A PowerPoint for Sam Barlow High School's Global Perspectives course about the end of World War One.

1. Good Afternoon!

3. TODAY
• Please pick up the packet on trench warfare from the
front of the class. Read the instructions on the first page.
• Then, you have two options. You may either:
• Create a detailed, colored diagram of a trench, per the
instructions, being sure to include barbed wire, duck-boards,
listening posts, etc.
• OR you may create your own propaganda poster on a topic
of your choice using what you learned in class yesterday. It
must have color, be both verbal and visual, and contain an
engaging or interesting message.
• You MUST complete the writing task at the bottom of the
trench warfare handout. These activities will be turned in
and graded. They should take you at least the whole
period. If you do not finish, they will be assigned as
homework.

4. OPTIONS!

5. BUT FIRST!
• Tumblr:
www.pogallagher.tumblr.com
• The following is a scene from the
1958 film Paths of Glory by
director Stanley Kubrick (The
Shining, Full Metal Jacket, A
Clockwork Orange, etc.)
• The film revolves around the story
of Colonel Dax, a French officer in
World War 1 who refuses to
condemn soldiers for
“cowardice” in the trenches.
• Often, soldiers were executed for
“cowardice” if they refused to
carry out an order on the Front.
• https://www.youtube.com/watch
?v=gPtVNDvwGMo&safe=active

6. TODAY!
• Grab a study guide from
the table.
• We’ll be looking at
factors that led to the
end of World War One.
• Housekeeping
• Tumblr:
barlowglobal.tumblr.com
• Twitter: @barlowglobal
• Quiz tomorrow
• Poster/Trench diagram
and letter due tomorrow.

7. World War I:
The End
“This is not peace. It is a
twenty year armistice.” - Foch
“Gassed” by John Singer Sargent, 1919. Image
courtesy of the Wikipedia Paintings Project.

8. So why did the Allies win?
• Three big factors in 1917:
• British naval blockade of German ports
• No ports = No food
• Over 424,000 German civilians die as a result of the blockade.
• German underestimation of naval influence in the War.
• Russia’s withdrawal from the War
• Newly installed Bolsheviks sign a peace treaty with Germany
• Germany can now focus entire effort on the Western Front
• Central powers hope for a quick decisive offensive into France
• Amurrrrica enters the War
• Zimmerman note
• Fed up with German assaults on merchant ships, Wilson declares war
on Central powers
• Summer of 1918: America sends 10,000 fresh soldiers to France every
month.

9. British Naval Blockade
• Purpose: To restrict the maritime supply of food and
material goods to Germany.
• Lasted from 1914-1919
• By 1915, imports have fallen 55%
• Gets back to idea of Total War – Britain knew they
were killing civilians. A good way to sow discontent.
• Food shortages cause riots and looting

10. British cutter on patrol in the North Sea during the Royal Naval
Blockade, 1917. Image courtesy of Flickr Commons.

11. Russia Withdraws
• Russian Revolutions of 1917: A series of
revolutions led by Vladimir Lenin that
dismantle the Tsarist monarchy and
bring about an era of Communism.
• February Revolution
• March, 1917.
• Provisional government takes over along with
Socialists. Unstable, lots of protests.
• Russian army suffered a series of defeats in the
War, widespread mutiny.
• October Revolution
• Bolsheviks unhappy with provisional
government. Lenin leads an overthrow.
• Bolsheviks assume power in October, 1917.
• They soon sign Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, ending
Russian aggression

12. Who are the Bolsheviks?
• Bolshevik in Russian means “majority.”
• A faction of the Russian Socialist Democratic Labour
Party that split from another faction, the Mensheviks, in
1903.
• By the February and October Revolutions, they claim to
represent the interests of the laborers.
• Membership = very young. In 1907:
• 22% are under 20
• 37% are 20-24
• 16% are 25-29
• In 1952, they will abandon the name “Bolsheviks” and
take up the name “Communist Party of the Soviet Union”
under Stalin.

13. Bolshevik, 1920. By Boris Kustodiev. Courtesy of Wikimedia Commons

14. Storming of the Winter Palace
• Located in St. Petersburg
(formerly Petrograd), the
Winter Palace from 1732
to 1917 was the
residence of Russian
Monarchy until the
Storming of the Winter
Palace by the Bolshevik
Red Guard during the
October Revolution.
• https://www.youtube.co
m/watch?v=EuKK1Sfolng

15. “The Pogrom of the Winter Palace” by Ivan Vladimirov, 1917.

16. America Enters the War
• Two reasons:
• Germany declares all-out submarine war on any ships
heading towards Britain. They know this means war with the
U.S.
• The Zimmerman Telegram outlines a German scheme to
involve Mexico in the war, promising the return of lost
territories like Texas, New Mexico, and parts of California.
The telegram outrages the American public.
• April 2, 1917: Wilson asks Congress for a declaration
of war
• April 6, 1917: Congress declares war on Germany
• Senate vote: 82-6
• House vote: 373-50

18. U.S. Troops in Europe
• U.S. mobilizes over 4 million troops to send overseas
to bolster the weary Allied forces in Europe.
• U.S. forces arrive in April, 1918. For the next eight
months, U.S. troops will continue to pour in to France
all along the Western Front.

19. General Pershing arrives in France. Image courtesy of the National Library of Scotland, 1917.

20. The Spring Offensive
• The Spring Offensive (also known as the Ludendorff Offensive) was
a last-ditch set of offensives by German forces beginning in
March, 1918. The offensive was meant to knock out the Allies
before U.S. enters the war.
• Despite eventual outcome, offensive very successful. Operation
Michael, the first campaign of the Offensive, results in 20,000
British deaths and 35,000 wounded in the first day. To compare,
the U.S. will suffer 110,000 deaths in the entirety of the war, 43,000
due to the influenza pandemic.
• Why was it successful?
•
•
•
•
Stormtroopers
Creeping barrages
Allied war fatigue
Influx of troops from Eastern Front
between 50-150k

21. Stormtroopers taking a tank. Image courtesy of www.firstworldwar.com

23. Hundred Days’ Offensive and Armistice
• August, 1918: Allies counter-attack. The German lines are
spread too thin, and they cannot maintain the pace of their
offensive despite gaining the most ground of any side during
the war.
• The Allies’ Hundred Days Offensive begins in August and lasts
through November, at which point Germany capitulates and
surrenders.
• Why was it successful?
• Tanks
• Reinforcements
• Armistice signed November 11, 1918, at 11 am. Now known as
Armistice Day in Europe.

25. Allied victory parades in New York City, 1918. Images courtesy of U.S.
National Archives.

26. Quiz Tomorrow!
• What you need to know:
• Everything from the two study guides is fair game
• Think about your propaganda analysis. If you need help,
check the Tumblr and review some of the images.
• Expect ~20 multiple choice questions and one or two short
answer questions
• What you need to turn in:
• Either your propaganda poster or trench diagram
• A letter describing the conditions of the trench addressed
to either Commander Kirstein or Gallagher