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Cengel ch07
1.
CHAPTER
7 Exergy: A Measure of Work Potential
2.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 7-1 A system that is in equilibrium with its environment is said to be at the dead state. 7-1
3.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 7-3 The immediate surroundings of a hot potato are simply the temperature gradient zone of the air next to the potato. 7-2
4.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 7-8 As a closed system expands, some work needs to be done to push the atmospheric air out of the way (Wsurr). 7-3
5.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 7-10 The difference between reversible work and actual useful work is the irreversibility. 7-4
6.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 7-15 Two heat engines that have the same thermal efficiency, but different maximum thermal efficiencies. 7-5
7.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 7-16 Second-law efficiency is a measure of the performance of a device relative to its performance under reversible conditions. 7-6
8.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 7-20 The exergy of a specified mass at a specified state is the useful work that can be produced as the mass undergoes a reversible process to the state of the environment. 7-7
9.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 7-21 The exergy of a cold medium is also a positive quantity since work can be produced by transferring heat to it. 7-8
10.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 7-22 The exergy of flow energy is the useful work that would be delivered by an imaginary piston in the flow section. 7-9
11.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 7-23 The energy and exergy contents of (a) a fixed mass and (b) a fluid stream. 7-10
12.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 7-26 The Carnot efficiency η c = 1 - T0 /T represents the fraction of the energy of a heat source at temperature T that can be converted to work in an environment at temperature T0 . 7-11
13.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 7-27 The transfer and destruction of exergy during a heat transfer process through a finite temperature difference. 7-12
14.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 7-29 Mass contains energy, entropy, and exergy, and thus mass flow into or out of a system is accompanied by energy, entropy, and exergy transfer. 7-13
15.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 7-30 The isolated system considered in the development of the decrease of exergy principle. 7-14
16.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 7-32 Mechanisms of exergy transfer for a general system. 7-15
17.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 7-33 Exergy balance for a closed system when the direction of heat transfer is taken to be to the system and the direction of work from the system. 7-16
18.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 7-34 Exergy destroyed outside system boundaries can be accounted for by writing an exergy balance on the extended system that includes the system and its immediate surroundings. 7-17
19.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 7-42 Exergy is transferred into or out of a control volume by mass as well as heat and work transfer. 7-18
20.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 7-49 The irreversibility associated with a student studying and watching a movie on television, each for two hours. 7-19
21.
Copyright © The
McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. FIGURE 7-50 A poetic expression of exergy and exergy destruction. 7-20
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