1. AQA AS Sport and Physical Education PHED 1 Muscles
Anatomy: Muscles
Today we will start to look at the muscles of the body. By
the end of this lesson you should be able to:
• Explain the function of each muscle group – agonist/
antagonist pairs
• Locate specific muscles in the body – minimally the
agonist/ antagonist pairs of AQA actions
• Apply your knowledge to a range of sporting
performances
Task 1: Muscles
Muscle Origin (bone) Insertion (bone) Movement
biceps brachii
triceps brachii
deltoid
latissimus dorsi
pectoralis major
infraspinatus
ilio psoas
gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
adductor longus
adductor brevis
adductor magnus
rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius
biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
tibialis anterior
gastrocnemius
soleus
(Hint: identify the muscles that make up the hamstrings and quadriceps)
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2. AQA AS Sport and Physical Education PHED 1 Muscles
Task 2: Agonist/Antagonist
Try to complete the following without your book. You might be surprised.
The elbow joint
The elbow is a hinge joint, with the distal (far) end of the humerus
articulating with the proximal (near) end of the radius and ulna.
Movement can only take place in one plane, allowing only flexion and
extension. In addition, within the elbow joint capsule, the radius
articulates with the ulna to form a pivot joint (radioulnar or radiocarpal
joint). Here, pronation and supination occur.
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3. AQA AS Sport and Physical Education PHED 1 Muscles
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4. AQA AS Sport and Physical Education PHED 1 Muscles
The shoulder joint
This is a ball-and-socket joint where the head of the humerus fits into a
cavity on the scapula called the glenoid fossa. This type of joint allows
the most movement, because of the shallowness of the joint cavity.
However, its structure also makes it one of the most unstable joints, so it
is heavily reliant on ligaments and muscles to increase its stability.
Movement Agonist Antagonist
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Aduction
Horizontal Abduction
Horizontal Adduction
Medial Rotation
Lateral Rotation
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5. AQA AS Sport and Physical Education PHED 1 Muscles
The vertebral column
The vertebral column has three types of joint:
■ cartilaginous, between individual vertebrae
■ gliding, between the vertebral arches
■ pivot, between the atlas and axis vertebrae
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6. AQA AS Sport and Physical Education PHED 1 Muscles
The hip joint
The hip is a ball-and-socket joint where the head of the femur fits into the
acetabulum of the pelvis. The joint cavity for the hip is much deeper than
that for the shoulder, thus making the hip more stable but less mobile
than the shoulder joint. The addition of strong ligaments surrounding the
hip joint decreases its mobility even more but at the same time this
makes dislocation very difficult.
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7. AQA AS Sport and Physical Education PHED 1 Muscles
The knee joint
The knee is classed as a hinge joint but this is not strictly true as some
rotation is allowed to enable full rotation and locking of the knee. The
femur articulates with the tibia (not the fibula). Strong ligaments are
present in order to prevent any sideways movement.
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8. AQA AS Sport and Physical Education PHED 1 Muscles
The ankle joint
The ankle is a hinge joint where the articulating bones are the tibia and
the talus (this may be easier to remember and spell than ‘calcaneous’).
Movement Agonist Antagonist
Dorsi flexion
Plantar flexion
Inversion
Eversion
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9. AQA AS Sport and Physical Education PHED 1 Muscles
Scapulae: just to complete the actions required
Movement Agonist Antagonist
Elevation
Depression
Recap Activity: What am I doing?
Use your mini white board to win points for your team.
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10. AQA AS Sport and Physical Education PHED 1 Muscles
Homework
Movement Analysis You should now be able to complete even more
columns in your Movement Analysis table
Muscle Groups You should also make sure that you know the names,
locations and movements produced by the major muscle groups of the
body as well as agonist antagonist pairs.
Extension
You could learn the names of the individual muscles as well as the
names of the muscle groups. You could also investigate the origins and
insertions of muscles.
The PowerPoint Muscles has almost all of the information
you should to gain a basic pass – but you will need to do
some more research to gain the highest passing grade!
So go on, be a devil – use the library!
I will collect the homework in next week.
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