Steve o’Conor’s and Paula Frank’s work - Europe in middle ages from http://blackdeathfacts.com/

1. Steve o’Conor’s and Paula Frank’s
Europe in middle ages
Steve o’Conor and Paula Frank
In Toronto, Canada
12/11/2011
Univerisity of Toronto
Representation of the bubonic plague in the Toggenburg Bible (1411)
An estimated 20 to 25 million people, approximately one third of the population of Europe died
after the "Black Death". For Germany, the number of disease deaths is estimated at about
10 percent of the population. [16] For the number of victims in Africa and Asia lack reliable
sources. All figures should be treated with caution as contemporary sources put the death toll
to more highly leveraged with horror and cruelty bring this expression pandemic. For example,

2. the chroniclers of the time estimated the impression of constantly rolling over the hearse, the
number of deaths in Avignon in up to 120,000 people, despite Avignon at that time there were
over 50,000.
More tangible than these figures, the devastation of the Black Death (referring to http://
blackdeathfacts.com/) individual destinies: The chronicler of Siena, Agnolo di Tura, complained
that no one would find that burying the dead, and that he personally had her five children
have to bury.John Clyne, last survivor of a monastery of Irish monks in Kilkenny, wrote shortly
before his own epidemic reflects the hope that at least one person will survive this disease,
which could continue the work begun by his chronic illness. The Italian writer Giovanni Villani
overcome the epidemic so suddenly that his story is broken in one sentence. In Venice, died 20
of 24 physicians in Hamburg were among 16 of the 21 senators from the dead. In London, all
succumbed to the tailors and hatters guild master of the disease. And shortly after the outbreak
of the Archbishop of Canterbury died, and his designated successor, soon after the official
candidate below. In France, one third of the actual notary and a third of the cardinals assembled
at Avignon the Pope died.
The "Black Death" was raging in Europe is not uniform, but some areas left largely intact. Much
of Poland and Belgium and Prague were pardoned by him, while in others it is much more
attention that whole areas were depopulated. While Milan escaped the ordeal of the pandemic,
died in Florence, the city of commerce, science and art of Europe's most important at this time,
four-fifths of the citizens. It shows that M. Vasold in his article on the impact of the disease in
the German population, for example, southern Germany remained largely unaffected by the
disease. Hamburg and Bremen, however, were also strongly affected by the pandemic such as
Cologne. In general, the impact on the population of Germany was significantly lower than in
Italy and France.
The pandemic has led him to several centuries before Europe again reached the oldest
population density. David Herlihy said the number of survivors in Europe until the early decades
of the 15th Century no longer declining for fifty years has stagnated at low levels and gradually
increased again to 1460.
The reaction of doctors []
The physicians of the time for them were the mysterious disease compared with a loss.
A good understanding that had more in astrology, which claimed most of his studies
medicina.Médicamente, there was the ancient knowledge of Hippocrates and Galen, his
successor draw, after the teachings of this infection is a wrong mix of the four humors blood,
phlegm, yellow bile and black - the principle of contagion, however, the medicine of Galen
was unknown. An infection from animals to humans was completely unimaginable. Instead, it
was assumed that the wind was bad scent ("miasmas") of the disease from Asia to Europe, or
would be caused by vapors of the earth (the theory of miasma).Blessing of the patients with the
disease, has been developed between 1375 and 1360 years painting book
Advice was unknown in the rounds. For example, windows should be opened to the north,
sleeping during the day and hard work should encourage the outbreak of an epidemic and
should be avoided. Is considered dangerous moist and humid air south wind, the air still waters
of the disease of all kinds are attracted to the beauty of youth, he said. In fact, however, more
men than women died, younger than older.
The Faculty of Medicine of Paris, by Philip VI. commissioned in October 1348 with an
investigation into the cause of the disease, concluded that the disease by 20 March 1345 were
three unfavorable constellation of Saturn, Jupiter and Mars is triggered. The Umbrian Gentile
da Foligno doctor sees the origin of pestilential contagion. [17] The explanation was considered
throughout Europe as the most scientific and translated into many European languages. The
most commonly used by doctors about the dangers of the disease was the burning of aromatic

3. substances. Pope Clement VI. passed the time of the outbreak in Avignon between two
large fires burning in her room, and I may cease to be infected, because the rats kept under
conditions as carriers of fleas.
In the long run caused the Black Death are gradually replaced by the medicine of Galen. The
Pope Clement spoke of a dissection of the victims of the plague in order to discover the cause
of the disease. Direct confrontation with the human body through anatomical studies continued
with greater intensity than before the pandemic and thus made the first step towards modern
medicine and empirical science. Until a more systematic analysis of the principle of contagion
("contact") by the physician Girolamo Fracastoro (1.483 to 1.533), built after the miasma theory
of competing Kontagionstheorie long it would take almost 200 years. [18]
Pandemic and Medieval Society []
Immediate response to the challenge of the Black Death []
Boccaccio's testimony described impressively in his Decameron, how did not comply with more
after the onset of the residents of the pandemic, many of Florence, with its social obligations
"We want to mention the fact that a citizen avoided another, hardly any neighbor took care
of other family members or themselves only rarely and only seen from afar. The ordeal had
caused confusion in the hearts of men and women, the other brother's nephew, uncle, brother,
sister, and often leaves the husband of the woman, yes, it still seems strange and almost
unbelievable: the father and mother dared to care their children and care for them - as if it
were their own (...) Many of them died, if he had worried about them, probably would recover.
However, due to the lack of adequate care ill and need more for the power of the plague was
the number who died the day and night, so great that it caused a shudder to hear, let alone
witness it. "
Many people who saw what the Black Death as a punishment from God, who is in this moment
of comfort in religion. Religious movements emerged spontaneously out of or in anticipation of
the disease - many of them called the monopoly of the church to spiritual direction. Advocacy
services and processions marked the day.Flagellants moved to "Geissler trains" through the
cities. The "Pestheilige" San Roque was revered pilgrimages intense increase. In many places,
churches and other monuments as witness the so-called pillars of the plague of fear of people
and their desire for liberation from the plague.
Several people tried to enjoy every minute of his life with music and dancing and even tried to
escape the Black Death. The Italian ChronistMatteo Villani wrote:
"People forget, knowing that they had become rich by inheritance, and some things of the earth
and by the way, and the past, as it had never existed, drove him wild and pathetic than ever.
Were given to idleness , and its disruption led them into sin of gluttony at parties, in bars, with
delicious food and gambling. hesitation, rushed into the arms of lust. "
An economy that operates under the impact of a pandemic could not be maintained.Workers
were killed, fled, and not to carry out their functions. To many it seemed useless to cultivate the
fields, when death would soon overtake him.
Pogroms against the Jews at the time of the Black Death []
Pogrom against Jews in 1349 - Representing Jewish Chronicle
The ecclesiastical and secular power lost in the face of the helplessness with which the
pandemic quickly found authority. The DichterBoccaccio noted in his Decameron:
"In so much pain and sadness of the city, the venerated image of the divine and human laws
had sunk and destroyed almost to its officers and executors were equal to the remaining
population of all sick or dead or had to maintain as Some assistants are not acts oficialespodría
do more. As anyone could permit what she always wanted. "

4. Under the authority of the loss of civil and ecclesiastical power of these people suffered more,
who were among the cultural fringes of medieval societies. That came in the wake of the
pandemic in serious anti-Jewish pogroms of spiritual and secular leaders could no longer be
suppressed, and the result was that after 1353 lived a few Jews in Germany and the
Netherlands. Pogroms broke because people believed that the Jews applied to identify the fault
of the disaster. The rumor ran that Jews poison wells and springs had been raised in early
1348: In Savoy Jew accused is known to be guilty of such crimes under torture. His confession
spread quickly throughout Europe and was the basis for a wave of bombings in Switzerland and
Germany - especially in Alsace and the Rhine January 9, 1349 was killed in Basel, part of the
Jewish population - the conventionsBasel city council had previously banned, while the worst of
the instigators of the city, had, under the insistence of the population of the city, however,
cancel the spell again and again to expel the Jews. Part of displaced persons has been
established and is burned in a house built for her on an island in the Rhine. In Strasbourg, the
city government also tried to protect Jewish residents, but was rejected by a vote of the unions
of their craft. The new government of the city of Strasbourg has tolerated the subsequent
slaughter in February 1349 - had not come at a time when the Black Death, the city - 900 of
1884 Jews living in Strasbourg were the victims. In March 1349, 400 members of the Jewish
community of Worms, burned in their homes to escape the forced baptism, in July 1349 also
marks the Jewish community in Frankfurt suicide in this way. In Mainz, Jews attacked in self
defense and the attack that killed 200 villagers. Even the surviving Jewish community of Mainz -
then the largest in Europe - committed suicide by setting fire to their own homes. Pogroms
continued until the end of 1349th The last took place in Antwerp and Brussels. For cities like
Freiburg, Cologne, Augsburg, Nuremberg, Regensburg and Konigsberg, it is assumed that
before the local outbreak flagellants incited people to kill the Jewish population as well,
poisoners. Recent research, however, assumes that the scapegoat for Geissler mostly just
a "convenient justification test" (Haverkamp) the history of the 14th century to assess the
murders. In addition to seeking a scapegoat and 12 as the increase of a century of intolerance
of the Church towards other religions greed was also a major reason for the murder of Jewish
citizens. The importance of Jews as lenders and was not as great as before at 12 and 13
century, but apparently saw a large proportion of the population in the murder of the Jews of the
opportunity to get rid of their creditors. Such was the mayor of Augsburg Henry Portner to
Jewish moneylenders heavily in debt and had the murder of the Jews made willingly.
There was no shortage of people who drew attention to the injustice of this murder.
More info at http://www.utoronto.ca/, http://europeanhistory.about.com/ and http://
blackdeathfacts.com/