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´IUDJXHLUR DEVWrPLR GH LPDJLQDomR DUGHQWH SURSHQVR
DR PLVWLFLVPRµ TXH FULDUD R WLSR SHUIHLWR GR KRPHP
DYHQWXUHLUR DXGDFLRVR H VRQKDGRU OLYUH VHP UHEXoRV
QHP HXIHPLVPRV GH OLQJXDJHP FRPR LPDJLQDPRV RV
TXH SLQWRX 1XQR *RQoDOYHV QR UHWiEXOR GH 6mR 9LFHQWH
2V LQGLYtGXRV DRV SRXFRV SHUGLDP D GXUH]D GD
SULPLWLYD WrPSHUD $ ÌQGLD Mi RV HVJRWDUD FRP RV VHXV
HQFDQWRV H GHVLOXV}HV GXUD HVFROD GH IHURFLGDGH EUXWDO
GH FRELoD YRUD] GH OX[~ULD KLUFLQD RQGH D PRFLGDGH
SRUWXJXHVD VH LD HGXFDQGR QRV YtFLRV H FULPHV GD
VHGXomR DVLiWLFD
3RU HVVH SRYR Mi JDIDGR GR JpUPHQ GH GHFDGrQFLD
FRPHoRX D VHU FRORQL]DGR R %UDVLO )UXWLILFDUDP
HVSOHQGLGDPHQWH RV IRUWHV WURQFRV TXH SULPHLUR
FKHJDUDP j QRYD WHUUD 0DLV WDUGH Vy HVFDSDUDP j
GHJHQHUHVFrQFLD GH DOpP PDU RV JUXSRV pWQLFRV
68. 68
VHJUHJDGRV H DSXUDGRV SRU XPD PHVWLoDJHP DSURSULDGD
)RL R FDVR GH 3LUDWLQLQJD HP TXH R &DPLQKR GR 0DU
SUHSDURX H IDFLOLWRX SDUD D IRUPDomR GR PDPDOXFR HVVH
´FHQWUR GH LVRODPHQWRµ GD WHRULD GH 0RULW] :DJQHU
2XWURV Q~FOHRV GH SRSXODomR FRPR D FDSLWDQLD GH
'XDUWH &RHOKR PDLV FLYLOL]DGD H D %DKLD VHGH GR
JRYHUQR FHQWUDO VH OLJDYDP XPELOLFDOPHQWH DR
RUJDQLVPR GRHQWLR H HQIUDTXHFLGR GD PHWUySROH 1mR
YLYLDP SDUD DVVLP GL]HU GH YLGD SUySULD D SUR[LPLGDGH
GD (XURSD R LQWHUFkPELR FRPHUFLDO D LQIOXrQFLD GLUHWD
GD DGPLQLVWUDomR FHQWUDO PLO IDWRUHV pWQLFRV H
HFRQ{PLFRV VROLGDUL]DYDP HVVDV FRO{QLDV FRP R ULWPR
YLWDO GR YHOKR UHLQR RUD SDXSpUULPR RUD HVEDQMDGRU GH
ULTXH]DV PDV QR FDPLQKR IDWDO SDUD D YHOKLFH
&RPR GD (XURSD GR 5HQDVFLPHQWR QRV YLHUD R FRORQR
SULPLWLYR LQGLYLGXDOLVWD H DQiUTXLFR iYLGR GH JR]R H
YLGD OLYUH ³ YHLR QRV HP VHJXLGD R SRUWXJXrV GD
JRYHUQDQoD H GD IUDGDULD )RL R FRORQL]DGRU )RL R QRVVR
DQWHSDVVDGR HXURSHX $R SULPHLUR FRQWDWR FRP R
DPELHQWH ItVLFR H VRFLDO GR VHX H[tOLR QRYDV LQIOXrQFLDV
GDV PDLV YDULDGDV HVSpFLHV GHOH VH DSRGHUDULDP H R
WUDQVIRUPDULDP QXP HQWH QRYR QHP LJXDO QHP GLIHUHQWH
GR TXH SDUWLUD GD PmH SiWULD 'RPLQDYDP QR GRLV
VHQWLPHQWRV WLUkQLFRV VHQVXDOLVPR H SDL[mR GR RXUR $
KLVWyULD GR %UDVLO p R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GHVRUGHQDGR
GHVVDV REVHVV}HV VXEMXJDQGR R HVStULWR H R FRUSR GH
VXDV YtWLPDV 3DUD R HURWLVPR H[DJHUDGR FRQWULEXtDP
FRPR F~PSOLFHV ³ Mi GLVVHPRV ³ WUrV IDWRUHV R FOLPD D
WHUUD D PXOKHU LQGtJHQD RX D HVFUDYD DIULFDQD 1D WHUUD
YLUJHP WXGR LQFLWDYD DR FXOWR GR YtFLR VH[XDO $R ILQGDU R
VpFXOR GDV GHVFREHUWDV R TXH VDEHPRV GR HPEULmR GH
VRFLHGDGH HQWmR H[LVWHQWH p XP WHVWHPXQKR GRV
GHVYDULRV GD SUHRFXSDomR HUyWLFD 'HVVHV H[FHVVRV GH
69. 69
YLGD VHQVXDO ILFDUDP WUDoRV LQGHOpYHLV QR FDUiFWHU
EUDVLOHLUR 2V IHQ{PHQRV GH HVJRWDPHQWR QmR VH OLPLWDP
jV IXQo}HV VHQVRULDLV H YHJHWDWLYDV HVWHQGHP VH DWp R
GRPtQLR GD LQWHOLJrQFLD H GRV VHQWLPHQWRV 3URGX]HP QR
RUJDQLVPR SHUWXUEDo}HV VRPiWLFDV H SVtTXLFDV
DFRPSDQKDGDV GH XPD SURIXQGD IDGLJD TXH IDFLOPHQWH
WRPD DVSHFWRV SDWROyJLFRV LQGR GR QRMR DWp R yGLR 3RU
RXWUR ODGR FRPR GHULYDWLYR GHVVD SDL[mR RXWUR
VHQWLPHQWR VXUJLD QD DOPD GR FRQTXLVWDGRU H SRYRDGRU
RXWUR VHQWLPHQWR H[WHQXDQWH QD VXD HVWHULOLGDGH
PDWHULDOLVWD D IDVFLQDomR GR RXUR H[FOXVLYD FRPR XPD
PDQLD 7LSR UHSUHVHQWDWLYR H SLWRUHVFR GD H[DOWDomR D
TXH FKHJDUDP HVVDV SDL[}HV YLROHQWDV IRL 6HEDVWLmR
3LQKHLUR 5DSRVR EDQGHLUDQWH SDXOLVWD 9LQGR GH 6mR
3DXOR SHUFRUUHX FRP D FRPLWLYD GH FDPDUDGDV H
HVFUDYRV tQGLRV H QHJURV RV VHUW}HV GR 1RUWH H 1RUGHVWH
GHL[DQGR SRU WRGD D SDUWH XP UDVWR VDQJXLQROHQWR H XPD
OHQGD GH ULTXH]D $FRPSDQKDYD R XP EDQGR GH
PXFDPEDV FRP TXHP WLQKD LQ~PHURV ILOKRV 8PD YH]
GXDV GHVWDV H[DXVWDV SHOR FDPLQKR PRQWDQKRVR
FDtUDP GHVIDOHFLGDV j EHLUD GD HVWUDGD 2 VHUWDQLVWD
PDQGRX DV GHVSHQKDU SHOR SUHFLStFLR DEDL[R SRLV ´QmR
TXHULD GHL[i ODV YLYDV SDUD QmR VHUYLUHP D RXWUHPµ 7HYH
IDPD GH ULTXtVVLPR FRP DV ERUUDFKDV H VXUU}HV VHPSUH
FKHLRV GH RXUR HUDP DV VXDV ´DUURELQKDVµ GL]LD
'HQRPLQDUDP QR R UHL GR 2XUR H GD 9RO~SLD
1D OXWD HQWUH HVVHV DSHWLWHV ³ VHP RXWUR LGHDO QHP
UHOLJLRVR QHP HVWpWLFR VHP QHQKXPD SUHRFXSDomR
SROtWLFD LQWHOHFWXDO RX DUWtVWLFD ³ FULDYD VH SHOR GHFXUVR
GRV VpFXORV XPD UDoD WULVWH $ PHODQFROLD GRV DEXVRV
YHQpUHRV H D PHODQFROLD GRV TXH YLYHP QD LGpLD IL[D GR
HQULTXHFLPHQWR ³ QR DEVRUWR VHP ILQDOLGDGH GHVVDV
SDL[}HV LQVDFLiYHLV ³ VmR YLQFRV IXQGRV QD QRVVD
70. 70
SVFKp UDFLDO SDL[}HV TXH QmR FRQKHFHP H[FHo}HV QR
OLPLWDGR YLYHU LQVWLQWLYR GR KRPHP PDV DTXL VH
GHVHQYROYHUDP GH XPD RULJHP SDWRJrQLFD SURYRFDGD
VHP G~YLGD SHOD DXVrQFLD GH VHQWLPHQWRV DIHWLYRV GH
RUGHP VXSHULRU )RL QD H[DOWDomR GHVVHV LQVWLQWRV TXH VH
IRUPRX D DWPRVIHUD HVSHFLDO HP TXH QDVFHX YLYHX H
SUROLIHURX R KDELWDQWH GD FRO{QLD
'R HQIUDTXHFLPHQWR GD HQHUJLD ItVLFD GD DXVrQFLD RX
GLPLQXLomR GD DWLYLGDGH PHQWDO XP GRV UHVXOWDGRV
FDUDFWHUtVWLFRV QRV KRPHQV H QDV FROHWLYLGDGHV p VHP
G~YLGD R GHVHQYROYLPHQWR GD SURSHQVmR PHODQFyOLFD
3RVW FRLWXP DQLPDO WULVWH QLVL JDOOXV TXL FDQWDW DILUPDYD
R YHOKR DGiJLR GD PHGLFLQD p R ´FRODSVRµ GRV PpGLFRV
GHSUHVVmR ItVLFD H PRUDO SDVVDJHLUD HP FHUWDV FRQGLo}HV
QRUPDLV FRQWtQXD QRV FDVRV GH H[FHVVRV UHSHWLGRV 1R
%UDVLO D WULVWH]D VXFHGHX j LQWHQVD YLGD VH[XDO GR
FRORQR GHVYLDGD SDUD DV SHUYHUV}HV HUyWLFDV H GH XP
IXQGR DFHQWXDGDPHQWH DWiYLFR 3RU VXD YH] D FRELoD p
XPD HQWLGDGH PyUELGD XPD GRHQoD GR HVStULWR FRP
VHXV VLQWRPDV VXDV FDXVDV H HYROXomR 3RGH DEVRUYHU
WRGD D HQHUJLD SVtTXLFD VHP UHPpGLRV SDUD R VHX
GHVHQYROYLPHQWR VHP FXUD SDUD RV VHXV PDOHV (QWUH
QyV SRU VpFXORV IRL SDL[mR LQVDWLVIHLWD FRQYHUWLGD HP
LGpLD IL[D SHOD SUySULD GHFHSomR TXH D VHJXLD $EVRUYHX
WRGD D DWLYLGDGH GLQkPLFD GR FRORQR DYHQWXUHLUR VHP
TXH QXQFD OKH GHVVH D VDFLHGDGH GD ULTXH]D RX D VLPSOHV
WUDQTLOLGDGH GD PHWD DWLQJLGD 1R DQVHLR GD SURFXUD
DIDQRVD QD GHVLOXVmR GR RXUR HVVH VHQWLPHQWR p
WDPEpP PHODQFyOLFR SHOD LQXWLOLGDGH GR HVIRUoR H SHOR
UHVVDLER GD GHVLOXVmR
/X[~ULD FRELoD PHODQFROLD 1RV SRYRV FRPR QRV
LQGLYtGXRV p D VHTrQFLD GH XP TXDGUR GH SVLFRSDWLD