1. Plant life cycles alternate between a sporophyte phase and gametophyte phase through the process of meiosis and fertilization. 2. The sporophyte phase produces spores via meiosis while the gametophyte phase produces gametes via mitosis which can fuse during fertilization. 3. In seed plants, the sporophyte is the dominant phase seen as trees and flowers, which produce male pollen and female ovules that undergo double fertilization to form seeds.

1. KEY CONCEPTAll plants alternate between two phases in their life cycles.

2. SPOROPHYTE PHASE fertilization meiosis GAMETOPHYTE PHASE Plant life cycles alternate between producing spores and gametes. A two-phase life cycle is called alternation of generations. haploid phase diploid phase alternates betweenthe two

4. begins with spore

7. The sporophyte is the dominant phase for seed plants.

8. sepal Flowers contain reproductive organs protected by specialized leaves. Sepals and petals are modified leaves. Sepals are outermostlayer that protectsdeveloping flower

9. petal Petals can help to attract animal pollinators

12. style is tube leading from stigma to ovary

16. male spores produced inanthers by meiosis

17. each spore divides bymitosis to form twohaploid cells

18. two cells form asingle pollen grainpollen grain

23. one sperm fertilizes the egg

24. other sperm unites with polar nuclei, forming endosperm

27. embryonic root, radicle, is first to emerge

29. Plants can reproduce asexually with stems, leaves, or roots. Asexual reproduction allows a plant to make copies of itself. Regeneration is one type of asexual reproduction. plants grow a new individual from fragment of parent occurs when piece of a stem, leaf, or root falls off parent plant

32. grafting joins the parts of two plants together to form a hybrid plant