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Low Impact Development
          and
Sustainable Infrastructure
   Watershed Management

   The Low Impact Development
   Center, Inc.
   Balancing Growth and
   Environmental Integrity
OBJECTIVES
Define LID
“Issues and Baggage” (apologies to
Freud)
Use for Resource Protection and
Regulations
“Going Green”
E.S.
E.S.
Environmental   Environmental
  Interests       Interests
     $
                      $
Development      Development
  Interests        Interests
     $

         New Rules!
Low Impact Development

     Conservation (Watershed and Site Level )
1.
     Minimization (Site Level)
2.
     Strategic Timing (Watershed and Site Level)
3.
     Integrated Management Practices (Site
4.
     Level) Retain / Detain / Filter / Recharge / Use
     Pollution Prevention Traditional Approaches
5.
Key LID Principles
     “Volume” and Water
     Balance
     to Achieve Objectives
Unique Watershed Design
  Match Initial Abstraction Volume
  Mimic Water Balance
Uniform Distribution of Small-scale Controls
Cumulative Impacts of Multiple Systems
  filter / detain / retain / use / recharge / evaporate
Decentralized / Disconnection
Multifunctional Multipurpose Landscape & Architecture
Pollution Prevention
1. Conservation Plans / Regulations
Local Watershed and Conservation Plans
   Forest (Contiguous and Interior Habitat)
                                              Large and Small Scale
   Streams (Corridors)
   Wetlands
   Habitats
   Step Slopes
   Buffers
   Critical Areas
   Parks
   Scenic Areas
   Trails
   Shorelines
   Difficult Soils
   Ag Lands
   Minerals
Conserve Natural Areas
                                FUNCTIONAL!!
                            •
                                Conservation of
 Conservation                   drainages, trees &
                                vegetation
                                Land use planning
                            •
                                Watershed planning
                            •
                                Habitat conservation
                            •
                                plans
                                Stream & wetland
                            •
             Typical
                                buffers
           Subdivision
Courtesy CWP
Copyright 2007
                     82.35 Acres of public
                     street paving that the
                         city owns and
                        maintains forever
                      increasing financial
                        burden by 35% -
                            forever…




Increasing environmental
    impacts by 35% -                53.32 Acres of public
        forever…                  street paving that the city
           Conventional
                                     owns and maintains
           Coved
                                          forever…
2. Minimize Impacts
                             Low Impact Design
                                                 Multifunctional Use
                                                 of Landscape and
                                                 Infrastructure
Minimize clearing
Minimize grading
Save A and B soils
Limit lot disturbance Decentralized
                      Controls
* Soil Amendments Roofs
                      Parking Lots
Alternative Surfaces OpenBarrels
                           Drainage
                      Rain
                      Open Space
Reforestation         Turf
                      Educational
Disconnect            components


Reduce pipes, curb and gutters
Reduce impervious surfaces
3. Maintain Time of Concentration
    and Watershed Patterns

 Open Drainage
 Use green space
 Flatten slopes
 Disperse drainage
 Lengthen flow paths
 Save headwater areas
 Vegetative swales
 Maintain natural flow paths
 Increase distance from streams
 Maximize sheet flow
4. Storage, Detention & Filtration
            “LID IMP’s”
Uniform Distribution at the Source
  Open drainage swales
  Rain Gardens / Bioretention
  Smaller pipes and culverts
  Small inlets
  Depression storage
  Infiltration
  Rooftop storage
  Pipe storage
  Street storage
  Rain Water Use
  Soil Management**
                                     Emeryville and UCD
LID and Green Infrastructure
5. Pollution Prevention
30 - 40% Reduction in N&P
Kettering Demonstration Project


 Maintenance
 Proper use, handling and disposal
     Individuals
      • Lawn / car / hazardous wastes / reporting / recycling
     Industry
      • Good house keeping / proper disposal / reuse / spills
     Business
      • Alternative products / Product liability
LID and Green Infrastructure
LID is Not
A land use or zoning control
An either this or that approach
Independent of watershed planning
“The” Answer
               LID is
 A Water Balance Approach to Hydrology
 A science and unit process based
 approach
 Decentralized and Integrated
 Technology Driven
 “The” Answer
Hydrologic
Cycle

        From Lake (2004)
Stormwater
Drinking Water
        LID is a Holistic
           Integrated
           Approach

          Wastewater
LID and Green Infrastructure
LID and Green Infrastructure
N2                         AIR                            NH3
   DENITRIFICATION
                           RAINFALL
                                     Where did it all start?
                                                        EVAPOTRANSPIRATION




                                                                        ADSORPTION
                                      PARTICULATES

                                                     LID
                          BIOLOGICAL FIXATION
                                           PLANT MATERIALS
RUNOFF                                                                               RUNOFF
                                                                                     Manual
                                                               VOLITILIZATION         METALS,
                                                                                      NUTRIENTS
                                         MULCH
                     SANDY SOIL MEDIUM                         AMMONIFICATION
                                                               Stormwater
                               NO3     NITROGEN FIXATION
                                                                                                  Hydrology
                                                                   NH4
                                                                Standards
                              DENITRIFICATION         NO2
                                                                                                   Manual
                                                                 Manual
                                                       DRAIN
                                  INFILTRATION                 RECHAR
                                                               GE
                                                                   Landscaping Water
                                                                            DPW Land
                          NITROGEN CYCLE FOR                     BIORETENTION
                                                                     Conservation
                                                                           Development
                                                                        Manual
                                                                             Manual



                                                                   San Diego LID Manual



                                            Village Homes
Issues and Baggage
“Traditional” Stormwater Issues




                 Non-Point Runoff




Volume

                  Trash & Debris
Ecological Integrity
                                        Protection
                          Species   – Fauna / Flora
                          Structure – Spatial / Temp / Distribution
                          Processes – Cycling (Energy / Materials / Nutrients)

                          Minimize Impacts
                                     or
                          Restore / Maintain Functions

                          Ecological Factors
                           1.    Hydrology / Hydraulics
                           2.    Habitat Structure
                           3.    Water Quality
                           4.    Energy Sources
Small Stream and Living
                           5.    Biotic Interactions
  Resource Protection
Courtesy Geoanalysis
Canadian
TMDL Goose
Traditional Urban      Sustainable Urban
    Drainage               Drainage

                                  Water
                                  Quality
                       Capacity
   Capacity

                                  Amenity


  The Good Old Days!
                            Stahre, 2006
Imperatives:
                                                                  • Sustain economic growth
                                                                  • Maximize private profit
                                                                  • Expand markets
                                             Economic             • Externalize costs
                                            Development
                        Community
                        Economic                                    Conservationism
                       Development


                                            Sustainable
                                            Development

                               Community                     Ecological
                              Development                   Development
Imperatives:                                                                   Imperatives:
• Increase local                                                               • Respect carrying capacity
  self-reliance                                                                • Conserve and recycle
• Satisfy basic human needs                                                      resources
• Guarantee participation                                                      • Reduce waste
                                            Deep Ecology
  and accountability
                                            or Utopianism
• Use appropriate
  technology
Courtesy ICLEI, 1999



                       Sustainable Stormwater Management!!!
LID and Green Infrastructure
LID and Green Infrastructure
The Future of the Urban America
LID and Green Infrastructure
Where are the watershed
functions?
LID and Green Infrastructure
TND & LID
Reston Watershed
Management Planning
LID and Green Infrastructure
Buttermilk off North Shore   Buttermilk off Ring Road
LID and Green Infrastructure
AIR
                      N2                                                                     NH3
    DENITRIFICATION          RAINFALL                                EVAPOTRANSPIRATION




                                                                                          ADSORPTION
                                          PARTICULATES



                           BIOLOGICAL FIXATION
                                                   PLANT MATERIALS
RUNOFF                                                                                                 RUNOFF
                                                                             VOLITILIZATION             METALS,
                                                                                                        NUTRIENTS
                                                     MULCH
                      SANDY SOIL MEDIUM                                     AMMONIFICATION
                                    NO3            NITROGEN FIXATION
                                                                                  NH4
                                 DENITRIFICATION
                                                               NO2


                                                                  DRAIN

                                      INFILTRATION
                                                                            RECHARGE




                        NITROGEN CYCLE FOR BIORETENTION
Builder/Developer/Institution
Land Use Economic and
Design Requirements
          Sustainability is not
         achieved by minimum Localized
Industry
          standards or ratingSustainable
Recognized
              systems!!! Development
Standards


                                Performance
Local Community
Codes/Ordinances
                                    and
and Watershed
Requirements

                                 Economics
LID and Green Infrastructure
United States Navy Yard
LID and Green Infrastructure
LID and Green Infrastructure
PICP Open-graded base




                            RAINFALL
SM

        s
  O
   G


            LIGHT
                    HEAT/
                                            (optional)




                                       ET
Which office is
safer at night?
LID and Green Infrastructure
Bioretention
 California
UCD
Rain Garden in an office building project along the
               G.W. Parkway. (Looking East)




UCD
Chiropractic Center




Appearance after 11 months
Emeryville
LEED™, SPIRIT, Green Globes™,
     How to Go Green
Sustainable Sites, Rating Programs
 Point not performance systems
 Not “regional or local” one size fits all
 No Optimization
 Not targeted at water quality
 Can achieve certification without
 necessarily addressing water
Process vs. Standards
Regucopy
Agendicizing
Minimum Standards
Zoning and Building Codes
Mass Production not Profession
Contract Process “Per Unit”
LEED is not necessarily LEED “No Builder Left
     tm



Behind”
Site Design Performance vs. BMP Efficiency
No One Reads
Moving Environmental Regulations
(Restrictions) to an Economic and
Asset and Adaptable Management
             Approach
  Regulations should even the playing field for
  economic/environmental development instead of being a
  minimum standard!
  Do those minimum standards really protect the
  watershed?
  Sustainability/ LEED may not be a good example,
  Economics and Capacity are!
  What are the true costs/value to the installation for
  stormwater?
LID and Green Infrastructure
Courtesy E Takata
Courtesy SVR
City of Albuquerque
     Best Residential Project
               2004
New Mexico National Association of
 Industrial and Office Properties




    Photo: Paseo de Estrella – Albuquerque, New Mexico (DR Horton Homes)
Conventional non-functional site design
Olive Garden Redesign
Rain garden in
commercial parking lot
Hydrologic
 Benefits
11% less
impervious area
than standard
street
improvement
and
disconnectivity
98% Reduction
in Volume
Fat Street
Skinny Street with Horizontally Challenged Person
Incorporating Bioretention in Hamlet




Courtesy NC State
Building
   “Hamlet”
     Rain
    Garden
   reduces
    size of
  pond from
  7900 sf to
    5900 sf
Courtesy NC State
A new 2300
  sf home on
 an 11,000 sf
       lot



Courtesy NC State
Chicago, Illinois
More than 80 green roofs
totaling over 1 million square
feet. Another 1 – 2 million
square feet planned.
A 2003 study found green
roof runoff volume was less
than half that of conventional
roofs.
Subsidized rain barrel
program used to reduce
basement flooding and CSO
volume.                          Chicago City Hall Green Roof. Photo courtesy of
                                                Roofscapes, Inc.
Downspout disconnection
projected to reduce CSO
peak flow in target area by
20%.
Portland, Oregon (cont.)
Green Roofs
 Zoning bonus allows
 additional building square
 footage for buildings with a
 green roof.
 Two years of monitoring
 demonstrated that 58% of
 rainfall was retained.
 Nearly 100% retention of
 warm season rainfall.          Hamilton Apartments Ecoroof. Photo courtesy of
                                the Portland Bureau of Environmental Services.
Seattle Green Factor
Requires 30% of a parcel in the Neighborhood
Commercial Zone to be vegetated or the functional
equivalent as determined by the Green Factor.
For example, the Green Factor for green roofs is
0.7, permeable paving is 0.6, and lawn is 0.2.
Bonuses provided for rainwater harvesting or
planting low water-use vegetation.
Encourages the planting of layers of vegetation on
the property and in public right-of-ways adjacent to
the property.
In effect as of January 2007.
Toronto, Ontario (cont.)

                                                            More than 100 green
                                                            roofs have been installed
                                                            in the city, which reduce
                                                            roof runoff by more than
                                                            50%.
                                                            Ryerson University study
                                                            modeled impacts of
                                                            installing green roofs on
                                                            all city roofs >3,750 ft2.
                                                                 Would result in
                                                                 12,000 acres of
                                                                 green roofs – 8% of
                                                                 total city land area.
                                                                 Estimated nearly
                                                                 $270 million in
                                                                 municipal capital cost
Source: Report on the Environmental Benefits and Costs of
                                                                 savings and more
     Green Roof Technology for the City of Toronto
                                                                 than $30 million of
                                                                 annual savings.
Battery Park City, New York
      Environmental Guidelines
Stormwater Standards:
  Require that the first
  2.4 inches of rainwater
  falling on all building
  roofs and setbacks be
  collected, treated, and
  stored on-site for reuse
  (i.e., cooling tower,
  irrigation, and building
  and sidewalk
  maintenance, and
  laundry).
                             The Solaire. The first green U.S.
                                  residential high rise.
Washington, D.C. –
                 Casey Trees study
              (released in April 2007)
Green roofs of 103 million
sq. ft., tree coverage of
57% of the city, and tree
boxes of at least 6 X 20 ft.
together would:
   Reduce annual CSO
   discharges by more than
   500 million gallons (22%)
   and the frequency of
   discharges 6.7%.
   Reduce annual MS4           Photo courtesy of Casey Trees, Washington, D.C.
   discharges by nearly 600
   million gallons (6.6%).
LID and Green Infrastructure
LID and Green Infrastructure
Emeryville
Green Infrastructure Evolution
Green Infrastructure is the community
open space and infrastructure assets (e.g.
parks, roads, vacant land)
Functional Environmental Assett
(stormwater, energy, air)
Integrated functions with the watershed
(e.g. hydrology, habitat, circulation)
Green Infrastructure

An ecosystem , watershed based network
approach to managing growth and creating
sustainable environments in a variety of
development densities

Economically cost effective approach to solving
various issues (water quality, habitat, urban heat
island, CSO reductions, NPDES compliance,
TMDL, safe communities) when compared to
other approaches
Links and Hubs
An organizing form idea for planning green
infrastructure
Creates an interdependent network of
green
Fits a watershed model of planning
Can be implemented and maintained in
sections
Is an opportunity for public-private
partnerships
Coyote Creek Green Infrastructure
           Principles
Start upstream
Connect the Dots
Use Nature as a Guide
All Fronts/No backs
Manage for the Long Term
Multiple Objectives
Courtesy E. Takata
Courtesy E Takata
Courtesy E. Takata
Courtesy E. Takata
Green Highways
Theme Areas
Watershed Driven Stormwater
Recyclables and Reuse
Conservation and Ecosystems
2005 Great American
              Main Street Award™
                     Winner
                 Barracks Row
               Washington, District
                  of Columbia




Environmental Infrastructure
is Community Development
SHA Mt. Ranier Gutter Filters
Sierra Club Community Award Program
Green Highways Initiative
AWI Great Streets:
Nannie Helen Burroughs
Sustainable
                                                                               Economic
Communities:                                                                  Development
•Green Complement

                                 d
Gray….                                                                  Environmental Community

                                n                                       Development Development
•Bridge Infrastructure Gap

                              a
•etc

                              ss
                             el                                                         ICLI, 1999

                            ga   Sustainable Communities

                           ao
                           kG
                         in n
   Programs

                        Lo                                          Programs
                                                          Green

                      te m
                                  Green                             Linkable and
                                                         Highways
                              Infrastructure                        Expandable

                      am
                    re o
  Theme Areas

                    CC
   •Conservation Approach                  •Stormwater
   •Structural Approach
                                           •Recycling
   •Non-Structural Approach
                                           •Ecosystem

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LID and Green Infrastructure

  • 1. Low Impact Development and Sustainable Infrastructure Watershed Management The Low Impact Development Center, Inc. Balancing Growth and Environmental Integrity
  • 2. OBJECTIVES Define LID “Issues and Baggage” (apologies to Freud) Use for Resource Protection and Regulations “Going Green”
  • 5. Environmental Environmental Interests Interests $ $ Development Development Interests Interests $ New Rules!
  • 6. Low Impact Development Conservation (Watershed and Site Level ) 1. Minimization (Site Level) 2. Strategic Timing (Watershed and Site Level) 3. Integrated Management Practices (Site 4. Level) Retain / Detain / Filter / Recharge / Use Pollution Prevention Traditional Approaches 5.
  • 7. Key LID Principles “Volume” and Water Balance to Achieve Objectives Unique Watershed Design Match Initial Abstraction Volume Mimic Water Balance Uniform Distribution of Small-scale Controls Cumulative Impacts of Multiple Systems filter / detain / retain / use / recharge / evaporate Decentralized / Disconnection Multifunctional Multipurpose Landscape & Architecture Pollution Prevention
  • 8. 1. Conservation Plans / Regulations Local Watershed and Conservation Plans Forest (Contiguous and Interior Habitat) Large and Small Scale Streams (Corridors) Wetlands Habitats Step Slopes Buffers Critical Areas Parks Scenic Areas Trails Shorelines Difficult Soils Ag Lands Minerals
  • 9. Conserve Natural Areas FUNCTIONAL!! • Conservation of Conservation drainages, trees & vegetation Land use planning • Watershed planning • Habitat conservation • plans Stream & wetland • Typical buffers Subdivision Courtesy CWP
  • 10. Copyright 2007 82.35 Acres of public street paving that the city owns and maintains forever increasing financial burden by 35% - forever… Increasing environmental impacts by 35% - 53.32 Acres of public forever… street paving that the city Conventional owns and maintains Coved forever…
  • 11. 2. Minimize Impacts Low Impact Design Multifunctional Use of Landscape and Infrastructure Minimize clearing Minimize grading Save A and B soils Limit lot disturbance Decentralized Controls * Soil Amendments Roofs Parking Lots Alternative Surfaces OpenBarrels Drainage Rain Open Space Reforestation Turf Educational Disconnect components Reduce pipes, curb and gutters Reduce impervious surfaces
  • 12. 3. Maintain Time of Concentration and Watershed Patterns Open Drainage Use green space Flatten slopes Disperse drainage Lengthen flow paths Save headwater areas Vegetative swales Maintain natural flow paths Increase distance from streams Maximize sheet flow
  • 13. 4. Storage, Detention & Filtration “LID IMP’s” Uniform Distribution at the Source Open drainage swales Rain Gardens / Bioretention Smaller pipes and culverts Small inlets Depression storage Infiltration Rooftop storage Pipe storage Street storage Rain Water Use Soil Management** Emeryville and UCD
  • 15. 5. Pollution Prevention 30 - 40% Reduction in N&P Kettering Demonstration Project Maintenance Proper use, handling and disposal Individuals • Lawn / car / hazardous wastes / reporting / recycling Industry • Good house keeping / proper disposal / reuse / spills Business • Alternative products / Product liability
  • 17. LID is Not A land use or zoning control An either this or that approach Independent of watershed planning “The” Answer LID is A Water Balance Approach to Hydrology A science and unit process based approach Decentralized and Integrated Technology Driven “The” Answer
  • 18. Hydrologic Cycle From Lake (2004)
  • 19. Stormwater Drinking Water LID is a Holistic Integrated Approach Wastewater
  • 22. N2 AIR NH3 DENITRIFICATION RAINFALL Where did it all start? EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ADSORPTION PARTICULATES LID BIOLOGICAL FIXATION PLANT MATERIALS RUNOFF RUNOFF Manual VOLITILIZATION METALS, NUTRIENTS MULCH SANDY SOIL MEDIUM AMMONIFICATION Stormwater NO3 NITROGEN FIXATION Hydrology NH4 Standards DENITRIFICATION NO2 Manual Manual DRAIN INFILTRATION RECHAR GE Landscaping Water DPW Land NITROGEN CYCLE FOR BIORETENTION Conservation Development Manual Manual San Diego LID Manual Village Homes
  • 24. “Traditional” Stormwater Issues Non-Point Runoff Volume Trash & Debris
  • 25. Ecological Integrity Protection Species – Fauna / Flora Structure – Spatial / Temp / Distribution Processes – Cycling (Energy / Materials / Nutrients) Minimize Impacts or Restore / Maintain Functions Ecological Factors 1. Hydrology / Hydraulics 2. Habitat Structure 3. Water Quality 4. Energy Sources Small Stream and Living 5. Biotic Interactions Resource Protection
  • 28. Traditional Urban Sustainable Urban Drainage Drainage Water Quality Capacity Capacity Amenity The Good Old Days! Stahre, 2006
  • 29. Imperatives: • Sustain economic growth • Maximize private profit • Expand markets Economic • Externalize costs Development Community Economic Conservationism Development Sustainable Development Community Ecological Development Development Imperatives: Imperatives: • Increase local • Respect carrying capacity self-reliance • Conserve and recycle • Satisfy basic human needs resources • Guarantee participation • Reduce waste Deep Ecology and accountability or Utopianism • Use appropriate technology Courtesy ICLEI, 1999 Sustainable Stormwater Management!!!
  • 32. The Future of the Urban America
  • 34. Where are the watershed functions?
  • 39. Buttermilk off North Shore Buttermilk off Ring Road
  • 41. AIR N2 NH3 DENITRIFICATION RAINFALL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION ADSORPTION PARTICULATES BIOLOGICAL FIXATION PLANT MATERIALS RUNOFF RUNOFF VOLITILIZATION METALS, NUTRIENTS MULCH SANDY SOIL MEDIUM AMMONIFICATION NO3 NITROGEN FIXATION NH4 DENITRIFICATION NO2 DRAIN INFILTRATION RECHARGE NITROGEN CYCLE FOR BIORETENTION
  • 42. Builder/Developer/Institution Land Use Economic and Design Requirements Sustainability is not achieved by minimum Localized Industry standards or ratingSustainable Recognized systems!!! Development Standards Performance Local Community Codes/Ordinances and and Watershed Requirements Economics
  • 47. PICP Open-graded base RAINFALL SM s O G LIGHT HEAT/ (optional) ET
  • 51. UCD
  • 52. Rain Garden in an office building project along the G.W. Parkway. (Looking East) UCD
  • 55. LEED™, SPIRIT, Green Globes™, How to Go Green Sustainable Sites, Rating Programs Point not performance systems Not “regional or local” one size fits all No Optimization Not targeted at water quality Can achieve certification without necessarily addressing water
  • 56. Process vs. Standards Regucopy Agendicizing Minimum Standards Zoning and Building Codes Mass Production not Profession Contract Process “Per Unit” LEED is not necessarily LEED “No Builder Left tm Behind” Site Design Performance vs. BMP Efficiency No One Reads
  • 57. Moving Environmental Regulations (Restrictions) to an Economic and Asset and Adaptable Management Approach Regulations should even the playing field for economic/environmental development instead of being a minimum standard! Do those minimum standards really protect the watershed? Sustainability/ LEED may not be a good example, Economics and Capacity are! What are the true costs/value to the installation for stormwater?
  • 61. City of Albuquerque Best Residential Project 2004 New Mexico National Association of Industrial and Office Properties Photo: Paseo de Estrella – Albuquerque, New Mexico (DR Horton Homes)
  • 65. Hydrologic Benefits 11% less impervious area than standard street improvement and disconnectivity 98% Reduction in Volume
  • 67. Skinny Street with Horizontally Challenged Person
  • 68. Incorporating Bioretention in Hamlet Courtesy NC State
  • 69. Building “Hamlet” Rain Garden reduces size of pond from 7900 sf to 5900 sf Courtesy NC State
  • 70. A new 2300 sf home on an 11,000 sf lot Courtesy NC State
  • 71. Chicago, Illinois More than 80 green roofs totaling over 1 million square feet. Another 1 – 2 million square feet planned. A 2003 study found green roof runoff volume was less than half that of conventional roofs. Subsidized rain barrel program used to reduce basement flooding and CSO volume. Chicago City Hall Green Roof. Photo courtesy of Roofscapes, Inc. Downspout disconnection projected to reduce CSO peak flow in target area by 20%.
  • 72. Portland, Oregon (cont.) Green Roofs Zoning bonus allows additional building square footage for buildings with a green roof. Two years of monitoring demonstrated that 58% of rainfall was retained. Nearly 100% retention of warm season rainfall. Hamilton Apartments Ecoroof. Photo courtesy of the Portland Bureau of Environmental Services.
  • 73. Seattle Green Factor Requires 30% of a parcel in the Neighborhood Commercial Zone to be vegetated or the functional equivalent as determined by the Green Factor. For example, the Green Factor for green roofs is 0.7, permeable paving is 0.6, and lawn is 0.2. Bonuses provided for rainwater harvesting or planting low water-use vegetation. Encourages the planting of layers of vegetation on the property and in public right-of-ways adjacent to the property. In effect as of January 2007.
  • 74. Toronto, Ontario (cont.) More than 100 green roofs have been installed in the city, which reduce roof runoff by more than 50%. Ryerson University study modeled impacts of installing green roofs on all city roofs >3,750 ft2. Would result in 12,000 acres of green roofs – 8% of total city land area. Estimated nearly $270 million in municipal capital cost Source: Report on the Environmental Benefits and Costs of savings and more Green Roof Technology for the City of Toronto than $30 million of annual savings.
  • 75. Battery Park City, New York Environmental Guidelines Stormwater Standards: Require that the first 2.4 inches of rainwater falling on all building roofs and setbacks be collected, treated, and stored on-site for reuse (i.e., cooling tower, irrigation, and building and sidewalk maintenance, and laundry). The Solaire. The first green U.S. residential high rise.
  • 76. Washington, D.C. – Casey Trees study (released in April 2007) Green roofs of 103 million sq. ft., tree coverage of 57% of the city, and tree boxes of at least 6 X 20 ft. together would: Reduce annual CSO discharges by more than 500 million gallons (22%) and the frequency of discharges 6.7%. Reduce annual MS4 Photo courtesy of Casey Trees, Washington, D.C. discharges by nearly 600 million gallons (6.6%).
  • 80. Green Infrastructure Evolution Green Infrastructure is the community open space and infrastructure assets (e.g. parks, roads, vacant land) Functional Environmental Assett (stormwater, energy, air) Integrated functions with the watershed (e.g. hydrology, habitat, circulation)
  • 81. Green Infrastructure An ecosystem , watershed based network approach to managing growth and creating sustainable environments in a variety of development densities Economically cost effective approach to solving various issues (water quality, habitat, urban heat island, CSO reductions, NPDES compliance, TMDL, safe communities) when compared to other approaches
  • 82. Links and Hubs An organizing form idea for planning green infrastructure Creates an interdependent network of green Fits a watershed model of planning Can be implemented and maintained in sections Is an opportunity for public-private partnerships
  • 83. Coyote Creek Green Infrastructure Principles Start upstream Connect the Dots Use Nature as a Guide All Fronts/No backs Manage for the Long Term Multiple Objectives
  • 89. Theme Areas Watershed Driven Stormwater Recyclables and Reuse Conservation and Ecosystems
  • 90. 2005 Great American Main Street Award™ Winner Barracks Row Washington, District of Columbia Environmental Infrastructure is Community Development
  • 91. SHA Mt. Ranier Gutter Filters Sierra Club Community Award Program
  • 93. AWI Great Streets: Nannie Helen Burroughs
  • 94. Sustainable Economic Communities: Development •Green Complement d Gray…. Environmental Community n Development Development •Bridge Infrastructure Gap a •etc ss el ICLI, 1999 ga Sustainable Communities ao kG in n Programs Lo Programs Green te m Green Linkable and Highways Infrastructure Expandable am re o Theme Areas CC •Conservation Approach •Stormwater •Structural Approach •Recycling •Non-Structural Approach •Ecosystem