1. By. Ozmar Azhari
CSCO11167205
Jan - 11

2. INTERNETWORKING SCHEME

3. OSI REFERENCE MODEL
 Created by ISO year of 1977
 Framework for creating and
implementing networking standards,
devices, and internetworking schemes
 To assist data transfer between disparate
hosts (different vendors)
 Divided into Upper and Lower Layer

4. LAYER FUNCTION

5. TRANSPORT LAYER
 Segments and reassembles data into data stream to
provide end to end data transport services and
establish a logical connection between source and
destination
 Well known protocol in this layer is TCP and UDP
 Two types of transport layer is connection oriented
and connection less
 PDU: Segment

6. CONNECTION ORIENTED
 Provide reliable connection between hosts
 Use 3-way handshake to establish session
 There are flow control, windowing, and acknowledge
to better provide the connection
 TCP is the sample of connection oriented protocol

7. NETWORK LAYER
 Network layer provide device addressing, tracking of device
location in the network, determines best path to move data.
 IP Address is the well-known network layer logical addressing
 Two types of packets at network layer:
 Data packet (IP, IPX, Novell, AppleTalk) usually called Routed
Protocol
 Route update packet (RIP, EIGRP, OSPF, ISIS, BGP) usually called
Routing Protocol
 PDU: Packet

8. DATA LINK LAYER
 Provide physical transmission of the data and handles error
detection and flow control.
 This layer will ensure messages are delivered to the proper
device on LAN using hardware address
 Two pars of Data Link are:
 LLC
 MAC
 PDU: Frame

9. PHYSICAL LAYER
 Specify electrical, mechanical, procedural, and
functional requirements for activating, maintaining,
and deactivating a physical link between end systems.
 PDU: Byte/Bits

10. TCP/IP DOD STACK
 DoD model is the condensed version of the OSI
Model, composed of four layers:
 Process/Application Layer
 Host-to-Host Layer
 Internet Layer
 Network Access layer
 Worldwide internet is built based on this DoD Stack

11. DATA ENCAPSULATION
Data to be delivered through network will be encapsulated as the data
goes down the layer:
1.
User information is converted to data for transmission on the
network
2. Data is converted into segments and a reliable connection is establish
between source and destination hosts
3. Segments are converted to packets, and logical address is placed in
the header so each packet can be routed through an internetwork
4. Packets are converted to frames for transmission on the network.
Hardware address are used to uniquely identify host on local
network segments
5. Frame are converted into bits, and digital encoding and clocking
scheme are used.

12. INTERNETWORKING COMPONENT
•Hub
•Switch
•Router

13. HUB
 Device for connecting multiple devices (usually
computer) together and making them act as a single
network segment
 Works at OSI Layer 1
 Obsolete and not recommended to be used in large
network
 Dumb Terminal and only broadcast every packet its
received

14. SWITCH
 Central part of LAN Network
 Intelligent device with switching capability
 Stored switching information in CAM Table
 Not able to break broadcast domain (except using
VLAN)
 Do not forward packet to other network
 Work at OSI Layer 2

15. ROUTER
 Use to connect networks together and router packets
from one network to another
 Break broadcast domain
 Use routing protocol to build routing table to make
path selection
 Works in OSI Layer 3

16. COLLISION & BROADCAST DOMAIN
 Collision domain is a scenario where in only one
particular device can send a packet on a network
segment, if there are two devices send packets in the
same time there will be a collision
 Broadcast domain is a domain where a broadcast
packet will be send to every devices sit in the same
domain

17. COLLISION & BROADCAST DOMAIN
 Hub has 1 collision domain and 1 broadcast domain
 Switch have many collision domain (depends on
number of ports) and 1 Broadcast domain
 Router have many collision domain (depends on
number of ports) and many broadcast domain
(depends on number of ports)

18. INTRODUCTION TO ETHERNET
 Is a contention media access method that allows all
host on a network to share the same bandwith of a
link, usually called broadcast media.
 Has a collision prevention method called Carrier Sense
Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD).

19. HALF AND FULL-DUPLEX ETHERNET
Ethernet can have two mode of operation:
Half-duplex
 Uses only one wire pair with a digital signal running in both
directions of the wire
 Hub must use half-duplex so that end user is able to detect collision
 Bandwidth can not be use to the maximum, usually only 30-40% of
the link bandwidth
Full-duplex
 Uses two pairs of wires instead of one pair.
 No collisions will occur
 Faster data transfer rate (eg. 10Mbps link will get 20Mbps rate)

20. ETHERNET CABLING
 Types of ethernet cabling are:
 Straight-Through Cabling
 Crossover cabling
 Rolled over Cabling

21. STRAIGHT-THROUGH CABLING
 Use to Connect:
 Host to Switch or Hub
 Router to Switch or hub

22. CROSS OVER CABLING
 Use to Connect
 Switch to Switch
 Hub to Hub
 Host to Host
 Hub To Switch
 Router to host

23. ROLLED OVER CABLING
 Use to connect to router or switch for management
purposes

24. OPTICAL ETHERNET
 Divided into two type:
Multimode (MMF)
 Wavelength: 850nm
 Distance: up to 550m
 Nickname : S or SX (usually being called “short”)
Singlemode (SMF)
 Wavelength: 1310-1550nm
 Distance: 10km (1310nm) up to 70km (1550nm)
 Code: L/LX/LH for 1310nm (usually called “long”)and Z/ZX for
 1550nm (usually called “extended long”)

25. REVIEW QUESTIONS
 At which layer is routing occurs in TCP/IP stack?
 Which OSI layer can determine the availability of the
receiving program and check whether there are enough
resources for that communication?
 What Is CSMA/CD?
 Different between Half and Full Duplex?

26. THANK YOU
Oct-10