The Data Metaverse: Unpacking the Roles, Use Cases, and Tech Trends in Data a...
LID and Green Infrastructure
1. Low Impact Development
and
Sustainable Infrastructure
Watershed Management
The Low Impact Development
Center, Inc.
Balancing Growth and
Environmental Integrity
5. Environmental Environmental
Interests Interests
$
$
Development Development
Interests Interests
$
New Rules!
6. Low Impact Development
Conservation (Watershed and Site Level )
1.
Minimization (Site Level)
2.
Strategic Timing (Watershed and Site Level)
3.
Integrated Management Practices (Site
4.
Level) Retain / Detain / Filter / Recharge / Use
Pollution Prevention Traditional Approaches
5.
7. Key LID Principles
“Volume” and Water
Balance
to Achieve Objectives
Unique Watershed Design
Match Initial Abstraction Volume
Mimic Water Balance
Uniform Distribution of Small-scale Controls
Cumulative Impacts of Multiple Systems
filter / detain / retain / use / recharge / evaporate
Decentralized / Disconnection
Multifunctional Multipurpose Landscape & Architecture
Pollution Prevention
8. 1. Conservation Plans / Regulations
Local Watershed and Conservation Plans
Forest (Contiguous and Interior Habitat)
Large and Small Scale
Streams (Corridors)
Wetlands
Habitats
Step Slopes
Buffers
Critical Areas
Parks
Scenic Areas
Trails
Shorelines
Difficult Soils
Ag Lands
Minerals
9. Conserve Natural Areas
FUNCTIONAL!!
•
Conservation of
Conservation drainages, trees &
vegetation
Land use planning
•
Watershed planning
•
Habitat conservation
•
plans
Stream & wetland
•
Typical
buffers
Subdivision
Courtesy CWP
10. Copyright 2007
82.35 Acres of public
street paving that the
city owns and
maintains forever
increasing financial
burden by 35% -
forever…
Increasing environmental
impacts by 35% - 53.32 Acres of public
forever… street paving that the city
Conventional
owns and maintains
Coved
forever…
11. 2. Minimize Impacts
Low Impact Design
Multifunctional Use
of Landscape and
Infrastructure
Minimize clearing
Minimize grading
Save A and B soils
Limit lot disturbance Decentralized
Controls
* Soil Amendments Roofs
Parking Lots
Alternative Surfaces OpenBarrels
Drainage
Rain
Open Space
Reforestation Turf
Educational
Disconnect components
Reduce pipes, curb and gutters
Reduce impervious surfaces
12. 3. Maintain Time of Concentration
and Watershed Patterns
Open Drainage
Use green space
Flatten slopes
Disperse drainage
Lengthen flow paths
Save headwater areas
Vegetative swales
Maintain natural flow paths
Increase distance from streams
Maximize sheet flow
13. 4. Storage, Detention & Filtration
“LID IMP’s”
Uniform Distribution at the Source
Open drainage swales
Rain Gardens / Bioretention
Smaller pipes and culverts
Small inlets
Depression storage
Infiltration
Rooftop storage
Pipe storage
Street storage
Rain Water Use
Soil Management**
Emeryville and UCD
15. 5. Pollution Prevention
30 - 40% Reduction in N&P
Kettering Demonstration Project
Maintenance
Proper use, handling and disposal
Individuals
• Lawn / car / hazardous wastes / reporting / recycling
Industry
• Good house keeping / proper disposal / reuse / spills
Business
• Alternative products / Product liability
17. LID is Not
A land use or zoning control
An either this or that approach
Independent of watershed planning
“The” Answer
LID is
A Water Balance Approach to Hydrology
A science and unit process based
approach
Decentralized and Integrated
Technology Driven
“The” Answer
22. N2 AIR NH3
DENITRIFICATION
RAINFALL
Where did it all start?
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
ADSORPTION
PARTICULATES
LID
BIOLOGICAL FIXATION
PLANT MATERIALS
RUNOFF RUNOFF
Manual
VOLITILIZATION METALS,
NUTRIENTS
MULCH
SANDY SOIL MEDIUM AMMONIFICATION
Stormwater
NO3 NITROGEN FIXATION
Hydrology
NH4
Standards
DENITRIFICATION NO2
Manual
Manual
DRAIN
INFILTRATION RECHAR
GE
Landscaping Water
DPW Land
NITROGEN CYCLE FOR BIORETENTION
Conservation
Development
Manual
Manual
San Diego LID Manual
Village Homes
28. Traditional Urban Sustainable Urban
Drainage Drainage
Water
Quality
Capacity
Capacity
Amenity
The Good Old Days!
Stahre, 2006
29. Imperatives:
• Sustain economic growth
• Maximize private profit
• Expand markets
Economic • Externalize costs
Development
Community
Economic Conservationism
Development
Sustainable
Development
Community Ecological
Development Development
Imperatives: Imperatives:
• Increase local • Respect carrying capacity
self-reliance • Conserve and recycle
• Satisfy basic human needs resources
• Guarantee participation • Reduce waste
Deep Ecology
and accountability
or Utopianism
• Use appropriate
technology
Courtesy ICLEI, 1999
Sustainable Stormwater Management!!!
42. Builder/Developer/Institution
Land Use Economic and
Design Requirements
Sustainability is not
achieved by minimum Localized
Industry
standards or ratingSustainable
Recognized
systems!!! Development
Standards
Performance
Local Community
Codes/Ordinances
and
and Watershed
Requirements
Economics
55. LEED™, SPIRIT, Green Globes™,
How to Go Green
Sustainable Sites, Rating Programs
Point not performance systems
Not “regional or local” one size fits all
No Optimization
Not targeted at water quality
Can achieve certification without
necessarily addressing water
56. Process vs. Standards
Regucopy
Agendicizing
Minimum Standards
Zoning and Building Codes
Mass Production not Profession
Contract Process “Per Unit”
LEED is not necessarily LEED “No Builder Left
tm
Behind”
Site Design Performance vs. BMP Efficiency
No One Reads
57. Moving Environmental Regulations
(Restrictions) to an Economic and
Asset and Adaptable Management
Approach
Regulations should even the playing field for
economic/environmental development instead of being a
minimum standard!
Do those minimum standards really protect the
watershed?
Sustainability/ LEED may not be a good example,
Economics and Capacity are!
What are the true costs/value to the installation for
stormwater?
61. City of Albuquerque
Best Residential Project
2004
New Mexico National Association of
Industrial and Office Properties
Photo: Paseo de Estrella – Albuquerque, New Mexico (DR Horton Homes)
69. Building
“Hamlet”
Rain
Garden
reduces
size of
pond from
7900 sf to
5900 sf
Courtesy NC State
70. A new 2300
sf home on
an 11,000 sf
lot
Courtesy NC State
71. Chicago, Illinois
More than 80 green roofs
totaling over 1 million square
feet. Another 1 – 2 million
square feet planned.
A 2003 study found green
roof runoff volume was less
than half that of conventional
roofs.
Subsidized rain barrel
program used to reduce
basement flooding and CSO
volume. Chicago City Hall Green Roof. Photo courtesy of
Roofscapes, Inc.
Downspout disconnection
projected to reduce CSO
peak flow in target area by
20%.
72. Portland, Oregon (cont.)
Green Roofs
Zoning bonus allows
additional building square
footage for buildings with a
green roof.
Two years of monitoring
demonstrated that 58% of
rainfall was retained.
Nearly 100% retention of
warm season rainfall. Hamilton Apartments Ecoroof. Photo courtesy of
the Portland Bureau of Environmental Services.
73. Seattle Green Factor
Requires 30% of a parcel in the Neighborhood
Commercial Zone to be vegetated or the functional
equivalent as determined by the Green Factor.
For example, the Green Factor for green roofs is
0.7, permeable paving is 0.6, and lawn is 0.2.
Bonuses provided for rainwater harvesting or
planting low water-use vegetation.
Encourages the planting of layers of vegetation on
the property and in public right-of-ways adjacent to
the property.
In effect as of January 2007.
74. Toronto, Ontario (cont.)
More than 100 green
roofs have been installed
in the city, which reduce
roof runoff by more than
50%.
Ryerson University study
modeled impacts of
installing green roofs on
all city roofs >3,750 ft2.
Would result in
12,000 acres of
green roofs – 8% of
total city land area.
Estimated nearly
$270 million in
municipal capital cost
Source: Report on the Environmental Benefits and Costs of
savings and more
Green Roof Technology for the City of Toronto
than $30 million of
annual savings.
75. Battery Park City, New York
Environmental Guidelines
Stormwater Standards:
Require that the first
2.4 inches of rainwater
falling on all building
roofs and setbacks be
collected, treated, and
stored on-site for reuse
(i.e., cooling tower,
irrigation, and building
and sidewalk
maintenance, and
laundry).
The Solaire. The first green U.S.
residential high rise.
76. Washington, D.C. –
Casey Trees study
(released in April 2007)
Green roofs of 103 million
sq. ft., tree coverage of
57% of the city, and tree
boxes of at least 6 X 20 ft.
together would:
Reduce annual CSO
discharges by more than
500 million gallons (22%)
and the frequency of
discharges 6.7%.
Reduce annual MS4 Photo courtesy of Casey Trees, Washington, D.C.
discharges by nearly 600
million gallons (6.6%).
80. Green Infrastructure Evolution
Green Infrastructure is the community
open space and infrastructure assets (e.g.
parks, roads, vacant land)
Functional Environmental Assett
(stormwater, energy, air)
Integrated functions with the watershed
(e.g. hydrology, habitat, circulation)
81. Green Infrastructure
An ecosystem , watershed based network
approach to managing growth and creating
sustainable environments in a variety of
development densities
Economically cost effective approach to solving
various issues (water quality, habitat, urban heat
island, CSO reductions, NPDES compliance,
TMDL, safe communities) when compared to
other approaches
82. Links and Hubs
An organizing form idea for planning green
infrastructure
Creates an interdependent network of
green
Fits a watershed model of planning
Can be implemented and maintained in
sections
Is an opportunity for public-private
partnerships
83. Coyote Creek Green Infrastructure
Principles
Start upstream
Connect the Dots
Use Nature as a Guide
All Fronts/No backs
Manage for the Long Term
Multiple Objectives
94. Sustainable
Economic
Communities: Development
•Green Complement
d
Gray…. Environmental Community
n Development Development
•Bridge Infrastructure Gap
a
•etc
ss
el ICLI, 1999
ga Sustainable Communities
ao
kG
in n
Programs
Lo Programs
Green
te m
Green Linkable and
Highways
Infrastructure Expandable
am
re o
Theme Areas
CC
•Conservation Approach •Stormwater
•Structural Approach
•Recycling
•Non-Structural Approach
•Ecosystem