What's in our Air?
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Stuart Keer-Keer Director, K2 Environmental Ltd (Invited, Friday 28, Ilott Room, 9.15)
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What's in our Air?
- 1. What's in our Air? Stuart Keer-Keer K2 Environmental Ltd
- 2. What is Coming up? • What is present? – Usual Suspects-main variables – Composition of fresh air • What is the significance of these contaminants • How to Test • Applications Examples – Home – Office – Factory – welding fumes
- 3. What are Majors and Minors? Review of the following compounds / Species • Particulate/dust and particulate/dust size • Carbon Dioxide • Formaldehyde • Water • Bacteria and Fungus • Volatile Organic Compounds • Carbon monoxide
- 4. Air Composition • Not static • Changes all the time • Depends on activities • Depends on Environmental Conditions
- 5. What is in Fresh Air ?
- 6. What's in Fresh Air Numbers • Nitrogen (N2): 78.09% • Oxygen (O2): 20.95% • Argon (Ar): 0.93% • Carbon dioxide (CO2): 0.038% • Others (less than 0.002% each): Neon (Ne), Helium (He), Krypton (Kr), Hydrogen (H2), Xenon (Xe). • Formaldehyde 0.0000009 %
- 8. Vehicle Exhaust Fresh Air Fungus Plants/Trees Open Fires Un flue Gas Heaters Cooking with Gas Dogs Carbon Dioxide CO2 Humans Cats Wood Combustion Vehicle Exhaust Smoking
- 9. A Bit of Science
- 10. Photosynthesis all plants and trees doing it • Winter and Autumn less active • Spring and Summer active • At night less active • During day active • Winter and Autumn leaves fall decompose.
- 11. Night and Day Changes
- 12. Mauna Loa
- 13. Carbon Dioxide with Time
- 14. Effect of High CO2
- 15. CO2 in Home and Office • Plants love it – grow really well • At the same time people are generating CO2 they are also producing odour-causing bioeffluents • Relationship odour acceptability and ventilation
- 16. Carbon Dioxide • Useful tool to determine how much fresh air? • High CO2 indication other pollutants will also be high • Bio effluents not being removed • Normal 380 -500ppm • Over 1000 ppm a worry • Humans give off 4%
- 17. How to Measure • CO • CO2 • Temperature • Humidity • Calibration Gases
- 18. CO2 ppm 0 1000 1500 2000 2500 500 3000 21:01:46 21:19:46 21:37:46 21:55:46 22:29:41 22:53:56 23:11:56 23:29:56 23:47:56 0:05:56 0:23:56 0:41:56 0:59:56 1:17:56 1:35:55 1:53:55 2:11:55 2:29:55 2:47:55 3:05:55 3:23:55 3:41:55 3:59:55 2:33:53 CO2 ppm 2:51:53 3:09:53 3:27:53 3:45:52 4:03:52 4:21:52 4:39:52 4:57:52 5:15:52 5:33:52 5:51:52 6:09:52 6:27:52 CO2 Nephews Bedroom 6:45:51 7:03:51 7:21:51 7:39:51 7:57:51 8:15:51 8:33:51 8:51:51 9:09:51
- 19. CO2 Sources - Combustion • Un-flued gas heaters • Gas Cooking • Open Fires • Vehicles, Smoking • Also fine particulate, organics, formaldehyde
- 20. Dust-Particulate
- 21. Pet Dander Liquefaction Fungal Spores Soil Dead Human Skin Textile Fibers Pollen Particulate/ Dust Road Dust Dust Mite Faecal Matter Wood Combustion Vehicle Exhaust Elemental Carbon Smoking
- 23. Dust Effect on Humans
- 24. Examples • Floating dust in a sun beam (40 – 60µm) • Spores 2 – 10 µm • Cigarette smoke 0.1 – 1 µm • Burning wood 0.2 – 3 µm • Flaming or smoldering cooking oil 0.03 – 0.9 µm
- 25. 0.0 0.25 0.5 0.75 1.0 1.25 1.5 1.75 2.0 2.25 2.5 2.75 3 3.25 3.5 3.75 4 4.25 4.5 4.75 5 10 20 Resin Smoke 0.05 - 1 µm Paint Pigments 0.01 - 5 µm Oil Smoke 0.02 - 1 µm Carbon Black 0.01 - 3 µm Smog 0.01 - 1 µm Virus 0.2 - 20 µm Metalurgical Dust and Fumes 0.001 - 100 µm Bacteria 0.1 - 10 µm Cooking Smoke 0.01 - 1 µm Resipirable Particulate - not good for humans - Less than 4 µm
- 26. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 2000 Metalurgical Dust and Fumes 0.001 - 100 µm . Fly Ash 1-300 µm Pollen 10 - 100 µm Human Hair 20 - 300 µm Dust Mites 250-320 µm Beach Sand 9 - 2000 µm Visble to Human Eye 40µm and above
- 27. Mobility of Dust • Less 2.5 µm many months • 2.5 µm dust remains airborne weeks – months • 2.5 µm – 10 µm airborne hours – days • 10 µm hours • More residence time = greater range
- 28. Elemental Carbon • Water Scrubbers- carbon • Particle Size less than 1µm • Diesel Combustion • VOC • Soot • Nano particles in rats • Bio available
- 29. Pet Dander • Skin • 2-3 µm • Similar to dandruff but smaller • Allergy's not fur
- 30. Soft Wood Dust • Lower Limits – Labour Department • Chemical Constituents – resins, acids • Bacteria and Fungus – Spores growing on wood • Chemicals in Wood – CCA, anti sap stain • MDF – change when heated
- 31. Managing Dust • Vacuum vs Sweep • HEPA filters • Air Exchange Systems
- 32. How to Measure
- 33. Respirable/Inhalable Particulate • Personal Sampling • Up to 100 µm • Requires Calibration • Requires good kit • Does not always work • Obstrusive Portable Pump
- 34. Respirable and Inhalable Dust Pump draws air in Sample Air Sample Air Pump draws air in
- 35. Filter Holder Filter to capture Dust
- 36. Elemental Carbon
- 37. Formaldehyde
- 38. Information on Formaldehyde • Formaldehyde is a preservative that can cause breathing problems • Sensitizer • A2 Suspected Carcinogen • Breaks down in atmosphere forms CO2 and H20 • Children, Elderly more sensitive • Pre existing respiratory conditions • Eyes sensitive
- 39. Cooking Brussell Sprouts and Cabbage Paint MDF Smoking Finger Nail Hardeners Furniture Fabric Wrinkle Resistant Plywood Formaldehyde Combustion eg Wood Glue - Carpet Particle Board Colour Fixing Fabrics Wall Paper Plywood Vehicle Emissions Un-flued Gas heaters
- 40. Formaldehyde at Home • New homes higher formaldehyde • Older homes lower • Drafty homes expect lower concentrations
- 41. Concentrations • New House 25 – 100 µg/m3 • Outside air 3 – 9 µg/m3 • NIOSH 8 hour limit 19 µg/m3 • Californian EPA 8 µg/m3 • Workplace 12 hour limit NZ 360 µg/m3 • Workplace 8 hour limit NZ 600 µg/m3
- 42. Acute and Chronic • Lower limits for Long Term Exposures • Time for body to recover
- 43. Trailers – Hurricane Katrina 144,000 – 39,000 still in use
- 44. Trailers - Katrina • Government tests found elevated levels of formaldehyde. • Formaldehyde 3-590 µg/m3 • Health effects from occupants • Set limit for trailers 20 µg/m3 • Reduced concentrations 13.3 Air Changes Per hour • Limits for MDF exported
- 46. Passive Formaldehyde • Turnstile • Vapour • No good for Embalmers • Easy • No good for particulate and mist
- 47. Water
- 48. Vehicle Exhaust Fresh Air Showers Open Fires Un flue Gas Heaters Cooking with Gas Dogs Water H2O Humans Cats Wood Combustion Vehicle Exhaust Leaks Smoking
- 49. Humidity • How much water is dissolved in air • 100% no more will dissolve • Planes 10% • Antarctica - washing • Cool Air Condensation
- 51. Source of Water • Combustion – Un flued gas, cooking, smoking • Bathrooms • Air dilution systems – outside vs inside • Solution to pollution is dilution • Furniture, concrete – absorption • Heating dissolved water
- 52. Measurement • Q trak – Humidity • Moisture Meter
- 54. Water + Organic Material Fungus / Mould / Bacteria Toxins, Spores, Fragments, Odour
- 55. Effect of Moisture • If you have a water problem you have a mould problem. • If you have a mould problem you have a water problem
- 56. Fungus What parts affect air quality • Growing fungi • Spores • Toxins • Fragments (hyphae) • Mould (a type of fungi)
- 57. Fungus and Odour • Produce Volatile Organic Compounds • Give the distinctive odour • Wall space – Low spore count • Mould Toxins - Mycotoxins • Can be toxic to Humans • Depends on Fungus and what growing on • On Fragments and Spores
- 58. Example of Mycotoxin • Penicillium fungi produces a mycotoxin – (Penicillin)
- 59. Example - Bacteria • Pseudomonas and other gram-negative – extremely wet. • May cause respiratory symptoms involving allergic type reactions. • Gram-negative bacteria small • Respiratory symptoms
- 60. Measurement • Air Sampling • Culturable-Agar • Non Culturable – Spore trap • Microscope vs Growth • Moisture, CO2, VOC • Swabs
- 61. Dry Cleaned Clothes Building Materials Paint Adhesives Smoking Cosmetics Furniture Mould Volatile Organic Fuel Compounds Combustion eg Wood Glue - Carpet Printers and Photocopiers Cleaning Products Wall Paper Plywood Vehicle Emissions Un-flued Gas heaters
- 62. What are VOC’s? • Volatile Organic Compounds • Organic compounds that evaporate • Petrol, perfume • Benzene, Toluene, Ethanol • All have separate health effects
- 63. Example VOC from HFO
- 64. Heavy Fuel Oil • Long chain complex atoms • Odour = VOC • Lego • Products • Sulphur molecules • Westport Odour
- 67. VOC Measurement
- 68. Sorbent Tubes
- 70. Carbon Monoxide • Combustion – ambient air • Odourless – colourless • Poorly tuned engines • Diesel and LPG Forklifts
- 71. CO Measurement
- 72. Example - Workplace • Welding – Ultra fine Particles – Carbon monoxide – VOC – Carbon Dioxide – Formaldehyde • Spray Painting – VOC – CO, CO2 from compressor
- 73. Example - Home • Formaldehyde – Bench – Walls – Lino – MDF • VOC – Cleaners – Perfume • Water – Cooking , no extraction
- 74. Your Challange