Low GWP Refrigerant Mobile AC Systems

Low GWP Refrigerant
Mobile Air Conditioning Systems and Components
低GWP值冷媒在汽车空调系统的应用

Timothy Craig
Engineering Manager, R&D for Alternate Refrigerants
3.June.2010
Thermal Systems

Agenda (议程 )
Introduction （介绍）
– Delphi （德尔福）
– Alternate Refrigerants Background （冷媒替代的背景）
– Customer Requirements for Low GWP Refrigerant （对低GWP值冷媒的客户要求）
– Green House Gas (GHG) and Regulations （温室气体与环保法规）

Technical Presentation （技术资料）
– New Refrigerant and System Development （新冷媒及系统的研发）
– AC Compressor Lubricant Qualification Protocol （空调压缩机润滑剂的合格验证协议）
– Material Compatibility （材料兼容性）

Conclusion （结论）

Thermal tdc 3.June.2010 2

Introduction
Introduction
介绍
介绍


Delphi: Market-Driven Product Lines,
Segmented into Five Divisions
Electrical/Electronic Architecture
- Electrical/Electronic Distribution Systems
- Connection Systems

Electronics & Safety
- Electronic Controls
- Infotainment & Driver Interface

Powertrain Systems
- Gas Engine Managements Systems
- Diesel Engine Management Systems

Thermal Systems
- Thermal Automotive
- Thermal Residential and Commercial Heat Exchangers

Product & Service Solution
- OE Service & Independent Aftermarket
- Diesel Aftermarket


Thermal Systems
Delivering enhanced energy efficiency and world-class comfort through fully
integrated heating and cooling systems, modules and components for
automotive, residential and commercial HVAC markets.

Delphi’s Thermal portfolio includes:
– HVAC Systems
– Powertrain Cooling (Heat Exchangers)
– Compressors
– Residential and Commercial Heat Exchangers


Thermal Automotive
Area of Technical Expertise
Expertise in product / process / application engineering in the following areas:

Refrigerant subsystem
PTC & Heating subsystem
Air-delivery subsystem
Controls Subsystem
– Electronics hardware
– Software

Electrical Subsystem


Delphi Thermal Systems
Automotive Products Portfolio

Powertrain
Cooling Systems

Radiator Condenser Charge Air Cooler
HVAC
Systems
HVAC Controls

HVAC Control HVAC Module Evaporator

Compressors

Fixed Displacement Internally Controlled Externally Controlled CVC
(SP/CSP) Compact Variable (CVC)


Automotive Products Portfolio

Air to Oil Cooler; AOC
Advanced
Systems High Performance iR/D Condenser

Chiller/Cooler Liquid Cooled CAC Combi-Cooler (Condr & oil)
Specialty & Hybrid
Power Train and
Battery Cooling

Air Cooled Hybrid Batteries Center Mounted PTC Fan

Energy Efficient

Internal Heat Exchanger Series Re-heat Control ePTC
(IHX)


2010 Global Presence
North America
North America Europe & Middle East
Europe & Middle East
Countries:
Countries: 22 Countries:
Countries: 44
Headcount:
Headcount: 2,600
2,600 Headcount:
Headcount: 1,900
1,900
Manufacturing sites:
Manufacturing sites: 66 Manufacturing sites:
Manufacturing sites: 44
Joint ventures:
Joint ventures: -- Joint ventures:
Joint ventures: --
Technical centers:
Technical centers: 22 Technical centers:
Technical centers: 11

Total Delphi Thermal
Total Delphi Thermal
Countries:
Countries: 12
12
Headcount:
Headcount: 6,100
6,100
14
Joint ventures:
Joint ventures: 2
2
Technical centers:
4

South America
South America Asia Pacific
Asia Pacific
Countries:
Countries: 11 Countries:
Countries: 4
4
Headcount:
Headcount: 600
600 Headcount:
Headcount: 1000
1000
Manufacturing sites: 11 Manufacturing sites:
3
Joint ventures:
Joint ventures: -- Joint ventures:
Joint ventures: 2
2
Technical centers:
Technical centers: -- Technical centers:
1

Global Manufacturing – Asia Pacific

SOUTH KOREA
INDIA Radiators
Radiators Condensers
Condensers Oil Coolers
HVAC Modules Charge Air Coolers
Heater Cores Evaporators
HVAC Modules
Heater Cores
PTC Modules
HVAC Controls
Compressors

THAILAND
HVAC Modules
PTC Modules
CHINA
Radiators
Condensers
Evaporators
HVAC Modules
Heater Cores
A/C Lines – Hoses
PTC Modules
HVAC Controls
STAC/R Condensers


Alternate Refrigerant Background
Alternate Refrigerant Background
冷媒替代的背景
冷媒替代的背景


Delphi’s Refrigerants Background
德尔福冷媒方面的背景

– Delphi (Harrison) First Introduced Under-the-Hood Air Conditioning in 1953

– First Refrigerant use in MAC Industry was R-12 (CFC-12)
» R-12 is very stable with good cooling properties
» Identified as contributing to Ozone Depletion (ODP) (Montreal Protocol 1989)

– Delphi (GM / Harrison) led the MAC Industry Conversion to HCFCs in 1992-1995
» R-134a (HCFC-134a) Selected as the New Global Refrigerant; ODP = 0
» Developed New Synthetic Lubricant (PAG) Needed for A/C Compressor Durability

– Kyoto Protocol (1997) Identified Impact of Greenhouse Gases (GHG) on Climate Change
» Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is a Major Contributor and Reference Gage for Other Substances
» Current MAC Global Refrigerant, R-134a, is 1430x Stronger GHG then CO2 (GWP = 1430)

– EU Legislation to Take Effect January 2011 Limits GHG Effect to 150x CO2 Max. (150 GWP)
» Industry Focused on Developing a New, Low GWP Refrigerant Systems since 1998
» Delphi Instrumental in EU Establishing Limit at 150 GWP Instead of 1 GWP (R-152a is GWP 124)
» Worked closely with Chemical Companies to Identify the new refrigerant R-1234yf (2003 - 2007)

– US EPA (2009) – Tailpipe Credit Regulation of 1.April.2010
» Delphi’s Comprehensive Risk Assessment of R-152a (2005) Basis for R-1234yf Risk Assessment
» SAE R-1234yf Risk Assessment Proposed as Basis for US EPA Rule
» Provides Very Strong Incentive for Low GWP Refrigerant If Need to Meet US Fuel Economy Target


Overview – Low GWP Refrigerant
概观 - 低GWP值冷媒

Governmental Regulation 政府法规

Customer Requirements 客户要求

Mobile Air Conditioning System Development for
Thermal and Energy Performance
汽车空调系统对热交换与能效的研发

Qualification of Compressor – Evaporator –
Condenser – Internal Heat Exchanger
合格验证：压缩机-蒸发器-冷凝器-内部热交换器


GHG and Regulatory
GHG and Regulatory
温室气体与环保法规
温室气体与环保法规


Environment Impact Why a new refrigerant ?
环境的影响为什么需要新冷媒？
为什么需要新冷媒？

MAC Green House Gas (GHG) and Global Warming Potential (GWP)
汽车空调的温室气体（GHG）与全球变暖潜势（GWP）
– Direct GHG is Leakage of Refrigerant to the Atmosphere (GWP)
直接温室气体是：冷媒对大气的泄漏
– Indirect GHG is CO2 From Fuel Used for A/C
间接温室气体是：用于汽车空调的燃油产生的CO2

MAC Refrigerant GHG Impact Chart Basis 图表根据:

400 - Direct: 100g/yr/car of Refrigerant
350 to atmosphere (production based)
300
kg CO2eq/year

直接：量产车每车每年每100克的冷媒
250
Indirect 进入大气
200
Direct
150
100
- Indirect: 5.5% of Fuel Used for
50 A/C in NA; i.e.. Efficiency
0 间接：在北美的汽车效率：5.5%的燃油
R-134a R-1234yf
(GWP = 1430) (GWP = 4)
用于空调
Refrigerant

Goal: “Eliminate” Refrigerant GHG Impact
目的：“消灭” 冷媒的温室气体效应

Regulatory EU Regulatory requirements
法规欧洲法规要求

CY 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020

Reg. 443/2009 EC of 23Ap09 setting emission performance standards for light-duty vehicles

* OEM voluntary target 140 gCO2/km Timing for 120 gCO2/km 95 gCO2/km

2008 EU average
emissions = 154
gCO2/km

Indirect

Direct
2006/40/EC – directive on emissions from air conditioning in motor vehicles

Low-leak R134a New Type-approvals GWP<150 GWP<150


Regulatory US EPA CO2 Credits
法规美国CO2信用
美国
A/C Technology EPA Final Credit
(gCO2/mile)

R-1234yf (avg. of cars & trucks) 15.5
US-EPA Greenhouse Gas Reduced reheat, with externally-controlled, variable-
displacement compressor 1.7
2016 2016 Rule and Credits Credits
Proposed Rule and Reduced reheat, with externally-controlled, fixed-
350 displacement or pneumatic variable-displacement
compressor 1.1
Default to recirculated air with closed-loop control of
5.7 the air supply (sensor feedback to control interior air
17.2 quality) whenever the ambient temperature is 75 ° F
300
V e h icle E m is sio n s (g C O 2/m ile)

or higher (although deviations from this temperature
are allowed if accompanied by an engineering
5.7 analysis) 1.7
250 15.5 Default to recirculated air with open-loop control air
5.7 supply (no sensor feedback) whenever the ambient
13.8 temperature 75 ° or higher lower temperatures are
F
allowed) 1.1
200 Blower motor and cooling fan controls which limit
waste energy (e.g. pulse width modulated power
controller) 0.9

Electronic expansion valve NA
150 302
Improved condensers and/or evaporators (with
250 system analysis on the component(s) indicating a
224 COP improvement greater than 10%, when
100 compared to previous industry standard designs) 1.1
Oil Separator (with engineering analysis
demonstrating effectiveness relative to the baseline
design) 0.6
50
Reduced reheat, with cycling pneumatic variable- included in 3rd item
250 gCO2/mile = 35.5
displacement compressor from top now
mpg
IHX 1.1
0

Passenger Light-Duty Combined
Model Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
Cars Trucks
A/C Indirect Emissions Credit
A/C Direct Emissions Credit Proposed Vehicle emissions: 361 down to 250 gCO2/mile
2016 EPA Vehicle Requirement


Customer Requirements
Customer Requirements
客户要求
客户要求


Customer Requirements for
Low GWP Refrigerant MAC System
对汽车空调系统的低GWP值冷媒的客户要求

– Refrigerant GWP < 150
– 冷媒GWP值小于150
– Cooling Performance Equal to System with R-134a
– 制冷效果等同于R-134a系统
– Energy Use Equal to or Lower Than System with R-134a
– 使用的能量果等同于或低于R-134a系统
– Components and Cost of System Equal to or Lower Than R-134a
– 零件与系统价格等同于或低于R-134a系统
– Reliability and Quality Equal to R-134a System
– 可靠性与质量等同于R-134a系统
– Service in Field Equal to R-134a System
– 售后服务等同于R-134a系统
– Compatible with R-134a System
– 与R-134a系统有兼容性


New Refrigerant & Systems Development
New Refrigerant & Systems Development
新冷媒及系统的研发
新冷媒及系统的研发


R-1234yf – Refrigerant Impact Overview
R-1234yf 冷媒的影响概观
Context 背景 GWP= 4
Refrigerant Thermodynamic Properties – Directive 2006/40/EC 欧洲法规
冷媒的热传特性
– US EPA Tailpipe CO2 Credits 美国CO2信用
5 -10 % Drop-in performance loss
直接替换性能损失为 5–10%
– Lower Pressure Drop; Enhanced Condensing
需降低压降，增加冷凝能力
– Components adaptations (pass
arrangements / valve settings) 零件变化如
流道设计及TXV特性点的设定
– Potential for new component: IHX 增加新零
件如 IHX 的可能性
Oil change necessary 改变油的需要
– Separation at low refrigerant operating
temperature 低温条件下油与冷媒的分离
Refrigerant Classification A2L
冷媒已划分为A2L类
冷媒已划分为类
– Refrigerant handling guidelines
冷媒使用指导书
New Material – Risk assessment to be documented
风险评估归档
New Manufacturing
process
Refrigerant supply 冷媒供应
– Supplier Readiness 供应商到位
R-134a R-1234yf – Patent Impact 专利的影响
CF3CF=CH2:
2,3,3,3-Tetrafluoropropene
Fluorocarbon Number: 1234yf

New Refrigerant Qualification Checklist
新冷媒合格验证检查清单

= Complete OK
– Technical Protocol for 技术协议: 完成合格
» System Performance Simiulation 系统性能模拟
» System Performance Testing 系统性能实验
» Component Adaption 零件适应性
» Compressor and Lubricant Readiness 压缩机与润滑油准备好了
» Materials Compatibility 材料兼容性
» Serial Production Start-up 开始投产


System Component Effects
Simulation of Changing One Component at a Time
系统零件变化对性能的影响：模拟一次改变一个零件

Small Vehicle System Simulation Parametric Study
Idle Recirc, High Blower (Steady State)
Grill T=54 C, Tair In Evap=28 C x 32% RH, Cond Out SC=11 C

1.20

+15% Compressor Displacement
Compressor Power Ratio (1234yf/R134a)

1.15

Each
1.10
component
change has
a different
1.05
impact on
+22% Evap Perf
capacity
and power.
1.00 28% Effective IHX (150 mm)

+18% Cond Perf
= Target
0.95
0.92 0.93 0.94 0.95 0.96 0.97 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04
Capacity Ratio (1234yf/R134a)


Design Guidelines
System Performance with Component Changes
设计导向：零件变化对系统性能的影响
Recommended System Performance Ratio
Component R-1234yf/R-134a
Modification
Performance Ratio R1234yf/R134a >1 Best <1 <<1 Drop in
Improve Suction Line
(lower delta P) X X
降低进气管压降
Increase sub-cooling -
(increase m2) X X
增加过冷换热面积

Add IHX 增加
增加IHX零件
零件 X

Increase Condensing
(m2, ε, CMM, °C) X
增加冷凝-面积效率，风量，
增加冷凝面积，效率，风量，温差
面积，
Optimize TXV
X X X
优化 TXV 特性
Increase Evaporator
Performance X X X
增加蒸发器性能

Internal Heat Exchanger Benefit Description
内热交换器 – IHX 优点

IHX Provides
Increased Sub-Cooling
of Liquid Refrigerant
IHX增加了冷媒的过冷度

Result: Additional
Evaporator Capacity
增加了蒸发器的制冷能力


For Delphi:
System and Components R-1234yf Ready
对德尔福来说，R-1234yf的系统与零件都准备好了
Expansion

Condenser R/D
Evaporator

IHX
12mm & 16mm
XTC Condenser R/D
冷凝器 – 12 与 16 毫米带储
液器的超薄平行流式
Tube & Center or Plate Type Compressor
FOD
Evaporator
蒸发器 – 平行流式或层叠式

Pneumatic or Electronic Controlled
Compact Internal Heat Exchanger Variable Compressor
(IHX)
压力或电子控制的变排量压缩机
紧凑型的内热交换器 - IHX


Delphi’s R-1234yf Work Overview
德尔福R-1234yf所做的工作概观

History （已做的工作）
– Delphi started evaluating refrigerant R1234yf in December 2007 （2007 十二月开始）
– Delphi has developed systems with Thermal & Energy = R-134a （与R-134a等效的系统）
» 5 Passenger Car Systems （5种乘用车）
» 2 SUV Systems (Dual Evaporator) （2种SUV – 双蒸发器系统）
– Full Bench Durability on 5 compressors is completed, OK （完成了5种压缩机的耐久性台架实
验，实验结果满意）
» More currently ongoing （更多的实验还在进行中）
– Multiple Customer Fleet Test Vehicles 160,000 km （多种OEM车队整车实验，16万公里）
» 2 – Complete, OK （已完成2种OEM车队整车实验 -实验结果满意）
» 5 – Ongoing （ 5种OEM车队整车实验还在进行中）
– Full Oil Study (pure oil; bench compressor tests after; durability testing vehicle) （对压缩机油
的全面研究 – 纯油，压缩机台架实验后的油，整车耐久性实验后的油）
– Migration (Static Vehicle Oil Movement) （迁移-静态车油的运动）
– Active technical contribution for specification development （积极地投入新标准的制定）

Now （正在做的工作）
– Working on Serial Production Programs （项目的投产工作）
– Final Validation of components and oil underway （零件与油的最终合格验证)


A/C Compressor and Lubricant Qualfication
A/C Compressor and Lubricant Qualfication
空调压缩机润滑剂的合格验证
空调压缩机润滑剂的合格验证


Compressor Based Development
Lubricant (Oil) Qualification Protocol
压缩机研发 - 润滑油合格验证协议

Working Fluid: R-1234yf & Oil
Field Usage Based Testing
工质： R-1234yf 与油
工质：
在车辆正常使用时的评估

-Customer Usage Test （客户使用实验）
Special Conditions Evaluation
- Migration (system specific) （迁移）
OK
特殊条件评估

- Low Charge （油量充注过低时）
Basic Evaluation - Over-charge （油量充注过高时）
基本评估 OK - Low Lubrication （油的润滑性低时）

- Oil Only Properties （油本身的特性）
- Oil Circulation （油的循环量）

- Oil Crankcase Retention (压缩机箱中油的存留量）
- Mechanical Stress Test （机械应力实验)

Oil Selection Strategy Used Successfully on Two Generations of R-134a Oil
对润滑油的选择策略已成功的应用于对两代R-134a润滑油的选择了

R-1234yf Base Lubricant (Oil Only) Properties
Nominal Lubricant: VG40 = 42 cSt 油本身的特性
Property Test Method Rationale / Background

Physical Appearance ASTM D1500-color by UV-Vis Objective color standard to judge product

Viscosity @ 40°C ASTM D445 Base Rating

Viscosity @ 100°C ASTM D445 Secondary Rating

Viscosity Index ASTM D2270 Rate of change of viscosity with temp. > is better
Key Properties
Solubility 3%, 10%, 20% Lube in R-1234yf How do refrigerant and oil mix? One or two phases?
关键特性
Critical Sol. Temp (0C) Use lubricant % lowest on Solub. Curve Minimum phase separation temperature of Upper Curve

0
Pour Point ( C) ASTM D97 Ensure "pourable" at minimum application temp.
- Viscosity f(T) 粘度
Water Content (bulk) ASTM D4377 (Karl Fischer) How much water is in the oil "as delivered"
Acid No. (TAN)
pH
ASTM D 664 How much OH needs to be added to neutralize oil? As Rec'd > Lubrication 润滑性
Sealed Tube Stability
Visual; Reference Para. 4.1.3
Test
Delphi TM-217 - Solubility 溶解度
(177° for 14 days)
C
GC-MS
> Mixing 混合
Method for measuring the formation of Acid when the
– as received
TAN (Total Acid Number)
(ASTM D6645) @ 5000 ppm H2O
mixture of refrigerant + Oil + water is exposed to high
temperature for two weeks
- Stability 稳定性
@ Saturation (STP)
> Acid Formation
酸的形成

Gel Permeability Indication of MW distribution - how many molecules in oil?
ASTM D5296
Chromatography Any blending of oils?
A vs. B comparison of lub. not related to in compressor
Wear Testing TM-320 End of Life Compressor Testing
lubrication

Compressor Based
Lubricant Basic Evaluation Tests 压缩机油基本评估实验

Test Title Test Objective Test Method
实验名称实验目的实验方法

Oil Circulation Rate Measure amount of oil 1. Collection Recovery 搜集回收量
油的循环量 flowing in the AC System 2. Measuring Device 测量装置
测量空调系统中油的流量

Oil Retention Measure amount of oil 1. By compressor weight change 压缩
油的存留量 remaining in the 机重量的变化
compressor 测量压缩机中 2. Drain and weigh oil from
油的存留量 compressor 倒出压缩机的油来称重

Mechanical Stress Test compressor on Failure mode analysis 失效模式分析
Test progressively more
机械应力实验 severe conditions to
identify failure 通过逐渐加
大压缩机的负载来查明故障


Compressor Based
Lubricant Special Evaluation Tests 压缩机油特殊条件评估实验


Low Refrigerant How long can the Operate compressor at multiple
Charge 油量充注过低 compressor run with low loads and speeds and evaluate
refrigerant 测在油量充注过 compressor parts for wear
低时压缩机可以运行多久在不同的负载与转速下运行压缩机，
然后评估零件的摩损结果
Operate compressor at multiple
High Refrigerant How long can the
loads and speeds and evaluate
Charge 油量充注过高 compressor run with high
compressor parts for wear
refrigerant 测在油量充注过
在不同的负载与转速下运行压缩机，
高时压缩机可以运行多久
然后评估零件的摩损结果

Low Lubrication Test compressor on Operate compressor at multiple
油的润滑性低 progressively more loads and speeds and evaluate
severe conditions to compressor parts for wear
identify failure 通过逐渐加在不同的负载与转速下运行压缩机，
大压缩机的负载来查明故障然后评估零件的摩损结果


Compressor Based
Lubricant Field Usage Base Tests 压缩机油在车辆正常使用时的实验


Customer Usage Run compressor bench 1. Compressor passes all testing 压缩
Testing test that simulates the 机通过所有的实验
客户使用实验
field usage 2. End of Test: Evaluate compressor
在实验台架上运行压缩机来模 parts for wear 实验完成后，评估压
拟车辆正常使用的情况缩机零件的摩损结果

Migration Static movement of Check compressor after 30 or more
迁移 refrigerant from daily days of static testing for sufficient
temperature change can lubrication
remove oil from 在30天或更长的迁移实验后，检查压缩机
compressor 是否有足够的润滑油
由于每天的温度变化，在空调
系统不运作（静态）的情况
下，冷媒会在系统中流动而把
润滑油带离压缩机


Delphi Compressors (德尔福压缩机)

Completed All Necessary Testing for R-
1234yf Refrigerant Successfully （顺利
完成了使用R-1234yf冷媒所有必要实验） Low Side Oil
Return - via
Detailed Review of Lubrication System OCR

（对润滑系统的详细分析）

Pd-Pc Flow via
Control Valve

Delphi’s Variable and Pc-Ps Flow via
Fixed Bleed

Fixed Compressors are Oil Separation /
Crankcase
Lubrication

Validated for R-1234yf Oil Migration
Crankcase Oil
Retained
into CC Due to
德尔福所有的定排量及变排量压缩 Pd- Pc
Pressure
Differential
机都对R-1234yf进行了合格验证


Delphi Product Portfolio
Compact Variable Compressors - CVC (德尔福变排量压缩机 – CVC)

VARIABLE DISPLACEMENT
Internal Control
7CVC185 (内控）
内控）
内控

LARGE

7CVC165
Vehicle Size / AC Capacity

6CVC160

6CVC140 External Control-
MID - SIZE
Clutched
（外控 - 带离合器）
带离合器）
6CVC125
SMALL
5CVC120

External Control-
Clutchless
MINI （外控 - 不带离合器）
不带离合器）


Delphi Product Portfolio
Fixed Displacement Compressors （德尔福定排量压缩机）

FIXED DISPLACEMENT

SP 20 HE

LARGE
SP 17 HE
Vehicle Size / AC Capacity

SP 15 HE
MID - SIZE

SP 13 HE
SMALL

SP 11 HE
MINI


Materials Compatibility
Materials Compatibility
材料兼容性
材料兼容性


Delphi Testing Approach –
Lockport Technical Center Materials Lab
（德尔福测试途径 –Lockport技术中心材料实验室）

Test Methods （实验方法）
– Compatibility with Mixture of R-1234yf and PAG （R-1234yf与PAG油混合的兼容性）
» Hoses (Hose supplier – Delphi Limited Checks) （软管 – 仅德尔福供应商）
» 75mm x 75mm “Slabs” of Material （75x75毫米的板材）
» Thermoplastics （热塑性塑料）

Key Properties （关键特性）
– Swelling （肿胀）
– Tensile Strength （拉伸强度）
– Elongation （伸长率）
– Hardness（硬度）

Test Standards （实验标准）
– General: PAG/ R1234yf at 150 C/ 168 hours （一般：PAG/ R1234yf 在150℃/ 168小时)
– Tensile and Elongation ASTM D412 （拉伸伸长率: 美国ASTM标准 D412)
– Volume Swell ASTM D471 （体积膨胀率: 美国ASTM标准 D471)
– Change in hardness ASTM D2240 （硬度变化率: 美国ASTM标准 D2240)


Delphi Material Testing Plan Summary –
Compressors (德尔福压缩机材料实验计划小结）

Compatibility Testing of Nonmetallics for R-1234yf
（非金属材料对R-1234yf兼容性测试）兼容性测试）
Tests: Compatibility （实验：兼容性）

COMPRESSOR （压缩机）
压缩机）

Part （零件）
零件） Material Type 材料种类
Visual /FTIR/TGA
Dual Lip Seal 双密封唇轴封 HNBr Rubber No change / OK
Electronic Control Valve 电子控制阀 HNBr Rubber No change / OK
Body O-ring 壳体O型圈 EPDM Rubber No change / OK
HPRV Outer O-ring Seal 高压阀O型圈外圈 HNBr Rubber No change / OK
HPRV Inner O-ring Seal 高压阀O型圈内圈 HNBr Rubber No change / OK
Pulley Bearing Seal 滑轮轴承密封垫 NBr Rubber No change / OK
Torque Cushion 转矩靠垫 Butyl Rubber pending test
Muffler Cover O-ring 消声器盖力矩O型圈 EPDM Rubber pending test
Shipping Plug 运输保护盖 NBr Rubber pending test
Piston Ring 活塞环 10% Graphite Teflon No change / OK
Rear Head Gasket 后壳密封垫片 NBr Rubber pending test

Delphi Materials Tested – OK
德尔福材料测试结果 - OK

Conclusion
Conclusion
结论
结论


Conclusion（结论）

Low GWP Refrigerant R-1234yf Has Been Developed
for MAC Applications （R-1234yf 作为低GWP值冷媒在汽车空调系
统的应用已完成）

Delphi Thermal Ready For Serial Production Programs
With R-1234yf （德尔福热系统已对汽车空调系统的投产使用R-1234yf
做好了准备）
R-1234yf Systems Cooling Capacity And Energy Use Can
Match R-134a （R-1234yf 空调系统的制冷能力及能效可以达到R-134a系
统的制冷能力及能效）
– May Require Addition of an IHX （也许要加一个IHX换热器）

Common Component and Lubricant Between R-1234yf And
R-134a Possible （在R-1234yf 和R-134a空调系统中使用共同的零件和润
滑剂是可能的）


Thank You
Thank You
谢谢
谢谢


Low GWP Refrigerant Mobile AC Systems

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