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1. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
AQA Examinations
AS / A Level Sport and Physical Education
AS 5581
A 6581
Module 1
Part A
Physiological Factors which Improve Performance
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2. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
Today we are going to concentrate on the
joints in the human body.
JOINT- A place where two or more bones
meet.
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3. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
Types of Joints
There are 3 main types of joint found in the body.
1. Fixed or Immoveable Joints
The bones at an immoveable joint cannot move -
they overlap or interlock, and are held together by
a tough fibre, e.g. the skull.
2. Slightly Moveable Joints
The bones at a slightly moveable joint can only move
a little - they are held together by strong straps
called ligaments and are joined by protective pads
known as cartilage, e.g. the ribs.
3. Freely Moveable Joints
At a freely moveable joint the bones move freely.
They are also known as synovial joints, and
are the largest group of joints found in the body,
e.g. the hips, shoulders and knees.
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4. Joints AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINT BY
STRUCTURE
Fibrous: Have no cavity and are held together
by fibrous connective tissue – e.g. the sutures of
the skull bones
Cartilaginous: Also have no cavity. There is
cartilage between the bones of the joint. May be
found between the vertebrae of the spine
Synovial: Has a fluid filled cavity surrounded by
an articular capsule. The articulating surfaces are
covered in hyaline cartilage – e.g. the hinge joint
of the knee
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5. Joints AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
CLASSIFICATION OF JOINT BY
MOVEMENT
Fibrous or synarthrosis: Does not allow any
movement, which makes more sense when you
know where in the body they occur, as they
supply protection – e.g. for the brain
Cartilaginous or amphiarthrosis: Allows only
limited movement
Synovial or diarthrosis: Is freely moving, as
much as the shape of the articulating surface will
allow.
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6. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
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7. Joints AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
JOINT / MOVEMENT TYPES
Joint type Shape of joint Movement range Body place : articulating bones
Ball + socket ball shaped bone fits 3 axes F/E AB/AD R C hip : femur, acetabulum of pelvis
into cup shaped socket shoulder : scapula, humerus
Hinge convex and concave 1 axis F/E knee : femur, patella, tibia
surfaces fitting together elbow : humerus, radius, ulna
Pivot ring shaped surrounding 1 axis R spine / atlas : odontoid process of axis
a cone (turns head from side to side)
elbow : proximal ends of radius and ulna
Condyloid modified ball and socket 2 axes F/E AB/AD C knuckle joints of fingers : metacarpals,
giving circumduction phalanges
wrist : radius, carpals
Saddle shaped like a saddle 2 axes F/E AB/AD C joint at base of thumb : carpal,
giving circumduction metacarpal
Gliding two flat gliding surfaces a little in all directions centre of chest : clavicle, sternum
wrist : carpals
ankle : tarsals
spine : articulating surfaces of vertebrae
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8. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
In the picture below the ball and socket joint at the hip allows the
player to get height and then the ball and socket joint at the shoulder
allows him to SLAM DUNK!!
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9. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
Hinge joint (the elbow) in use taking a set shot
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10. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
The knee (HINGE JOINT) is used when flexing (bending)
and extending (straightening) the leg to kick a football
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11. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
Spin bowling requires a
complex movement of the
wrist joint – what type of
joint?
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12. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
Bowling underarm involves
extension and flexion of the
shoulder – what type of
joint?
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13. Knowledge of Joints AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
RELATIONSHIP of MUSCULAR SYSTEM to SKELETAL SYSTEM
TENDONS FA S C IA
a t t a c h m u s c le tt o b o n e
a t t a c h m u s c le o b o n e c o n n e c t iv e t is s u e
v ia P E R I O S T E U M
v ia P E R I O S T E U M e x a m p le : e p im y s iu m
e x a m p le :: a c h ille s tt e n d o n
e x a m p le a c h ille s e n d o n
M USCULAR
ATTACH M EN TS
L IG A M E N TS
S P E R IO S T E A L
a t t a c h b o n e tt oo bb oo nn ee
ne
e x a m p le : k n ee ee jj oo in tt
n in LAYERS
c r u c ia t e lig aa m ee nn tt ss
lig m a t t a c h t e n d o n s t o b o n ee
on
AA PP O N EE U R O SS II SS
ON URO
aa f fla ttttee nn ee dd rrib bb oo nn
la ib
sshh aa pp ee dd ttee nn dd oo nn
NAMES OF MAJOR MUSCLE GROUPS
example : biceps
ORIGIN (static end) : coracoid process / glenoid fossa tubercle of humerus
INSERTION (moving end) : tuberosity of radius
(specific knowledge of origins and insertions will not be examined)
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14. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
Cartilage : Tendons: Ligaments: What’s the difference?
Cartilage Tendons Ligaments
Tough Attaches bone to muscle Attaches bone to bone
Flexible Sturdy Elastic
At end of bone Non elastic Stabilise
Cushions Size changes depending on Made of many fibres
muscle
Anchor Strong
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15. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
Synovial Joints
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16. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
Types of Synovial Joints
Freely moveable (synovial) joints can
be divided into six groups depending upon
how they move.
KEY
Ball & Socket Joint
Hinge Joint
Pivot Joint
Gliding Joint
Saddle Joint
Condyloid Joint
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17. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
Joints
Synovial Joints
• The articular capsule is a fibrous tissue encasing
the joint, forming a capsule
• The synovial membrane acts as a lining to the
joint capsule and secretes synovial fluid
• The articular/hyaline cartilage covers the ends of
the articulating bones
• Synovial fluid fills the joint capsule nourishes and
lubricates the articular cartilage
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18. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
Joints
Synovial Joints
• Ligaments are white fibrous connective tissues
joining bone to bone, making the joint more stable
• Bursa is found where tendons are in contact with
bone. It forms a fluid filed sac between the tendon
and bone and helps reduce friction
• Articular discs of cartilage act as shock absorbers
• Pads of fat act as buffers to protect the bones form
wear and tear
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19. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
Synovial Joints
Hip Joint Cartilage
Ligament
Ligament
Synovial
Fluid
Pelvis
Capsule
Synovial
Membrane
Femur
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20. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
Ball-and-Socket Joint Condyloid Joint
• hip • between metacarpals
• shoulder and phalanges
8-9
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21. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
Gliding Joint Hinge Joint
• between carpals • elbow
• between tarsals • between phalanges
8-10
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22. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
Pivot Joint Saddle Joint
• between proximal • between carpal and
metacarpal of thumb
ends of radius and
ulna
8-11
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23. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
Shoulder Joint
• ball-and-socket
• head of humerus
• glenoid cavity of
scapula
• loose joint capsule
• bursae
• ligaments prevent
displacement
• very wide range of
movement
8-15
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24. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
Elbow Joint
• hinge joint
• trochlea of humerus
• trochlear notch of
ulna
• gliding joint
• capitulum of
humerus
• head of radius
• flexion and extension
• many reinforcing
ligaments
• stable joint 8-17
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25. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
Hip Joint
• ball-and-socket joint
• head of femur
• acetabulum
• heavy joint capsule
• many reinforcing
ligaments
• less freedom of
movement than
shoulder joint
8-19
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26. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
Knee Joint
• largest joint
• most complex
• medial and lateral
condyles of distal end of
femur
• medial and lateral
condyles of proximal end
of tibia
• femur articulates • strengthened by many
anteriorly with patella ligaments and tendons
• modified hinge joint • menisci separate femur
• flexion/extension/little and tibia
rotation • bursae 8-21
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27. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
Sporting Movements
8-23
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28. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
Which Movements?
• Look through the following slides and consider
the types of joint, movement allowed in each of
the sporting activities shown.
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29. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
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34. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
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36. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
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37. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
Name the joint,
type of joint and
movement
occurring – as
marked by the
arrows in each of
the following
pictures.
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38. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
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39. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
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42. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
Name each joint and the movement occurring at it.
Now do the same for each of the slides that follow
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48. AQA AS / A Level Physical Education AS 5581 A 6581
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