the
impact that the
economy, law, trade,
and population could
have own the social
problems of
contemporary society.
• She spokes out in
favour of the rights of
women’s, the
emancipation of the
slaves, and religious
tolerance
• Her’ views, intellectuals and
scholars should not simply
offer observations of social
conditions; they should act
upon their convictions in a
manner that will benefit
society

15. KARL MARX (1818-
1883)
Considered as one
of the thinkers of
the modern times.
Marx was a native
German and later
exiled in England.
He even proposed the
Theory of Evolution or
“class conflict theory” to
achieve its end.
His sociological
application of
change, which was
later adopted in
politics known as
communism, made
him disgusted over
many debates about
his thesis applied in
politics.

16. HERBERT SPENCER
(1820-1903)He proposed that
there is the
parallelism between
how society evolves
in the same manner
as animal species
do

17. EMILE DURKHEIM (1858-
1917)
•He was the only studied
thoroughly the discipline in
the school of higher learning.
•He concluded therefore that
suicide is not an ordinary
phenomenon.
•He proposed four types of
suicide, based on the
degrees of imbalance of two
social forces: social
integration and moral
regulation

18. Egoistic
Suicide
Resulted from too little social
integration.
Those individuals who were not
sufficiently bound to social groups were
left with little social support or
guidance, and therefore tended to
commit suicide on an increased basis.

19. Altruistic
Suicide
Was a result of too much
integration
It occurred at the opposite
end of the integration
scale as egoistic suicide.

20. Anomic
Suicide
Was of particular interest to
Durkheim, for he divided it into
four categories:
Acute
Economic
Anomie
Sporadic decreases
in ability of
traditional
institutions (such as
religion, guilds, pre-
industrial social
systems, etc.) to
regulate and fulfil
Chronic
Economic
Anomie
Long term dimunition
of social regulation.
Durkhiem identified this
type with the ongoing
industrial revolution,
which eroded
traditional social
regulators and often
failed to replace them.
Acute
Domestic
Anomie
Sudden changes
on the
microsocial level
resulted in an
inability to adapt
and therefore
higher suicide
Chronic
Domestic
Anomie
Referred to the way
marriage as an institution
regulated the sexual and
behavioural means-needs
balance among men and
women.
Marriage provided
different regulations for
each, however.

21. MAX WEBER (1864-
1920)
If Marx proposed class struggle
as central force in social
change, Weber disagreed, he
rather hold that it was religion (
Catholicism vs. Protestantism)
that encourage social change.
His conclusions that Protestantism
more likely will embrace and open to
change and encourage greater
economic development- was in fact
the core of capitalism-his
controversial finding is a subject of
debate among sociologists until
today.

22. OTHER SOCIOLOGISTS
Albion Small, founder of
the department of
sociology at the
University of Chicago,
established the American
Journal of Sociology.
W.E.B. Du Bois, a
black American,
conducted research on
race relations in the
U.S.. Talcott Parsons
demonstrated with
models how the parts of
society harmoniously
work together.
. Robert K. Merton
stressed that sociologists
need to develop middle-
range theories as
explanations of human
behaviour that go beyond
the particular observation
or research but avoid
sweeping generalizations
that attempt to account
for everything.
Wright Mills urged
sociologists to get
back to social reform.

23. The Development of Sociology in the Philippines
• SERAFIN M. MACARAIG, the first Filipino to acquire a
doctorate degree in Sociology and Published a book entitled An
Introduction to Sociology in 1938.
• FR. VALENTIN MARIN introduced sociology in the
Philippines., with the opening of criminology program in the
Pontifical University of Santo Tomas in 1950’s.
•CONRADO BENITEZ and LUIS RIVERA were among the first
teachers of sociology in the Philippines.
• In 1952, Filipino pioneers in sociology organized the Philippine
Sociological Society which main trust is to collect , interpret and
proposed possible solutions to different Philippine sociological
phenomena
• In 1957, the COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH
COUNCIL (CDRC) was created to conduct and support social
science researchers.
• In 1960, Fr. Frank Lynch, SJ, founded the Institute of the
Philippine Culture at the Ateneo De Manila University.
•In 1972,Xavier University was given credit as the first school,

25. 1. It is the study of society and
human behaviour?
2. Who developed the idea and coined the
term “Sociology” ?
3. Who was the first Filipino to acquired a
doctorate in Sociology?
4. What book he published and in what
year?
5. Who introduced Sociology in the
Philippines?

26. 6.-7. Who are the two Filipino
Social Scientists were among the
first teachers of Sociology in the
Philippines?
8. What was the first school in the
Philippines which offered a
bachelor degree in Sociology?
TRUE or FALSE:
9. Sociology came from the two prominent languages of
early advanced civilization.
10. Social Science attempt to comprehend, explain, and
predict events in our natural environment.