Entendiendo a Europa y sus mercados

1. The European Union:
493 million people – 27 countries
Member states of the European Union
Candidate countries

2. Founding fathers
New ideas for lasting peace and prosperity…
Konrad Adenauer Alcide De Gasperi
Winston Churchill
Robert Schuman Jean Monnet

3. The EU symbols
The European anthem
The European flag
Europe Day, 9 May
The motto: United in diversity

4. 23 official languages

5. Eight enlargements
1952 1973 1981 1986
1990 1995 2004 2007

6. The big enlargement:
healing the division of Europe
1989 Fall of Berlin Wall – end of Communism
EU economic help begins: Phare programme
1992 Criteria set for a country to join the EU:
• democracy and rule of law
• functioning market economy
• ability to implement EU laws
1998 Formal negotiations on enlargement begin
2002 Copenhagen summit agrees enlargement
2004 10 new EU members: Cyprus, Czech
Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia,
Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia
2007 Bulgaria and Romania join the EU
© Reuders
Candidates
Croatia, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey

7. The Lisbon treaty - taking Europe into
the 21st century
The Treaty will make the European Union:
More efficient Simpler processes, full-time president
for the Council, etc.
More democratic Stronger role for the European Parliament
and national parliaments, "Citizens initiative",
Charter of Fundamental Rights, etc.
More transparent Clarifies who does what, greater public access
to documents and meetings, etc.
More united on High Representative for Foreign Policy, etc.
the world stage
More secure New possibilities to fight climate change
and terrorism, secure energy supplies, etc.
Signed in December 2007 – enter into force when ratified by all 27
EU countries.

8. A transparent Union at your service
The website of the European Union
europa.eu
One and a half million documents available to the public
Europe Direct contact centre
Answers your questions:
00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11
Europe Direct relays
Over 400 EU Info Points across the EU
European Union Documents
Access to internal documents
upon request
The European Ombudsman
Deals with complaints over EU administration
Nikoforos Diamandouros, the EU ombudsman

9. EU population in the world
Population in millions, 2007
1322
497
301
128 142
EU China Japan Russia United States

10. The area of the EU compared to the rest
of the world
Surface area, 1 000 km²
16 889
9327 9159
4234
365
EU China Japan Russia United States

11. How rich is the EU compared to the rest
of the world?
37 300
27 800
24 700
10 793
10 035 10 000
6 400
3676
1 326
468
EU China Japan Russia United States EU China Japan Russia United States
Size of economy: Gross Domestic Product in Wealth per person: Gross Domestic Product
billion of euros, 2006 per person in Purchasing Power Standard, 2007

12. France 544.0
Spain 506.0
Sweden 410.3
Germany 357.0
Poland 312.7
Finland 304.5
Italy 295.1
United Kingdom 243.8
Romania 230.0
Greece 130.7
Bulgaria 111.0
Hungary 93.0
Portugal 91.9
Austria 82.5
How big are the EU countries?
Czech Republic 77.3
Ireland 68.4
Lithuania 62.7
Latvia 62.3
Surface area 1 000 km²
Slovakia 49.0
Estonia 43.4
Denmark 43.1
Netherlands 33.8
Belgium 30.3
Slovenia 20.1
Cyprus 9.3
Luxemburg 2.6
Malta 0.3

13. Germany 82.4
France 63.4
United Kingdom 60.9
Italy 59.1
Spain 44.5
Poland 38.2
Romania 21.6
Netherlands 16.3
Greece 11.2
Portugal 10.6
Belgium 10.5
Czech Republic 10.3
Hungary 10.1
Sweden 9.0
Austria 8.3
How many people live in the EU?
Bulgaria 7.7
497 million
Denmark 5.4
Slovakia 5.4
Population in millions, 2007
Finland 5.3
Ireland 4.3
Lithuania 3.4
Latvia 2.3
Slovenia 2.0
Estonia 1.3
Cyprus 0.8
Luxemburg 0.5
Malta 0.4

14. GDP per inhabitant: the spread of wealth
GDP per inhabitants in Purchasing Power Standards, 2007
Index where the average of the 27 EU-countries is 100
280
144
131 129 127
123 121
118 117
113 113
104 102 100
94 89
87
79 77 75
67 66 63
58 56
53
38 37
Spain
Portugal
Ireland
Hungary
Finland
Poland
Belgium
EU-27
Cyprus
Greece
Czech Republic
Sweden
United Kingdom
Germany
Italy
Estonia
France
Slovenia
Luxembourg
Denmark
Malta
Slovakia
Netherlands
Latvia
Romania
Bulgaria
Lithuania
Austria

15. How is the EU’s money spent?
Total EU budget 2008: 129.1 billion euro
= 1.03% of Gross National Income
Citizens, freedom,
security and justice
1%
The EU as a global player:
including development aid Other, administration
6% 6%
Natural resources: Sustainable growth:
agriculture, new jobs, cohesion,
environment research
43% 45%

16. Climate change – a global challenge
To stop global warming, EU leaders decided in 2007 to:
 reduce greenhouse gas emissions
by 20% by 2020 (30% if other developed
countries do likewise)
 improve energy efficiency by 20% by 2020
 raise the share of renewable energy
to 20% by 2020 (wind, solar, hydro
power, biomass)

17. Energy sources in a changing world
Types of fuel used for making Import dependency: share of fuel imported from
energy in the 27 EU countries, 2005 outside the EU-countries, 2005
100%
82%
Gas
Oil 35%
37%
57%
50%
39%
Nuclear
Coal 14%
18%
Renewables
0%
7%
Coal Oil Gas Nuclear Renewables All types
(uranium) of fuel

18. Jobs and growth
Challenges:
Demography: Europeans live longer, have fewer children
Globalisation: European economy faces competition from other parts of the world
Climate change: Emission of greenhouse gases must come down
Solutions:
European leaders have therefore agreed on a joint strategy for:
More research and innovation
A more dynamic business environment
Investing in people
A greener economy

19. Research - investing in the knowledge society
Spending on research and development in percentage of Gross
Domestic Product, 2006
3.3%
3.0%
2.6%
1.8%
1.3%
EU EU objective China Japan United States
for 2010

20. Solidarity in practice: the EU cohesion policy
2007-2013: 347 billion euro invested for infrastructure,
business, environment and training of workers for less
well-off regions or citizens
 Regional fund
 Social fund
 Cohesion fund
Convergence objective: regions with
GDP per capita under 75% of the EU
average. 81.5% of the funds are spent
on this objective.
Regional competitiveness and
employment objective.

21. The euro – a single currency for Europeans
Can be used everywhere in the euro area
Coins: one side with national symbols,
one side common
Notes: no national side
EU countries using the euro
EU countries not using the euro

22. Beating inflation
European Economic and Monetary Union: stable prices
Average annual inflation in the 15 EU-countries that used the euro in 2008

23. The single market: freedom of choice
Since 1993:
 2.5 million new jobs
 prices of phone calls
and airfares halved Four freedoms of movement:
goods
services
people
capital
© Getty Images

24. Free to move
“Schengen”:
 No police or customs checks at borders between most
EU countries
 Controls strengthened at EU external borders
 More cooperation between police from different EU
countries
 Youcan buy and bring back any goods for personal use
when you travel between EU countries
© Corbis

25. Going abroad to learn
Over two million young people have studied or
pursued personal development in other European
countries with support from EU-programmes:
Comenius: school education
Erasmus: higher education
Leonardo da Vinci: vocational training
Grundtvig: adult education
Youth in Action: voluntary work and
non-formal education
© Getty Images

26. Improving health and the environment
Pollution knows no borders – joint action needed
EU action has helped bring us:
 Cleaner bathing water
 Much less acid rain
 Lead-free petrol
 Free and safe disposal of old electronic equipment
 Strict rules on food safety from farm to fork
 More organic and quality farming
 More effective health warnings on cigarettes
 Registration and control of all chemicals (REACH)
© Van Parys Media

27. An area of freedom, security and justice
 Charter of Fundamental Rights
 Joint fight against terrorism
 Policeand law-enforcers from
different countries cooperate
 Coordinatedasylum and
immigration policies
 Civil law cooperation
© European Union Police Mission

28. The EU: an exporter of peace and prosperity
 World trade rules
 Common foreign and security
policy
 Development assistance and
humanitarian aid
EU runs the peacekeeping operations
and the rebuilding of society in
war-torn countries like Bosnia-Herzegovina.

29. The EU – a major trading power
Share of world trade Share of world trade
in goods (2006) in services (2005)
EU
EU
17.1%
26%
Others
Others 44.9%
50.5% United States
16%
Japan United States
6.6% 18.4%
China
China Japan
9.6%
3.8% 6.9%

30. The EU is the biggest provider of development aid
in the world
The EU provides 60% of all development aid
93€
53€
44€
EU Japan United States
Official development assistance per citizen, 2007

31. Three key players
The European Parliament
- voice of the people
Hans-Gert Pöttering, President
of the European Parliament
The council of Ministers
- voice of the Member States
Javier Solana, Secretary-General of the Council
of the European Union and High Representative
for Common Foreign and Security Policy
The European Commission
- promoting the common interest
José Manuel Barroso, President
of the European Commission

32. Three pillars
The European Union
European Common Police and
Community foreign and judicial
domain security cooperation
(most of policy in criminal
common matters
policies)
The Treaties

33. The EU institutions
European Council (summit)
Council of Ministers
European Parliament (Council of the EU) European Commission
Court of Court of Economic and Social
Justice Auditors Committee Committee of the Regions
European Investment Bank Agencies European Central Bank

34. How EU laws are made
Citizens, interests groups, experts: discuss, consult
Commission: makes formal proposal
Parliament and Council of Ministers: decide jointly
National or local authorities: implement
Commission and Court of Justice: monitor implementation

35. The European Parliament – voice of the people
Decides EU laws and budget together with Council of Ministers
Democratic supervision of all the EU’s work
Number of members elected in each country
Austria 18 Finland 14 Latvia 9 Romania 35
Belgium 24 France 78 Lithuania 13 Slovakia 14
Bulgaria 18 Germany 99 Luxembourg 6 Slovenia 7
Cyprus 6 Greece 24 Malta 5 Spain 54
Czech Republic 24 Hungary 24 Netherlands 27 Sweden 19
Denmark 14 Ireland 13 Poland 54 United Kingdom 78
Estonia 6 Italy 78 Portugal 24 Total 785

36. The European political parties
Number of seats in the European Parliament
per political group (March 2008)
Alliance of Liberals and
Independence/
Democrats for Europe
Democracy
101 European People’s Party
24
Greens/European (Christian Democrats)
Free Alliance and European Democrats
43 288
Socialist Group Union for Europe
215 of the Nations
44
Total : 785
Non-attached members and
European United temporarily empty seats
Left - Nordic Green Left 29
41

37. Council of Ministers – voice of the member states
One minister from each EU country
Presidency: rotates every six months
Decides EU laws and budget together
with Parliament
Manages the Common Foreign and
Security Policy

38. Council of Ministers – number of votes per
country
Germany, France, Italy and the United Kingdom 29
Spain and Poland 27
Romania 14
Netherlands 13
Belgium, Czech Republic, Greece, Hungary and Portugal 12
Austria, Bulgaria and Sweden 10
Denmark, Ireland, Lithuania, Slovakia and Finland 7
Estonia, Cyprus, Latvia, Luxembourg and Slovenia 4
Malta 3
Total: 345
“Qualified majority” needed for many decisions:
255 votes and a majority of member states

39. Summit at the European Council
Summit of heads of state and government of all EU countries
Heldat least 3 times a year
Sets the overall guidelines for EU policies

40. The European Commission – promoting
the common interest
27 independent members,
one from each EU country
 Proposes new legislation
 Executive organ
 Guardian of the treaties
 Represents the EU on the international stage

41. The Court of Justice – upholding the law
27 independent judges,
one from each EU country
 Rules on how to interpret EU law
 Ensures EU laws are used in the same
way in all EU countries

42. The European Central Bank:
managing the euro
Ensures price stability
Controls money supply and decides interest rates
Works independently from governments
Jean-Claude Trichet
President of the Central Bank

43. The European Economic and Social Committee:
voice of civil society
344 members
Represents trade unions, employers,
farmers, consumers etc
Advises on new EU laws and policies
Promotes the involvement of
civil society in EU matters

44. The Committee of the Regions:
voice of local government
344 members
Represents cities, regions
Advises on new EU laws and policies
Promotes the involvement of local
government in EU matters

45. Civil servants working for the EU
Commission: about 24 000 civil servants
Other EU institutions: about 10 000 employed
Permanent civil servants
Selected by open competitions
Come from all EU countries
Salaries decided by law
EU administration costs 15 euro per EU citizen per year