Integration of Mobility, Safety, Comfort and Ecology Goals in the Design of Great Streets for Delhi

1. Great Pavements for Delhi
“D o n ’t d r i v e… W a l k !”
©UTTIPEC, DDA, Delhi
Compiled by Romi Roy
April 2009

2. CONTENTS
A. City Level Goals and Need for Redesigning Streets of Delhi 1-10
Mobility
Safety & Amenity
Ecology
B. What are the components of Integrated Pavement Design? 11-20
C. Design Standards for Integrated Pavements: 11-20
• Best Practices for Street Pavement Design
• Recommendations for Delhi
D. Steps for Implementation 41-50

3. A. Need for Redesigning the Streets of Delhi…

4. Street Hierarchy and Status of the Pedestrian:
40 M Arterial Road
Vehicular > Pedestrian

5. Unusable & Insufficient Pavement

6. Unusable & Insufficient Pavement

7. Unusable & Insufficient Pavement

8. Unusable & Insufficient Pavement

9. Unusable & Insufficient Pavement

10. Unusable & Insufficient Pavement

11. Unusable & Insufficient Pavement

12. Unusable & Insufficient Pavement

13. Facts first…. Delhi Today:
Density vs. The roads of Delhi
Road Space are choked by cars
which drive less than
The Population 15% of its people.
Density of Delhi is (Source: RITES 2008)
much lower than
most world class
cities, but the
road space used
is 10% higher in
Delhi.
Highest Road
Space to
Occupancy ratio
Servicing pedestrians and cyclists on roads
can help increase ridership for buses & trains.

14. GOALS FOR “INTEGRATED” STREETS FOR DELHI:
GOAL 1:
MOBILITY AND
ACCCESSIBILITY –
Maximum number of people should
be able to move fast, safely and
conveniently through the city.
Safety GOAL 2:
Mobility
& Amenity SAFETY AND COMFORT
Integrated
–
Make streets safe clean and
walkable, create climate sensitive
Ecology design.
GOAL 3:
ECOLOGY –
Reduce impact on the natural
environment; and Reduce pressure
on built infrastructure.
14

15. What should we integrate?
Pedestrians
Bicyclists
Transit
Safety Cars,
Mobility
& Amenity Scooters,
Autos
Integrated
Utilities
Ecology Trees
Storm Water
beds
GOAL:
A public realm that meets multiple objectives.
15

16. Components of an Integrated Street - Pavement
pedestrian cut
Mid-block
Hawker Zones Public
Toilets
Bus Disabled
Stop Access
Signage

17. C. Design Standards for Integrated Pavements

18. First:
Defining the three Pavement Zones

19. A pavement needs to be clear, legible and well defined for all its uses.
NO clear walkway = Confusion Zone Hawkers Missing or Damaged pavement
Utilities on walkway Open toilet! Tree on walkway
19

20. The Three Pavement Zones
1.8 m
~ 1.2 M
min.
Frontage

21. Guidelines for Integrated Pavement Design

22. Guidelines for “Integrated” Pavements:
C. Design Guidelines for different Pavement Components – achieving the goals of (Mobility & accessibility), (Safety & Amenity) & (Ecology)
1. Edge condition:
• Fences for safety of pedestrians (depending on traffic speed)
• Commercial - built to edge, minimal setback for residential, transparency, shading-overhangs, wider pavement
• Residential - minimum setback, transparent fence vs. boundary wall, Pedestrian entry on street not on parking lot.
2. Pavement:
• Minimum width (Tree guard change with increasing pedestrian traffic, tree lawn strip deterrent to jaywalking) (Portland, )
• Continuity
• Pervious paving
• Reflectivity (to reduce HIE)
• Handicapped Accessibility ramps (at street corners and pedestrian crossings; curb cuts Mumbai)
3. Tree Planting Zone (& separate Utility Zone)
• Bio-filtration beds (show curb cuts, sections, etc)
• Deciduous Street Tree Species (Trees of Delhi)
4. Street Lighting
• Principles for optimum lighting for pedestrians
• Light fixture typologies
• Lighting Standards
5. Amenities
• Shaded bus stops; shaded area for waiting pedestrians and cyclists at intersections (Hangzhou)
• Public Toilets
• Source Separated Dustbins (also educative) (Shanghai)
• Hawker Zones
• Street Furniture
6. Signage (on floor and banners) and Traffic Lights (audible for blind, etc.)
• Banner Signage (bikes, pedestrians, carpool lanes, dustbins)
• Floor/ Pavement Signage
• Audible Traffic Lights for pedestrians, bicyclists and blind/ handicapped.
7. Public Art Concepts/ Ideas
• Manhole covers (Seattle, small town China, Chandigarh)
• Dustbins (Philadelphia)
• Bus stops or empty walls (so people don’t pee) (Portland)
• Fences and Handrails
• Public Toilets

23. C01. Edge Conditions.
“Edge Conditions” of a pavement play a critical role in defining the walking
experience for the pedestrian and making the street active and safe.
Safety
Mobility
& Amenity MAIN PRINCIPLES:
Mobility - Provide clear pedestrian walking zone.
Integrated - Provide safe crosswalks at regular intervals
- Fences and bollards for safety of pedestrians (depending on traffic speed
Safety/Comfort - Remove setback and boundary walls of building
- Commercial frontages - built to edge, active, accessible, overhangs
Ecology for shading, transparent for “eyes on the street”, wider pavement for
higher foot traffic.
- Residential frontages - minimal setbacks for residential, Stipulate
fences (instead of walls) for private residential uses, Pedestrian entry
on main pavement (not on parking lot).

24. C01. Edge Conditions: Fences and bollards and Signage Mobility
Issue: Mid-block Potential Solutions:
jaywalking on high-traffic Safe Pedestrian Crosswalks must be
streets: provided at approximate intervals of
100-150 M (max. 2 minute walk).
Crosswalks should be either provided
as signalized intersections or
overpasses.
Hong Kong
Issue: Un-signalized
mid-block pedestrian
crossings are often
ignored by vehicles.
Pedestrian initiated traffic lights
(Pelican Lights) may be installed
at mid-block crossings to make
Toronto
traffic stop.
24

25. C01. Edge Conditions: Fences and bollards Mobility
Issue: Mid-block Fences should be built at the edges of
jaywalking on high-traffic pavements (not medians) to prevent
streets: further jaywalking – on streets with
design speeds greater than 40 km/h
(25mph).
Fences should be dense and tall
enough (min. 800 mm high), such that it
is difficult to climb over them.
Paris
Solution/ Policy:
Issue: Encroachments Provision of fences would also help discourage encroachments by hawkers as pedestrians will be
force pedestrians on to restricted to stay ‘on the pavement’ and not deviate off it.
the roadway
FENCES help
“contain” pedestrians
Hawking pushes out pedestrians on In “official” hawking zones – wider Fences will help “contain”
to the street. pavements must be provided. pedestrians within the pavement and
force hawkers to push back or
relocate themselves.
25

26. C01. Edge Conditions: Fences and bollards Mobility
Solution/ Policy:
Issue: Encroachments Provision of fences would also help discourage encroachments by hawkers as pedestrians will be
force pedestrians on to restricted to stay ‘on the pavement’ and not deviate off it.
the roadway
FENCES help
“contain” pedestrians
Hawking pushes out pedestrians on In “official” hawking zones – wider Fences will help “contain”
to the street. pavements must be provided. pedestrians within the pavement and
force hawkers to push back or
relocate themselves.
Issue: High Curbs (to
protect against vehicles)
make the pavement
pedestrian-unfriendly.
Woonerf: See C02A.
Pavements should be “curbless” on On streets with large and speedy Vehicular
neighborhood level streets with bollards traffic – bollards should be made of stone or
preventing vehicles from driving over the concrete – such that they cannot be knocked
pavement. down by trucks or vandalized in general.
On all other streets, maximum curb height Separate cycle and pedestrian lanes
of the pavement should NOT exceed 15 should be provided within the enclosed
cm from immediate ground level. zone.
26

27. Safety
C01. Edge Conditions: Commercial Areas Comfort
Issue: Boundary walls and REMOVE Boundary walls and Setbacks for commercial areas to create “eyes on the street”.
Setbacks in commercial Commercial buildings must be built to street edge with a minimum of 50% transparency on the active frontage.
areas create unwelcoming
and unsafe streets
Issue: High plinths cause
commercial frontages to be REMOVE boundary walls and buildings setbacks from the street
as it creates lonely ‘unwatched’ pavements. Shop entries must be at the same level as the
unfriendly adjoining “frontage zone” of the pavement.
Eyes on the street
Wide pavements with space for pedestrians, streetlights, trees as
well as hawkers, with no building setbacks - creates safety through
“eyes on the street”
27

28. Safety
C01. Edge Conditions: Residential Areas Comfort
Issue: Residential Buildings should ONLY have a MAXIMUM setback of 0-2 M from the pavement to facilitate “eyes on the street”
Residential Buildings should ONLY have a MAXIMUM setback of 0-2 M from the pavement to facilitate “eyes on the street”
Setbacks and residential
boundary walls make the
pavements in front -
deserted and unsafe. Window cill
levels are
high to
allow
privacy and
yet provide
eyes on the
Building entries street.
should be from
the main street,
Fences, not
not from the
boundary
parking lot behind
New York New York walls are
building.
preferable.
MIXED USE: Integrating shops on the same block as residential buildings – would create active street frontages
while still giving privacy to homes above.
Streets of Delhi can
NEVER be vibrant
and safe – with dead
boundary WALLS &
SETBACKS all along
them.
The ZONING CODE of
the City must be New York Shanghai
changed Shanghai and New York have a 15% commercial requirement as part of all its Residential Zoning Laws.
immediately… Shops in close proximity to homes helps cut down car use.
28

29. D02. Paving
Besides aesthetics, paving material plays an important role in protecting water
quality and meeting flow control requirements. Hence, it has a significant
impact in building the health, safety and welfare of the city
Safety
Mobility
& Amenity MAIN PRINCIPLES:
Mobility - Optimum width for traffic flow in different according to the area
- Create flexibility in expanding clear zone in busy areas through tree
Integrated grates
- Provide sufficient space for queuing and other activities at street
intersections
Ecology Ecology: - Usage of Pervious Paving to build Natural Drainage Systems
- Reduce Heat Island Effect by increasing paving reflectivity
Safety/Comfort - Provide accessibility ramps and tactile paving for the Handicapped
- Continuous and uniform walking area
- Designs to enhance site character and create sense of direction

30. D02. Paving: Optimum Width Mobility
Issues/ Problems:
Width (m) Capacity in number of persons per hour
One direction Two directions
1.50 1200 800
2.00 2400 1600
2.50 3600 2400
1.5 M 1.8 – 2.5 M
3.00 4800 3200
4.00 6000 4000 Not enough Minimum
Source: Indian Road Congress, 103 :1988
Pavement not wide enough for 2
people to walk together, forcing
one to walk on the vehicular lane
Pavements consists of two zones: a street tree/furniture zone
located adjacent to the curb, and a frontage zone, which is the
clear pedestrian walking zone. This width depends on the
needs of the area and most of the times it will depend on the
pedestrian traffic flow of the place.
To allow a comfortable width will encourage the usage of it and
Pavement in Residential Areas
the efficiency of the pedestrian systems. Normally, 1.5m is
the minimum width required for a pavement, but 1.8 to 2m
allows two persons to walk side by side comfortably.
Since the pedestrian flow is determined by land use, the
following pavement widths can be applied:
Residential Areas: 1.80 m
Mixed Commercial and Residential Areas: 2.50 m
Commercial Nodes and Public Facilities: 4.00 m
Street tree / furniture is placed in
the walking zone, displacing the Momentary
Extra walkway space Effective
pedestrians stop area
through tree grates walkway
30 Source: WALK Hsinchu Design Manual, Taiwan, 2003

31. D02. Paving: Paving for Natural Drainage Systems Ecology
Issues/ Problems:
Impermeable paving blocks water
infiltration into the sub-grade,
allowing run-off and increases
the mobility of pollutants
Permeable Paving Systems reduce Stormwater runoff, increase ground water
The increase of impermeable paving recharge, reduce costs and pressure on storm water infrastructure and prevent
has led to serious flood issues. pollution of streams and rivers (Yamuna).
31 Source: Seattle Right of Way Improvement Manual

32. D02. Paving: Paving for Natural Drainage Systems Ecology
Paving Sub-grade: The sub-grade of porous paving surfaces must be designed and
executed porous as well – in order to achieve the desired level of permeability.
5” POROUS PAVEMENT LAYER PERMEABLE PAVEMENT SIDEWALK ADJACENT TO CURB
• Depth of aggregate shall be 6” minimum. If used as facility,
additional depth shall be designed by engineer. PERMEABLE PAVEMENT SIDEWALK ADJACENT TO SWALE OR DITCH
• Where porous pavement is within the critical root zone of trees
that are required to be saved, reduce aggregate discharge
subbase to 2”. • Permeable pavement facilities are for longitudinal slope of 0 ~
• Permeable pavement driveways are allowed in residential streets 5% only. To maximize the ponding capacity use of check dam
only. Depth of porous cement concrete for driveways shall be 8” or other method are recommended.
minimum.
Integrated Pavement Guidelines
http://www.mapc.org/regional_planning/LID/permeable_paving.html
32 Source: US EPA National Pollutant Discharge Elimination Systems

33. D02. Paving: Paving for Natural Drainage Systems Ecology
Types of Paving Materials
A B C D E
Permeable Asphalt Permeable Cement Interlocking Concrete Open-Celled Paving Grid Open-Celled Paving
Concrete Concrete Pavers with Vegetation Grid with Gravel
Fundamentally the same as This is a variation of Themselves are not always Open-celled paving grids The same open-celled grid
regular asphalt, but it does traditional concrete, but permeable, but they are consist of a rigid grid structure is employed but the
not contain the fine particles without the fine particles in typically installed with gaps composed of concrete or a voids in the rings are filled
that asphalt does, hence, the mix. between them to allow durable plastic that is filled with a mix of gravel.
creating porosity. •Installation is quite different infiltration into the subsurface. with a mix of sand, gravel, •With the gravel in place this
•Need to be cleaned 2 to 4 from the traditional method, The gaps, typically 10% of the and topsoil for planting grid system does provide
times a year to avoid build- and requires experienced surface area, are filled with a vegetation. additional structural
up of debris. But some installers both in the mixing permeable material, usually •The plastic grid pavers are support. And since most
research has found that and laying of the product. small clean stone. also flexible, allowing them grid-cell material is plastic,
even with 99% clogging the •Proper maintenance includes •They have a long useable to be used on uneven sites. hence flexible, it can adapt
infiltration rate can be up to periodic vacuuming of the life, are relatively easy to •They do not require another well to shrink/swell and
10 inches/hr. surface to prevent clogging install and provide good drainage facility and are freeze/thaw conditions.
•It does not require special with sediment or organic infiltration. competitively priced to •Most commercially
training and can easily be material. With proper •However, they are sensitive asphalt and concrete available geocell material is
supplied by conventional maintenance it can last a to deformation in the base paving, when their required made from recycled
asphalt batch plants minimum of 20 years. and do require a thick base to drainage costs are factored in. material, an added
prevent "heaving." environmental plus.
Integrated Pavement Guidelines Source: Seattle Right of Way Improvement Manual and UC Davis Research
33

34. D02. Paving: Increase Reflectivity - Reduce HIE Ecology
Issues/ Problems: Cool pavements are a means of
reducing the urban heat island effect.
Choose light-colored pavers,
aggregates or top coats, preferably with
a heat- reflectivity (albedo) of 0.29 or
higher.
Light gray and tan colors can reduce
pavement surface temperatures by11°C-
22°C.
Impermeable paving increases
heat island effect and make
Porous paving or composite pavement
walking uncomfortable structures can also minimize heat
storage.
• Parking lots, pavements, roads, driveways and
other surfaces can have coatings or integral
colorants added to increase reflectivity.
• If paving with asphalt, applying a white
aggregate as a chip seal layer, or a light-
colored surface coating such as a zinc-oxide
slurry mix.
Dark colors of some materials
such as asphalt, increases • Resin modified emulsion pavement. These
tremendously the urban heat. products are an alternative to asphalt. They use
clear binders made of tree resins instead of
petroleum products. Light-colored aggregates
suspended in the resin as coloring will increase
reflectivity.
34 Source: Heat Island Reduction Initiative, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

35. Safety
D02. Paving: Continuity Comfort
Issues/ Problems:
Pavements should be regarded as a transportation system which
is connected and continuous.
N
• Avoid pavement interruptions by minimizing curb cuts.
ATIO
• Maintain an even surface and elevation of the pavement.
ELEV
• Remove obstructions and drops.
• Provide connections for Missing Links, by installing pavements
E OF
to connect pedestrian areas to each other.
• Consistency of design elements, color and texture, to provide
HANG
visual continuity.
Obstructions that interrupts the
TH C
walkway
SMOO
Uneven pavement surface
VIS
UA
L CO
NT
IN U
Dramatic change of elevation that
ITY
discourages walking Raise driveways to match pavement level
35 Source: Turner Fairbank Highway Research Center

36. Safety
D02. Paving: Handicapped Accessibility Ramp Comfort
Issues/ Problems:
Road
Intersection
Ramps
Older pedestrians often have
difficulty negotiating curbs.
• Maximum slope not to exceed 8.33 percent (1:12) is required.
• The width must be 0.9 m or greater.
• A maximum allowable cross slope is 2 percent (1:50) is required.
• Transition areas between a walkway and a ramp should be beveled
10% for 1.2-m ramps and 8.33% for ramps of less than 1.2 m.
Sporadic presence of accessibility
ramp, and often in poor conditions, • Textured surfaces at curb ramps help identify crosswalk locations for
leaving big gaps and lips in curb visually impaired pedestrians
cuts • Mid block crosswalks and handicapped access should be provided
for blocks longer than 150m.
36 Source: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials

37. Safety
D02. Paving: Tactile Paving Comfort
Different functions of Tactile Signage
Tactile paving surfaces can be used to convey important information to visually impaired pedestrians about
their environment, for example, hazard warning, directional guidance, or the presence of an amenity.
Pedestrian Crossing Sign
Blister surface for pedestrian
Corduroy hazard warning surface. It Information Surface Paving. Does not
crossing. Used adjacent to safe
conveys the message "hazard, proceed have raised profile and helps to locate
carriageway crossings
with caution“ amenities
Corduroy Hazard Warning about
start of stairway Platform edge warning surface, used Platform edge (on street) warning surface, Guidance path surface. This is used to
at stations to warn about the edge of used as warning surfaces at all on-street guide user through a large public open
railway platforms. platforms. space such as a town square
Street Edge Warning
37 Source: Code of Practice on Access and Mobility

38. Safety
D02. Paving: Site Character and Sense of Direction Comfort
Issues/ Problems:
Sense of Place
With specially carved
paving material and
creative ways of painting
crossings, sense of place
is created and site
character is built.
Anonymous pavements lead to
vandalism and discourage
pedestrian use
Sense of Direction Currency used along the Silk Road, Xi’an Very literal Zebra Crossing, South Africa
Many cities use the
pavement to indicate the
intersection you’re
approaching. Others, will
show with a compass the
Uneven pavement surface direction of the streets to
help the pedestrians to
find their way. These
elements enhance a
city’s legibility and the
pedestrian experience.
Street name, Vancouver Pavement Compass, New York City
When there is no feeling of
belonging, pavements are not
maintained and littering is
common
38

39. D02. Paving:
Application and Repair

40. D02. Paving: Cement Concrete Pavement
MCD Pavement Detail: 17 April 2009
Cement Concrete
Pavement with Brick
Aggregate sub-base
Integrated Pavement Guidelines
40

41. D02. Paving: Interlocking Pavers
MCD Pavement Detail: 17 April 2009
Cement Concrete Thick
Interlocking Tiles
Pavement with Brick
Aggregate sub-base
Integrated Pavement Guidelines
41

42. D02. Paving: Roadway Repair
(CMA) Cold Mix Asphalt –
quick repair, less durable
OR, Not a Long Term
(HMA) Hot Mix Asphalt – Sustainable Solution
Quickest;
Least more durable
Sustainable
Mixing of Industrial Waste in HMA:
as coarse aggregate or mineral fillers:
Rubber modified asphalt cement tend to have less cracking, Nonferrous Slag Scrap Tyres Coal Ash
and wear better than regular pavements; also reduces traffic noise.
Coal fly ash and slag used as a mineral filler has been shown to prevent rutting, and their hydrophobic properties prevent http://www.industrialresourc
stripping, which occurs when the asphalt cement debonds from the aggregate. escouncil.org/Applications/H
otMixAsphaltPavement/tabi
Better durability, money saved on repeated repairs and on using asphalt binder or mining of virgin materials. d/378/Default.aspx
Permeable Recycled
Asphalt: Asphalt
Decreases Pavement
runoff & storm
water
infrastructure
Most requirements.
Sustainable
Decreases Heat
Island Effect when
appropriate
coatings/ binders
are added.
Decreases tyre
noise
42 http://www.pwri.go.jp/team/pavement/english/subject/projects.html

43. D02. Paving: Pavement Repair
Interlocking Paver
Cement Concrete Sidewalk
Sidewalk
Asphalt Fillet grinding Change Sub-base to stabilize and
make long lasting durable Sidewalk
Concrete fillet grinding
Rubber Sidewalk
43

44. D02. Paving: Woonerfs for Neighborhood Streets
Issues/ Problems: Woonerfs are curbless, paved, pedestrian and bike
dominated streets, where cars are allowed but have to
carefully maneuver their way through, hence reducing
their speed.
•They are very effective traffic calming tools.
•They also provide valuable “public/ community
space”(esp. in a sloping site) rather than just routes for
vehicular circulation.
•In Denmark and UK, they have caused significant drops
in accident rates.
Signage
Speeding vehicles makes
pedestrian crossing difficult
The “paved” streets of Mumbai
are excellent for traffic calming and pedestrian
quality. However, the paving used here should
have been “permeable” to reduce runoff.
Chaotic walking environment,
with no comfortable space for
pedestrian movement
“Shared Street” in Japan
44

45. D02. Paving: Woonerfs for Neighborhood Streets
45

46. D02. Paving: Pedestrianization of busy commerical streets
Nanjing Lu, Shanghai
46

47. C03. Tree Planting Zone and Street Furniture Zone
Tree planting zones with native street Trees and plantation – are Essential on
every Delhi pavement to provide shade and climatic comfort.
Safety
Mobility
& Amenity MAIN PRINCIPLES:
Mobility - Tree zone must be CLEAR of walking zone and utility corridor.
Integrated - Continuous tree planting zones should provided only in lower foot
traffic areas.
Ecology: - Integrated Natural Drainage Systems
- Native plantation for resistance and water conservation.
Ecology
Safety/Comfort - Tree planting zones with native street trees and plantation – are
essential for shade, lowering HIE and giving comfort to pedestrians.
- Tree planting zone should be CLEAR of the pedestrian walking zone

48. C03. Tree Planting Zone: Clear from walking zone and utility corridors.
1) Pedestrian corridor and Utility Easements must be placed
Issues/ Problems:
separately from the Tree Planting Zone.
Narrow “columnar” trees to
be used where pavement
space is limited.
Use trees that can be
“limbed up” to allow vision
clearance.
10’ Tree canopy clearance
Low growing branches obstruct visibility.
Min. 1.8 M wide
Clear visibility for
pedestrian zone
Provide high canopy but broad spread trees for
shade in summers.
Use deciduous trees on streets where sunlight
is critical in winter.
48

49. C03. Tree Planting Zone: Clearances from utility corridors. Mobility
Place Utilities in ducts for easy repair and replacements
Provide Standard Clearances from utility lines to street Trees.
Street Trees in same line as Utility Zone;
Continuous planting zones are suitable for Retail (shopping streets) should have tree in tree-
residential or office use streets. guards (and not continuous planting strips) – to
allow more flexibility and space for pedestrian
movement.
49

50. C03. Tree Planting Zone: Native Trees, Urban aesthetics & Civic Pride. Ecology
Local Trees planted on Avenues of Lutyens Delhi: Streets could be “themed” based on the seasonal colour of foliage, flowers and fruits
– in order to give a unique and beautiful urban experience to people of the city.
Deciduous trees provide shade in summer, change colour and shed their leaves in
autumn and let the sun through in winter.
Learning the ‘right’ lessons from Lutyens Delhi….
Shown above: Imli (Tamarind) Trees on Akbar Road in April (left) and February (right) – in autumn
Delhi citizens must be given the opportunity to get involved in
volunteering for planting and maintaining street trees and gaining
a ‘sense of ownership’ towards the public realm of the city.
Volunteering is a great way to teach kids about their environment, bond
with spouses, get acquainted with neighbors, meet that special
someone, get some exercise, reduce stress, forget about work AND
help keep Delhi Green.
In addition, it is important to plant local species and stay continually
involved It is important to also not just plant the tree, but stay involved
Only Native trees should be planted on streets in order to in maintaining and watering them regularly.
minimize irrigation requirements and prolong tree life. Example: “Seattle reLeaf” – ia a similar volunteering program
Trees like Eucalyptus, Australian Acacia, Lantana, Lucena, organized through a collaboration between the government, local
Mast tree (False Ashoka) should be avoided. NGOs as well as residents in maintaining the green cover of Seattle.
http://www.seattle.gov/trees/getInvolved.htm
Tree guards should be provided for young trees.
50 Source: Trees of Delhi, by Pradip Krishen Source: http://www.devalt.org/newsletter/jun05/of_3.htm

51. C03. Tree Planting Zone: Integrated Natural Drainage System Ecology
Issues/ Problems:
Conventional Storm Water Management Practice:
Street flooding, clogged gutters,
run-off polluting the Yamuna. High volume of
Stormwater runoff
treated in combined
Waste Water Treatment
Plant & discharged.
OR,
Untreated “runoff”
discharged, polluting
the Yamuna.
Stormwater Tree Pedestrian
Gutter Planting walking zone
Zone
Flooding International Best Practice: “Living Streets” with Integrated Tree Zone and Natural Drainage Systems (NDS)
Filtered Stormwater
treated in bioswales and
wetlands, before
discharge into Yamuna.
Increased ground-
water infiltration;
Oil/ pollution/ reduced storm water
Run-off loads.
TREATMENT
Integrated tree-zone
& bio-filtration zone
“Living Streets” integrated storm water
treatment within the tree planting zone of
the pavement. Street bio-swale
Street bio-swale
Conventional street drain GROUND WATER INFILTRATION
51

52. C03. Tree Planting Zone: incorporating “Living Streets” Ecology
Design Guidance:
How the Science works:
It is sometimes challenging to construct surface stormwater elements while meeting the multiple
Filtration: other needs within the City’s rights-of-way, including addressing public safety and public
Sediments suspended in mobility needs.
stormwater runoff settle out While a template for a hierarchy of living streets would have to be developed, individual project
and are deposited on planter engineers may need to further modify the details provided to address local conditions.
soil.
There are a few guiding principles for the site engineer to consider when designing a Natural
Adsorption: Drainage System (NDS) or Living Streets in the street ROW:
Pollutants in water attach to Minimize impermeable surfaces: Avoid paving or compacting soils where it is not
the surface of plants and soil necessary. This could mean a narrower driveway, a smaller parking area, or use of alternative
particles where roots and materials which reintroduce water back into the soil.
bacteria can use them.
Gentle slopes to slow the flow: When stormwater moves slowly through a system more
Storage:
pollutants are filtered and more water infiltrates or evaporates. A pipe is designed to move
Roots, insects, and worms water at top velocities. Re-grading a ditch with gentler side slopes and a moderately sloping,
break up soil, making more broad channel allows water to percolate into the soil. Channel bottoms slopes can be made
room for stormwater runoff gentler by adding “steps.” Generally sites with longitudinal slopes greater than 8 percent are
Plant Uptake: unlikely candidates for bioretention swale elements.
Water, nitrogen, phosphorous Stormwater quantity can be reduced by amending soils and adding vegetation:
and trace elements are used
* Amended soils: Adding organic compost or mulch to soil improves its ability to
for plant function
support plants and absorb stormwater. Healthy soil is the backbone of natural drainage
systems.
* Adding vegetation: Trees and vegetation catch rainfall before it reaches the ground
reducing the amount of stormwater runoff. Native shrubs, perennials and small trees planted
in natural drainage systems slow the movement of stormwater, encourage infiltration and
provide bio-remediation of pollutants. A planting palette to be used in bioswales of Delhi would
need to be developed.
Additional design guidance:
* Longitudinal Slope: Grade elevation through the length of the swale should be flat or
gradual.
* B The soils for use in bioretention systems should be designed for Stormwater Code
compliance using the City's Bioretention Soil Specification and must be used upstream.
* Culverts/Pipes: Minimum 10-inch diameter culvert should be used with a minimum slope of
1.0%. A trash rack should be placed on upstream end of all culvert inlets receiving flow from
10-acres or greater. Use a minimum opening of 4-inches.
52 Source: http://www.seattle.gov/transportation/rowmanual/manual/6_4.asp

53. C04. Street Lighting
Dublin, Ireland
In Delhi – street lighting is generally prioritized for vehicles and designed for
them, while lighting for the pedestrian is most often forgotten.
Safety
Mobility Lighting needs of pedestrians are different from those of vehicular traffic and
& Amenity
therefore need to be designed and integrated within the overall lighting strategy
for the street. This would aid the safety of pedestrians on pavements after dark.
Integrated MAIN PRINCIPLES:
Mobility - Provide optimal lighting for pedestrians.
- Light poles must be CLEAR of the pedestrian walking zone.
Ecology
Safety/Comfort - Provide optimal lighting for pedestrians.
- Pedestrian lights should be placed lower and focusing on the pavement.
Ecology - Provide FULL cut-off lighting fixtures to prevent spillage of light and
wastage of energy, and also prevent night sky light pollution.

54. C04. Street Lighting: Provide optimum lighting for pedestrians, not just cars
Issues/ Problems: Intent:
In Delhi – street lighting is Comfortable and attractive nighttime visual environment.
generally prioritized for vehicles Sense of security for pedestrians.
and designed for them, while Support Streetscape goals of variability and flexibility.
lighting for the pedestrian is most Enhance sense of civic vitality after dark.
often forgotten. Good visual acuity to facilitate high level of vehicular/pedestrian interaction.
12 - 15 M
3-4 M
Tall Roadway Streetlights on medians
provide NO lighting or safety for
pedestrians on pavements.
Tall Streetlights on pavements 3.5 - 5 M tall pedestrian 3.5 - 5 M tall pedestrian Pedestrian lights on
also DO NOT provide optimum lights must be provided to lights must be provided to median are pointless,
lighting for pedestrians. illuminate pavements. illuminate pavements. and must be removed.
Medians are best suited
for Trees to reduce HIE.
Recommendations:
1. Pedestrian lighting should illuminate the pedestrian walkway - appropriate lighting fixtures not exceeding a
height of 4 M from ground grade level should be provided.
2. Pedestrian lights must be provide adjacent to the pavement pedestrian way, not adjacent to the roadway,
and should have 2.0 maintained foot candles.
Light poles placed on the walkway so 3. All light poles and fixtures must be placed CLEAR of the stipulated pedestrian walkway on the pavement.
pedestrians forced on to the road.
54

55. C04. Street Lighting: Optimize Energy Consumption; Reduce Light Pollution. Ecology
Issues/ Problems: Intent:
Street Lights often cause glare Provide Ambient Street lighting for pedestrians – without causing glare, over brightness or light pollution.
and night pollution.
Street lighting, especially for pedestrians walking on pavements is a must to ensure their safety after dark. Street
lamps, depending on intensity of use and width of the street – must be provided every 20 - 30 M, focusing light not
on the car lanes, but on the pedestrian and bicycle lanes.
Over-lighting an outdoor area at night is also not the best
solution for either security or safety. Instead, exterior lighting
that provides low contrast on critical areas and surfaces (such
as pavements and parking areas) actually provides better visual
acuity and improves safety.
Therefore full cut off fixtures which focus light downwards and
allow no light towards the night sky, and also do not cause glare
– are required for all public streets.
The light color of lamps also affects safety: illuminating objects
with products that have high Color Rendering Indexes (CRI)
improves visual recognition of people and objects at night.
A variety of light fixtures
can meet specified standards:
A poor quality light fixture Uniform low ambient levels
causing glare and night of lighting provides better
pollution. visibility for pedestrians.
3 - 4 M. Max.
Solar LED
lights
55

56. C04. Street Lighting: Optimize Energy Consumption; Reduce Light Pollution.
Standards:
Lighting should be accentuated at all intersections and hazard-prone areas.
Lighting shall be directed downward at all times (up-lighting should be
prohibited).
Recessed lighting on the ground along vehicular access ways and pedestrian
walkways in highly encouraged.
All exterior lighting fixtures shall conform to the shielding requirements. DO THIS
Recommended Shielding Requirements:
DON’T DO THIS
LEAVE CLEAR
Tree planting plan and Lighting plans
must be prepared in conjunction
Location of Lighting fixtures must consider the location of existing and proposed
trees.
Spacing of fixtures should be based on the intensity of light, height of the fixture
and the clearances from tree canopies such that no light is blocked by the
summer foliage.
Concentrated lighting is especially required where congregation of pedestrians
is expected i.e at bus stops, near crosswalks, near street furniture.
Under NO CIRCUMSTANCES should the lighting pole interfere with the
clearance of the main pedestrian walkway of the pavement. Light pole may
preferably be located within the tree-planting zone.
56

57. C05. Street Amenities
San Francisco
Streets must accommodate all amenities and facilities needed day to day by
pedestrians, cyclists or transit users on Delhi’s streets; as well as general Delhi
Safety
Mobility citizens.
& Amenity In addition, streets are portals for other city level outreach, advertising and
public service initiatives that can be provided for citizens with minimal effort…
Integrated MAIN PRINCIPLES:
Mobility - Provide optimal lighting for pedestrians.
- Light poles must be CLEAR of the pedestrian walking zone.
Ecology Safety/Comfort - Provide optimal lighting for pedestrians.
- Pedestrian lights should be placed lower and focusing on the pavement.
Ecology - Provide FULL cut-off lighting fixtures to prevent spillage of light and
wastage of energy, and also prevent night sky light pollution.

58. Street Amenities:
Hawker Zones
Public Toilets
Bus Stops
<

59. C04. Amenities: Public Toilets/ Sulabh Shauchalayas
Issues/ Problems: 1
Below is a very common sight
on the pavements of Delhi. Provide frequent Public Toilets:
The reasons are two-fold: Provide public toilets at a distance of every 800 – 1000 M (10 minute walk) from each other and from any destination.
1) Lack of adequate number of Toilets should be located near every alternate bus-stop and definitely located at each Rapid Transit Station (Metro/BRT).
public toilets in close (According to Chinese Standards) For all pavements and public plazas, one toilet must be provided for every 1000 males and
proximity to Transit Stops 700 females, daily.
and Destinations. Environmental friendly Sulabh Shauchalayas should be built as public toilets as they have the following advantages:
2) The abundance of shady They do not smell
boundary walls and lack of They consume very little water and are easy to clean and maintain (in contrast to conventional toilets that require a minimum of
active frontages with no 10 litres.)
‘eyes on the street’ - They have potential to tie up with other community based environmental technologies such as biogas production, etc. for
encourages such behaviour. heating, cooking, and generating electricity.
They provide new employment opportunities for many.
Environmentally balanced wastewater treatment based on a duckweed and fish raising (pisciculture) ecosystem that provides
economic opportunities for the urban poor.
Delhi
http://www.islamonline.net/servlet/Satellite?c=Article_C&cid=1157962453272&pagename=Zone-English-HealthScience%2FHSELayout
59

60. C04. Amenities: Shading Devices/ Social causes
Free Condom Dispensers: 2 Provide SHADING for Bus stops and Waiting Areas
Shanghai leads in use of condoms for pedestrians and cyclists.
in China
To encourage walking and public transit use amongst Delhi
Press Trust of India citizens – appropriate shading must be provided at all areas
of the public realm – including pavements, bus stops as well
Posted online: Friday, as waiting areas near street intersections and crosswalks.
July 15, 2005 at 1512 hours IST
Trees are essential components of a pavement as they
provide both – shading and cooling during summer.
With the availability of free condoms,
one-fifth of residents of shanghai, Bus stops must be shaded from the sun.
China’s largest city, use condoms Waiting areas near crosswalks and street intersections
and lead the country in the use of – where generally trees cannot be planted – could have
this form of contraception. Free Condom dispensers on other temporary forms of shading in summer, like the
streets of Shanghai. Delhi
example in China shown below.
The proportion of Shanghai’s population
using condoms stood at 18.31 per cent in 2004, twice the figure
of 9.11 per cent in 1995, three times the country’s average of
just 5.3 per cent, according to official statistics. Shanghai, the
Communist giant’s commercial hub, is now home to more than
17,000 locations offering free condoms, of which 1,185 are open
round the clock. It also has 571 automatic condom dispensers, China
Daily reported.
More than 40 million free condoms were handed out last year in the
city of more than 17 million people. The Shanghai Municipal
Population and Family Planning Commission said that since June it
has installed a further 330 free condom dispensers in government
and commercial office buildings and communities. The Commission
is also geared to promoting publicity and awareness of contraception
and HIV/aids. It is hoping to bring such education to 85 per cent of
Shanghai’s women of childbearing age (15-49) by 2006.
Hangzhou, China
Source:
http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=50744 A shaded waiting area for cyclists and pedestrians at a street intersection in Hangzhou,
China. Average summer temperature of Hangzhou is 35°C with high relative humidity.
60

61. C04. Amenities: Bus stops
3 Provide local bus stops based on walking distances and convenience of pedestrians, not cars!
Bus stops must be provided at a maximum distance of 400 M from homes. No two local bus stops should be at a distance more than
800 M from each other.
A criteria checklist and standards should be developed for location, design and convenience of bus stops to aid engineers and
designers.
Example:
Shading of bus stops is a must.
Multi-modal public transportation
Maps must be posted at each
busstop – to help in “way-finding”
61

62. C04. Amenities: Hawker Zones: integrating them with streets.
1.8 M
CLEAR Kolkata Delhi
A B
Not enough clearance for stopping Hawkers 1.8 M CLEAR Hawker zone
and moving pedestrians fronting Shops on pavements
Hawkers MUST be accommodated every 800-1000 M, if
not more frequently – on a public street. They are needed at
all commercial centers and must be at walking distance
from offices, homes and retail areas.
Benefits:
They keep streets clean, busy, vibrant and safe.
They provide a variety of cheaper food and retail options.
They express our culture.
They generate self-employment.
C
Hawker zones at
Street Intersections San Diego
62

63. C04. Amenities: Other Street Furniture…
Functional Public Art: SHADED SEATING…. Functional Public Art: “BOOK BENCHES”
along Hudson River Waterfront, New York – chair extensions hold up the From Istanbul, for promoting reading. Benches that look like an open book have been
roof over your head, while providing a seating place at the same time. placed around the city and each bench carries poems from 18 famous Turkish poets.
63

64. C06. Signage
Safety
Mobility
& Amenity
Signage is critical for pedestrian way-finding and ensuring safety of all road users.
Integrated
Ecology

65. C04. Signage: for “Way-finding” of pedestrians and bikes
Issues: Signage should help pedestrians Navigate the City with ease and safety:
Street Signage for WHO????
1 3
How do I get to my destination from the Where do I turn……?
Obscure Street Signage…..
Train Station?
2 4
Where on the street do I walk? Where is the closest bus-stop?
(London bus stops signage is visible from very far…)
65

66. D07. Public Art Concepts / Ideas
“Reserved for Drunk Drivers”
Public Art in Delhi must be integrated with regular street furniture or other
objects to play a dual rol – that of utility as well as aesthetics.
Public Art could be a powerful tool of education and outreach. It not only
Safety builds civic pride within the citizens, but also teaches behavioral patterns to
Mobility
& Amenity them.
ELEMENTS OF THE URBAN INFRASTRUCTURE USABLE AS PUBLIC ART:
Integrated •Pavements
•Manholes
•Dustbins
•Bus Stops
Ecology •Blind Walls
•Fences and Handrails
•Public Toilets
•Pavements

67. D07. Public Art: Manhole covers
Manhole Cover Locks: Public Art on Manhole covers….. can help in:
a technology to be explored….. • way-finding
• generating a sense of place
Mobility
• expressing the unique culture of character of the neighborhood
Chandigarh –
manhole covers designed
by Le Corbusier
Philadelphia
Ecology
Water is Precious. Let’s
Conserve It – Dublin
As part of the water
conservation campaign for
Dublin City, this vinyl sticker
Issues: was placed over an actual
Anonymous places lead to manhole. It appeared as if
vandalism, and many manholes someone had sealed the drain
Dublin
covers are stolen to be sold in with a giant sink plug.
the market, leaving open
manholes that are a threat to Guidance Map - Seattle
Safety Comfort
pedestrian safety.
The motif depicts 13 points of
interest around downtown and
waterfront Seattle with
embedded stainless steel dots
representing the location of the
manhole cover at that
point on the map. In this case,
it's Pioneer Square.
STABILOC Seattle
http://www.stabiloc.com/how_it_works.htm
67

68. D07. Public Art: Bus Stops
Art for Conveying……. SOCIAL MESSAGES Sense of comfort and relaxation….
Mobility
Ecology
WAY-FINDING MAPS of Public Transport System
New York
Safety Data of Delhi shows that most women find buses and bus-stops the MOST
UNSAFE places in Delhi.
Safety Comfort
“The most unsafe time out - 40% felt unsafe between 8 and 10 am and 5 and 7 pm.
31% felt unsafe in mid-afternoon.
Most unsafe places - 45% identified buses as the most unsafe; 25% the roadside;
6.7% found bus stops...”
– A Delhi Police survey on women’s safety, 05 March 2006.
Source: http://southasia.oneworld.net/article/view/127142/1/
Bus stops can be used as canvases of public art conveying messages about
anti-eve teasing, anti-molestation of women, anti sexual abuse etc.... San Francisco
68

69. D07. Public Art: Ideas to be explored……..
Source Separated Dustbins
Many of the people of Delhi are either
illiterate or unaware of the importance
Mobility
of source separation of waste.
Can there be an Artistic way
(graphics, cartoons, drawings) that
can convey what kind of waste
should go into which bin, and Why?
Delhi’s new source separated dustbins which
are incomprehensible to the illiterate and low-
Ecology
income people of the city.
Safety Comfort
Street banners give a sense of place and identity to unique neighborhoods and
destinations of the city. They are easy to install – banner supports can be clamped on the
existing streetlamps or other street poles.
69

70. D07. Public Art: Empty Walls (of public toilets, etc); Fences…
On blank Toilet Walls….. On pavement fences…
Mobility
Ecology
Netherlands
Boulder, CO
Safety Comfort
Philadelphia
70

71. D. Steps & Ideas for IMPLEMENTATION

72. • Select complete neighborhoods for Pavement and Connectivity improvement
• Prioritize areas with maximum pedestrian causalities.
An integrated Commercial Pavement An integrated Residential Pavement
72

73. "Trying to solve a traffic problem by widening the road –
is like trying to solve obesity by loosening the belt.”