1. Programmatic approach towards
sustainable refrigeration, air conditioning and foam production
GIZ Proklima International
UNEP ECA Network Meeting
10th May 2011, Belgrade
Bernhard Siegele, GIZ-Proklima
Projects funded by
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2. Since the 1st January 2011 the GTZ changed it’s name to GIZ due
to a merger with:
DED – Deutscher Entwichlungsdienst GmbH
InWent – Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung
GmbH
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3. Introduction GTZ Proklima
GIZ Ltd. (GmbH)
International cooperation enterprise for sustainable development with
worldwide operations, established in 1975.
Currently, ca. 2,600 development projects and programmes in
126 countries with 67 own offices. App. 18,000 employees, of which
1,400 people employed at the Head Office in Eschborn near Frankfurt
am Main
PROKLIMA – a programme within GIZ
Since 1996 following guidelines and resolutions adopted in the 1987 “Montreal
Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer”.
Advises governments of partner countries, companies on drafting local
regulations , setting policies and replacement of ozone depleting technologies.
Cooperates with 30 countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America in the fields of
refrigeration, foam blowing, fire fighting equipment and agriculture
Since 1996 over 235 projects in almost 40 countries, with an overall volume of
close to US$ 45 million.
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4. Proklima
15 years worldwide initiatives
~ 235 projects
~ 40 countries
~ 8,000 ODP tons reduced
~ 100 Mio tons CO2eq.
reduced
Focus on natural refrigerants with low-GWP and energy-
efficient applications
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5. HCFC phase-out and HFC phase down
Montreal Protocol Obligation to phase out the
use of HCFCs until 2030
Proposals to phase-down the use of HFCs until
2030s
HCFC Phase out HFC-Phase down proposals
100% 100%
80% 80%
60% 60%
NAProposal
40% 40% FSM Proposal
20% 20%
0% 0%
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
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6. worldwide HFC-emissions
40
projection till 2050
35
30
total CO2 emissions target in order to
25 achieve 450 ppm atmospheric
Gt CO2eq
concentration levels (IPCC 3rd
20 Assessment Report)
15
2050: 43,5% of
total CO2eq
10 2010: 1,3% of total emissions
CO2eq emissions
5
HFC-emissions
0
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
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7. US-EPA’s Opinion September 2010
“Available Options in Commercial Refrigeration”:
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8. RAC equipment
RAC equipment that has high energy consumption
Efficiency of refrigerating system
Efficiency of ancillary components (lighting, motors,
heaters, etc)
RAC equipment that currently uses HCFCs, HFCs, etc
Reduce refrigerant leakage, handling losses
Substitute with natural refrigerant
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9. RAC equipment
Considerations based on developing country national
emissions factor
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10. emissions factor (kgCO2/kWh) .
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
Botswana
Cambodia
Bosnia and Herzegovina
India
Malta
Oman
Cuba
Bahrain
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
South Africa
Brunei Darussalam
United Arab Emirates
Iraq
Turkmenistan
Jamaica
Hong Kong, China
Gibraltar
Israel
Cyprus
People's Rep. of China
FYR of Macedonia
Focus on
efficiency
Trinidad and Tobago
Saudi Arabia
Netherlands Antilles
Senegal
Morocco
Benin
Indonesia
Estonia
Yemen
Bangladesh
Eritrea
Chinese Taipei
Other Africa
Kuwait
Serbia
Lebanon
Qatar
Dominican Republic
emissions factor
Malaysia
Syrian Arab Republic
Algeria
Jordan
Zimbabwe
RAC equipment
Mongolia
Tunisia
Mexico
Islamic Rep. of Iran
Thailand
Singapore
Nicaragua
Sudan
Bulgaria
Haiti
Republic of Moldova
Bolivia
Kazakhstan
Turkey
DPR of Korea
Korea
Uzbekistan
Egypt
Philippines
Gabon
Romania
Azerbaijan
Pakistan
Honduras
Vietnam
Nigeria
Togo
Sri Lanka
Croatia
Chile
Slovenia
Côte d'Ivoire
Guatemala
Ghana
Ukraine
Argentina
Myanmar
Former Soviet Union
Ecuador
Russian Federation
Panama
Kenya
Cameroon
Belarus
– Dictates the focus (although may also be both)
El Salvador
United Rep. of Tanzania
Venezuela
Canada
Peru
Latvia
Armenia
Georgia
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Angola
Colombia
Lithuania
Uruguay
Congo
Namibia
Kyrgyzstan
Brazil
Costa Rica
Albania
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Ethiopia
Tajikistan
Zambia
(emissions and
Focus on
refrigerant type)
refrigerant
Nepal
Considerations based on developing country national
Dem. Rep. of Congo
Mozambique

11. Barriers to low-GWP refrigerants
Introduction
The “default” replacement for R22 is HFCs
Decision 60/44, ExCom recommends that climate (GWP,
energy) be considered when choosing alternatives to
HCFCs
If R22 is replaced with HFCs, the “average” GWP from
the mix is around 3,000 (compared to 1,800 for R22)
With >10% annual growth of HCFC use in Article 5
countries significant increase in GHG emissions
For 2009, emissions approx. 400 m tCO2-eq 670 m
tCO2-eq if HFC used 1,300 m tCO2-eq in 2010
One option to help avoid such emissions is through use of
alternative refrigerants with low-GWP
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12. Barriers to low-GWP refrigerants
Refrigerants to consider
• Those under consideration, and their main technical issues
R-717 (ammonia)
― Higher toxicity, low flammability, cannot use copper
systems
HCs – R-290 (propane), R-1270 (propylene)
― High flammability
R-744 (carbon dioxide)
― Very high working pressures, low critical temperature /
transcritical cycle at higher ambient temperatures
Unsaturated HFCs – R1234yf, R1243zf, etc
― Very new, probably rather costly, not commercialised yet
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13. Barriers and solutions for
application of natural refrigerants
Barriers Solution/approach
flammability, Implementation of relevant safety measures
risk of explosion, Capacity building measures
toxicity For conversions of production lines:
support for re-design (safety and energy efficiency)
restrictive standards Advice on new standards, considering the application
of natural refrigerants
higher investment Demonstration projects in order to prove operative
costs savings and to allow sound decisions
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14. Barriers to low-GWP refrigerants
General recommendations
Nine fields where opportunities lie for encouraging
uptake of low-GWP alternatives
Awareness-raising,
Training,
Guidance,
Technical development,
Market development,
Financial incentives,
Regulatory infrastructure,
Montreal Protocol substantive issues,
ENGOs
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15. Barriers to low-GWP refrigerants
General recommendations
Awareness-raising
Highlight the importance of the (climate) problem and the
possibilities of (low-GWP) options available
Training
Critical to adopt dedicated training – specific to each individual
low-GWP alternative and specific to application/end use
Guidance
High quality guidance of what low-GWP alternative, when, where
and how; also targeted to specific stakeholder groups
Technical development
Improving efficiency of R744 AC systems for warm climates,
reducing refrigerant charge sizes for HC systems, safety control
mechanisms for system using flammables
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16. Barriers to low-GWP refrigerants
General recommendations
Market development
Stimulate industry involvement with low-GWP alternatives; encourage
local manufacturing, develop product directories, etc
Financial incentives
Subsidies for using low-GWP, tax incentives for low-GWP / tax
disincentives for high-GWP
Regulatory infrastructure
Impose better control of industry to work safely, modify regulations that
inhibit low-GWP alternatives, ensure safety standards are constructive
Montreal Protocol substantive issues
Decision-making bodies to introduce more incentives, HPMP
consultants should be better assisted to embrace low-GWP
alternatives
ENGOs to more actively lobby on the high/low-GWP issue
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17. Barriers to low-GWP refrigerants
General recommendations
How & where stakeholders can affect process
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18. Programmatic approach
Cross sectoral
Cross-conventional (Montreal/Kyoto/Basel/Stockholm)
From technology demonstration to sector conversions
Optimized application of natural refrigerants/blowing agents
Cooperation with all main stakeholders – massive
involvement of private industry;
Local added value (localization of technology, local
assembly; value chain)
Capacity development (individuals, organisations,
institutions, networks)
Complementary funding
Accessibility to climate negotiations & future climate regime
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19. Environmental technology transfer to
developing countries
Sector development
CFC (HCFC HFC ) LOW GWP + EE applications and systems
Capacity Management/
Networking
development Support
• Policy advise • Cooperation models • Public relations
• Institutional/ (PPP, JV, ... ) • Marketing
legal frame • R&D partnerships • Promotion and
conditions • Brokerage between dissemination of
• Pilot projects associations results
• Standards/ Labelling • Co-financing
• Qualification/ Training • Measuring, verification,
reporting
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20. Programmatic approach
Cold Moderate Hot/dry Tropical
Domestic Greenfreeze, R600a ref.,
Refrigeration worldwide Swasiland,
SolarChill
ICR NH3/CO2 Solar Ref. NH3 AC,
supermarket, Jordan/Gulf Mauritius;
South Africa; Solar Ref.
Refrigerated Mexico,
transport Indonesia
RAC R290 split, R290 split,
China, India China,
worldwide
PU foam Swasiland
XPS foam Ukraine China, Iran
Servicing Iran, India India Brazil
Recycling/De Ukraine Brazil
struction
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21. Proklima Introduction
Proklima
Promotes Technology Transfer through mutual partnerships
Assists partner enterprises in developing countries to acquire, use
and further develop technology know-how for sustainable business
development
Recognizes that environmental protection will work best, when it is
also good business.
Environmentally safe, sustainable technology must be widely
introduced through business partnerships to effectively protect the
future of our children.
Germany, as an industrialized country, did a lot of the environmental
damage we are trying to fix today.
ECA fast growing economies are developing in a similar way
( EU harmonisation/accession).
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22. International Climate Initiative (ICI)
http://www.bmu-klimaschutzinitiative.de/en/theme
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23. Barriers to low-GWP refrigerants
GIZ Proklima activities to help
overcome barriers
Example: Demonstration project of
production of climate-friendly air
conditioners (China)
Project introduces HCs to the
production of room air-conditioning
systems using HCs at Gree Electric
Appliances Inc.
Conversion to HC will reduce
emissions from currently used ozone-
and climate-damaging HCFCs
Enables manufacturer to develop
experience of handling production
and design of ACs using HCs
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24. 24.05.2011
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25. Barriers to low-GWP refrigerants
GIZ Proklima activities to help
overcome barriers
Example: Conversion of large
air-conditioning systems in public
buildings (Mauritius)
Replacing old, inefficient central air-
conditioning systems in public
buildings
With new (R717) ammonia chillers
in country with tropical climate
Project avoids emissions of high-
GWP, ODS refrigerants
Meets all safety requirements of
European safety standard
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26. The old Liquid Chillers
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27. The new Liquid Chillers
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28. The Ammonia Absorber (safety)
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29. Barriers to low-GWP refrigerants
GIZ Proklima activities to help
overcome barriers
Example: Conversion of
supermarket systems (South
Africa)
Replacing conventional centralised
supermarket systems, Pick and Pay
With R744 (carbon dioxide) and
R744/R717systems in country with
hot climate
20-25% higher energy-efficiency
Project avoids emissions of high-
GWP, ODS refrigerants
Meets all safety requirements of
European safety standard
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30. Energy efficiency
Cape Town Gauteng
400 400
[kWh/m2 gekühlter Displayfläche]
Displayfläche
[kWh/m2 gekühlter Displayfläche]
Displayfläche
300 300
Energieverbrauch,
Energieverbrauch
Energieverbrauch, ,
200 200
100 100
0 0
Strand Average Cape Town Randpark Ridge Average Gauteng
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31. COMMERCIAL PLANT ENERGY USE
31 Copyright Aruba Seite 31
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Cooling (Pty)

32. Outcomes – Contractors view
25% to 30% higher than HCFC systems after re-costing using
locally manufactured plant (local components, local know-how)
Store energy use is at least 15% better than comparable modern
stores
ROI 3-4 years
Safety requirements in installation and operation is new to
commercial industry; industrial companies are used to this
Plant rooms planned preferably on the roof
Ammonia leaks are rare and quickly attended to
System life expectancy is at least 5 years longer than traditional
supermarket systems
New technology for natural refrigerants are being developed and
thus will be increasingly part of future commercial refrigeration
systems
Challenges from continued store operations while installation
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33. Outcomes – Pick ‘n Pay view
New strategy on climate friendly stores
Revision of company standards
No more HCFCs in new or refurbished stores
Pilots to include Air Conditioning in NR-system
(Natural Refrigerants)
Allocations in annual budget
Cooperation and exchange with other players in the
market (benchmarking scheme being discussed)
Main competitors (Checkers, Spar, Woolworth, Shopwise,
Makro) taking up technology and converting stores
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34. Barriers to low-GWP refrigerants
GIZ Proklima activities to help
overcome barriers
Example: Demonstration project of
production of climate-friendly
commercial refrigeration
(Swaziland)
Project introduces the production of
stand-alone commercial refrigeration
units HCs at Palfridge
Conversion to HC will reduce
emissions from previously used ozone-
and climate-damaging refrigerants
Product range redesigned to meet
international safety standards
Up to 40% improvement in energy use
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35. Success of Greenfreeze
technology diffusion in China
Greenfreeze Technology Diffusion in
o 1995: Company Quingdao Chinese Refrigerator and Freezer
Production
Haier introduced
Greenfreeze Technology, 80%
supported by GTZ 70%
% of Production using Greenfreeze
60%
o 2009: 93 mio units
(ca.75% of Chinese 50%
production) with 40%
Greenfreeze Technology
30%
o Saved (since introduction):
ca. US$ 350 mio; 20%
ca. 150 mio tCO2eq 10%
o With Palfridge project
0%
technology also introduced 1995 2003 2008
in Africa
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36. Barriers to low-GWP refrigerants
GIZ Proklima activities to help overcome
barriers
Example: action plan in China
to implement flammable
refrigerants in air conditioning
sector
Development of plan in
collaboration with industry for
widespread use of low-GWP
flammable refrigerants
Includes development activities,
training, standards and codes of
practice
Helps smooth the transition
from ODS, high-GWP to
climate-friendly options
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37. Barriers to low-GWP refrigerants
GIZ Proklima activities to help
overcome barriers
• Example: Comprehensive guidance on low-GWP technology
― Translated/translating into many languages
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38. Barriers to low-GWP refrigerants
GIZ Proklima activities to help
overcome barriers
Example: training on
the use of HCs in
southern Africa region
Thorough, dedicated
training-the-trainer to
use HCs
Helps smooth the
transition from ODS,
high-GWP to climate-
friendly options
Increases confidence of
technicians
Safety information does
not get “lost”
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39. Implementation of Training
Open Screw Compressor
Maintenance and Repair
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40. Current project proposals
National Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA) in
refrigeration, AC and foam sectors (IN, TH, RSA, MEX)
Transport Refrigeration (South Africa)
Solar Refrigeration and Air Conditioning for Commercial
and Industrial Applications) – JO, MX,
Cool Chain for commercial applications (e.g. fruit juice
industry South Africa)
Cold Stores (China)
German Green Cooling Initiative (global)
Harmonization of Refrigeration and AC standards &
WEEE – European Standard (Ukraine)
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41. Potential cooperation with ECA
countries
German International Climate Initiative (IKI)
Technology Demonstration (foam, refrigeration with
natural, non-ODS, low-GWP alternatives) Sector
Approach
Harmonisation of standards, regulations, systems
Tri-Generation (steam, heat, cooling)
Refrigeration and Air Conditioning / Energy Efficiency for
Commercial and Industrial Applications
Pilot area for HC room air conditioning unit (tourism resort)
Development Partnerships with private sector (PPP) on topics
like standards, vocational training (along cool chain)
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42. Thank you!
Contact:
Proklima International
Deutsche Gesellschaft für Technische Zusammenarbeit (GTZ) GmbH
Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg1-5
65760 Eschborn, Germany
Email: bernhard.siegele@giz.de
Internet: www.gtz.de/proklima
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