2. Souvenir Bullet- lodged and remained in the
body
2. Bullet Migration- not lodged in a place where
it was previously located
Bullets Embolism- carried by circulating
blood to some parts of the body
3. Tandem Bullet- two or more bullets leaving
the barrel one after another
1.

3. Complete DESCRIPTION of the wound
2.
LOCATION
a) Part of the body
b) Distance from the mid-line
c) Distance from the heel or buttock
3. DIRECTION and LENGTH of bullet tract
4. ORGANS or TISSUES INVOLVED
5. LOCATION of missile if lodged;
6. DIAGRAM, PHOTOGRAPH, SKETCH or
DRAWING
1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
TO ANSWER IN COURT
Could the weapon inflict the wound?
What Range?
DIRECTION of the fire.
Possibility that the wound is self inflicted.
Signs of struggle.
Resistance after the injury.
Died instantaneously.
Relative positions of the involved

4. 1.
2.
3.
Odor of the gas inside the barrel
Chemical changes inside the
barrel
Evidences that may be deduced
from the wound
 Can the direction of the shot be determined from the
direction from which the shot came from? Not possible
 Can the firearm be identified by the sound of the
discharge? Impossible. Accustomed-may be

5. AUTOMATIC PISTOLS VERSUS REVOLVER
Location of the empty shells- driven out/inside cylindrical
chamber
2. Nature of the spent bullet- copper jacketed/no such coating
(not true in all cases)
3. Nature of the base of the cartridge or spent shell- no
difference/ wider diameter than that of the cylindrical body
1.

6. 1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Location and extraction of
the bullet;
Reveal fragmentation and
their location
Show bone involvement
Reveal trajectory
Show the effects of the
bullet wound

7. •
•
•
Shoulder-fired
Smooth barrel
One or more round balls or
pellets
CLASSES OF SHOT
•
•
•
•
Bird shot- 0.05 to 0.15 “
diameter, from 200 to 400 shots
Buckshot- 0.24 to 0.33 “ in
diameter, fewer shots. 12 gauge- 9
shots
Single projectile- single shot or slug
LETHAL RANGE- an area of 35 to 40 “ in diameter at 30
to 40 yards

8. •
Contact wounds
of chest &
abdomen
– Circular in
configuration
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13

9. 
Contact to 2 ft
› Circular
› ¾ - 1 inch diameter
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14

10. 
3ft
› Scalloped margins
due to separating
pellets
•
4 ft
– 1 inch diameter
– Scattered satellite
pellet holes
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15

11. •
Approx. 10 ft
– Ragged
central hole
surrounded by
numerous
pellet holes

12. 
Beyond 10 ft
› Multiple pellet
holes
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17

13. PNP Crime Lab
Shot gun
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18

14. Shot gun
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19

15. •Measure the distance between the two farthest
shot (pellets) in inches and subtract one , the
number thus obtained will give the muzzle-target
distance in yards.
• The character of the wound and the degree of
dispersal is influenced by the muzzle-target
distance, gauge of the shotgun, degree of choke
and the type of ammunition.
•A close shot produces more serious injuries
because the shots are concentrated on a specific
target and because of greater kinetic energy of
the pellets.

16. DETERMINATION OF THE PRESENCE OF
GUNPOWDER COMPONENTS AND PRIMER
COMPONENTS
Importance of determining the Gunpowder
on the Skin :
1. Determination of the distance of the
gun muzzle from the victim’s body when fired
2. Determining whether a person has fired
a firearm

17. Tests for the Presence of Powder Residues
1. On the Skin (Dorsum of the Hand or Site of the
Wound of Entrance)
a) Dermal Nitrate ( Paraffin test, Diphenylamine
test,Lung’s Test or Gonzales Test
2.On Clothings (esp Colored Ones)
Walker’s Test ( C acid , H acid test)

18. FIREARM IDENTIFICATION
The following factors must be utilized in the identification of the firearm
used in the commission of crime:
1. Caliber of the Weapon
2. Fingerprints
3. Fouling of the Barrel
4. Serial Number
5. Ballistics Examination- firearm identification

19. Ballistics May Be Subdivided into Three Separate and
Distinct Area of Study
1)Interior Ballistics
2) Exterior Ballistics
3) Terminal Ballistics
Medical Ballistics

20. Basic Principles Involved in Firearm Identification
1) The quality of metal is very much harder and resistant
to deformity as compared with the quality of metal used
in the manufacture of the cartridge- part of the gun can
easily be impressed on the shell or bullet.
2) Certain physical characteristics of certain type of
caliber which differentiate it from others of different
manufacturer.
3) No two firearms can be manufactured with identical
surface characteristics. This is referred to as individual
characteristics.

21. Instruments used in Firearm Identification
1) Comparison Microscope
2) Bullet Recovery Box
3) Hand Lens
4) Sharp pointed instrument
for scraping I.D. marks
5) Caliper
6) Analytical Balance
Types of Marking on the Examination through the
Comparison Microscope
1) Impression Type Mark ( Stamp Mark)
2) Striation or Serration mark

22. MARKS FOUND IN THE SHELL
1) Of the Firing pin
2) From the extractor
3) Of the ejector
4) From the breechblock
5) On the cylindrical surface of the shell
MARKS FOUND IN THE BULLET
1) Number of Lands and Grooves
2) Direction of the twist of the
rifling marks