1. 2010 12 8
Photo by digital cat

2. •
•
• OS
•
•
• TCP/IP
•
•
•

3. •
•
•
•
• Amazon Google Microsoft
• HPC
•

4. Photo by ajlvi

5. 2006 8 9 Search Engine Strategies
Conference
“ ”
...
Wikipedia

6. Google
SOA 2004 2Q
Web2.0 2005 4Q 2006
SaaS 2006 4Q
2008 1Q 4Q
NTT 2009 7 29

7. Amazon
Amazon
“Amazon's cloud computing will surpass its retailing
business,” Larry Dignan
http://blogs.zdnet.com/BTL/?p=8471
2007
http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/22606/page3/

8. SaaS
UC Berkeley
ud
SP
lo
A
C
Web
Web SaaS
SaaS
Web
ASP SaaS
IaaS, PaaS
SaaS (Software as a Service)

9. SaaS
UC Berkeley
ud
SP
lo
A
C
Web
Web SaaS
SaaS
Web
SaaS
IaaS, PaaS
s
y
s
dr
le
un
b-
Fo
Fa
NVIDIA
Intel, Samsung TSMC

10. Gmail
•
•
•
•
• etc...
PC

11. •
•
• *
• 2
•
•
*) Jack Dongarra, “An Overview of High Performance
Computing and Challenges for the Future,” HPDC 2009.

12. •
•
•
•

13. • Salesforce.com PaaS
•
1
• SIer
•

14. mixi
•
• Amazon WS
• EC2/S3/Load balancing
• CloudFront
• Flash/Flex

15. •1
180 /
•
7000
• Amazon EC2 50
Hadoop
30 5
•

16. Animoto.com
• CPU
• Facebook SNS
•
• Amazon EC2

17. •
•
•
•
•
•

18. NIST
NIST Definition of Cloud Computing v15
http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/SNS/cloud-computing/

19. On-demand self-service
Broad network access
Resource pooling
Rapid elasticity
Measured service
NIST Definition of Cloud Computing v15
http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/SNS/cloud-computing/

20. ! ! ! ! !

21. •
•1 10

22. •
•
• MTBF* 3 1000 1 1 10 1 100
• e.g., Google RAID ECC
•
•
* Mean Time Between Failures

23. Photo by erix!

24. •
•
•
•
• 2 PUE
PUE = DC IT
* Power Usage Effectiveness

25. • IT
•
• Sun Black Box 2006
Google 2005 1
1160 /
2003

26. Google
Google
Publickey 2009 7 17
http://www.publickey1.jp/blog/09/post_36.html

27. Microsoft 4 DC
Microsoft
112 22.4
IT-PAC: Free cooling
2000 /
PUE 1.06

28. DC
(2006 Microsoft )
1000 5
$95/Mbps/ $13/Mbps/ 7.1
$2.20/GB/ $0.40/GB/ 5.7
140 / 1000 /
7.1
M. Armbrust, A. Fox, R. Griffith, A. D. Joseph, R. Katz,A. Konwinski, G. Lee,
D. Patterson, A. Rabkin, I. Stoica, and M. Zaharia,
“Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing,” 2009

29. Google
• Google 900
675
•3 45 450
225
• Microsoft 0
2006Q1 2007Q1 2008Q1 2009Q1 2010Q1
• 2008 21 8000
30
• Amazon
• 2009 EC2 4
• 2009 52
“Who Has the Most Web Servers,” Data Center Knowledge, May 14, 2009,
http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2009/05/14/whos-got-the-most-web-servers/

30. Amazon EC2
Google App Engine
Amazon Azure
Photo by naixn

31. SaaS (Software as a Service):
Service Salesforce.com
Google Apps
Container
PaaS (Platform as a Service):
Google App Engine
OS Windows Azure
VMM aaS (Infrastructure as
a Service):
HW Amazon EC2
VMM: Virtual Machine Monitor

32. • SaaS (Software as a Service)
•
• Google Apps Salesforce CRM
• PaaS (Platform as a Service)
•
• Google App Engine Force.com
• IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)
•
• Amazon EC2 Blue Cloud

33. Amazon Web Services
• 2006 S3
• Amazon *
• Web
• 2006 8 EC2
• 2008 8
•
*)

34. Amazon
• •
• Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) • CloudWatch
• Elastic MapReduce •
• Auto Scaling • Virtual Private Cloud (VPC)
• • Elastic Load Balancing
• CloudFrond •
• • Flexible Payments Service (FPS)
• SimpleDB • DevPay
• Relational Database Service (RDS) •
• • Simple Storage Service (S3)
• Simple Queue Service (SQS) • Elastic Block Storage (EBS)
• Simple Notification Service (SNS) • AWS Import/Export

35. Amazon
Elastic
MapReduce
SNS SQS
RDS SimpleDB
KVS
Elastic Load Balancing EBS
EC2 S3 CloudFront
CDN
Edge
Location

36. Amazon EC2
• OS
S3
• EC2
launch
•
(Web service API)
• upload S3
•1 2007 Opteron 1.0 - 1.2 GHz

37. Regions Availability Zone
• Region
• 4
• Availability Zone Region
•
•
AWS region (US WEST) AWS region (APAC)
Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 1 Zone 2

38. EC2
• Small 1
$0.085 x 24 x 365 = $744.6
• 1
Cluster Compute 10
• $1.6 x 24 x 10 = $384
Instance type ECU Memory (GB) Storage (GB) Arch. Price ($/h)
Small 1 1.7 160 32bit 0.085
Large 4 7.5 850 64bit 0.34
Ex-large 8 15 1690 64bit 0.68
High-mem quad 26 68.4 1690 64bit 2.4
High-CPU ex-large 20 7 1690 64bit 0.68
Cluster Compute* 33.5 23 1690 64bit 1.6
*) 10

39. EC2
•
• 1 0.085 ! 0.095
• Windows
• 3 4 0.085 ! 0.12
•
• 1/3
• small 1
• 0.085 x 24 x 365 = 744.6
• 0.03 x 24 x 365 + 227.5 = 489.8

40. EC2
•
•
•
• 1/2 1/3
• 0.085 -> 0.029 8/20
•
•
•
•

41. AWS
•
• PaaS: RightScale Heroku EC2 PaaS
• IaaS: Eucalyptus EC2/S3
• IaaS PaaS
•
•
•

42. SaaS (Software as a Service):
Service Salesforce.com
Google Apps
Container
PaaS (Platform as a Service):
Google App Engine
OS Windows Azure
VMM aaS (Infrastructure as
a Service):
HW Amazon EC2
VMM: Virtual Machine Monitor

43. Google
Google
Web Gmail
Maps ...
Sawzall
App Engine
MapReduce
BigTable
Google File System

44. Google App Engine
• Web
• Web 3
• Python Java
•
•
•
•
DB
•

45. Google App Engine
Google App Engine
DB
DB Bigtable

46. GAE
•
•
• API
• 30
•
• SDK

47. •
•
•
CPU 6.5 hour/day $0.10/hour
1GB/day $0.10/GB
1GB/day $0.12/GB
1GB/day $0.15/GB x month
2000/day $0.0001/mail

48. Windows Azure
• Windows ASP .NET
•
• Visual Studio
• Microsoft
•
• Windows Azure platform appliance

49. • IaaS
•
•
• PaaS SaaS
http://jp.fujitsu.com/solutions/cloud/
http://cloud.nifty.com/
Softbank http://tm.softbank.jp/business/white_cloud/
IIJ GIO http://www.iij.ad.jp/GIO/

50. HPC
HPC
•
• SaaS
!IaaS User
• App.
•
IaaS
VM VM VM
! H/W H/W H/W

51. TOP500: LINPACK
2010 11
100
InfiniBand: 80%
90
80
70 10 Gigabit Ethernet: 74%
60
%
50
40
Gigabit Ethernet: 54%
30
#231 Amazon EC2 InfiniBand
20 cluster compute instances Gigabit Ethernet
10 10 Gigabit Ethernet
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
Rank
※ : Rmax : Rpeak

52. AIST Green Cloud Amazon EC2
(AGC) Cluster Instance
Intel E5540/2.53GHz Intel X5570/2.93GHz
CPU
2 sockets 8 cores 2 sockets 8 cores
Memory 48 GB 23 GB
Network InfiniBnad, 10GbE 10GbE
SAS 300GB x2 EBS 20GB
HDD
(RAID1) Ephemeral 850GB x2
CentOS 5.5 CentOS 5.4
OS
BMM, PVM, HVM HVM
BMM: Bare Metal Machine PVM: Para Virtualized Machine HVM: Full Virtualized Machine

53. MPI PingPong
PingPong
2500
Send
0 1
2000 Recv IB-BMM
2
Throughput (MB/s)
1500
15
BMM
1000
500 EC2
PVM
HVM
0
16 1k 16k 1M 16M 1G
Message size (byte)

54. • Bloss: Block Sakurai-Sugiura
• 100
• MPI OpenMP
rank 0 rank 0 N
760MB
Bcast
Reduce 10GB
1GB
1GB
Bcast
Gather
350MB

55. Bloss:
Bloss (2 ranks per node, 4 threads per rank)
120
100
Parallel Efficiency (%)
80 IB-BMM
BMM
60 EC2
5% PVM
HVM
40 BMM 21.06
PVM 22.33
20 HVM 22.66
EC2 20.00
0
1 2 4 8 16
Number of nodes

56. • HPC
•
•
• CPU
• I/O
• Passthrough
•

57. Photo by Nicholas_T

59. •
•
•
•
•
•
•
“Assessing the Security Risks of Cloud Computing,” Gartner
http://www.gartner.com/DisplayDocument?id=685308

60. DDoS
API
VPN
WAN
IO VM
NoSQL
VM
Pay-for-use
M. Armbrust, A. Fox, R. Griffith, A. D. Joseph, R. Katz,A. Konwinski,
G. Lee, D. Patterson, A. Rabkin, I. Stoica, and M. Zaharia,
“Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud Computing,” 2009

61. •
•
•
•
•
• CPU

62. e-mail: takano-ryousei@aist.go.jp
twitter ID: @oraccha

63. • M.Armbrust, et al., “Above the Clouds: A Berkeley View of Cloud
Computing,” 2009
• L.A.Barroso and U.Holzle, “The Data Center as a Computer”
Google
• SACSIS
2010
•
JJUG 2009 10 8
• NTT
2009 7 29