Chapter17 Plants

Chapter 17 Plants and the Colonization of Land 0

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],[object Object],A mycorrhizal fungus enveloping roots of a red pine tree

PLANT EVOLUTION AND DIVERSITY ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 17.1A, B LM 444 

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[object Object],[object Object],Figure 17.2A Plant Roots anchor plant; absorb water and minerals from the soil Reproductive structures , as in flowers, contain spores and gametes Cuticle covering leaves and stems reduces water loss; stomata in leaves allow gas exchange Leaf performs photosynthesis Surrounding water supports alga Stem supports plant and may perform photosynthesis Whole alga performs photosynthesis; absorbs water, CO 2 , and minerals from the water Holdfast anchors alga Alga

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[object Object],[object Object],Figure 17.2B

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[object Object],[object Object],Figure 17.3A Origin of vascular plants (about 420 mya) Origin of seed plants (about 360 mya) Origin of land plants (about 475 mya) Seed plants Land plants Bryophytes (nonvascular plants) Vascular plants Seedless vascular plants Liverworts Hornworts Mosses Lycophytes (club mosses and relatives) Pterophytes (ferns and relatives) Angiosperms Gymnosperms

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 17.3B

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 17.3C

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 17.3D

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 17.3E

ALTERNATION OF GENERATIONS AND PLANT LIFE CYCLES ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],Figure 17.4 Sporophyte plant (2 n ) Key Fertilization Gametophyte plant ( n ) Haploid ( n ) Diploid (2 n ) Sperm Egg Mitosis Zygote (2 n ) Gametes ( n ) Spores ( n ) Mitosis Mitosis Meiosis

[object Object],Figure 17.5 Key Haploid ( n ) Diploid (2 n ) Spores ( n ) Egg ( n ) Sperm ( n ) (released from gametangium) Sporophytes (growing from gametophytes) Meiosis Sporangium Female Gametophytes ( n ) Fertilization Stalk Sporophyte (2 n ) Male Zygote (2 n ) 1 1 2 Mitosis and development 3 4 Mitosis and development 5

[object Object],Figure 17.6 Key Haploid ( n ) Diploid (2 n ) Egg ( n ) Zygote (2 n ) Sperm ( n ) (released from male gametangium) Gametophyte ( n ) (underside) Fertilization Clusters of sporangia New sporophyte (2 n ) growing out of gametophyte Mature sporophyte (independent of gametophyte) Spores ( n ) Meiosis Female gametangium ( n ) 1 2 Mitosis and development 3 4 Mitosis and development 5

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 17.7

[object Object],Figure 17.8 Key Haploid ( n ) Diploid (2 n ) Zygote (2n) Fertilization Mature sporophyte Pollen grains (male gametophytes) ( n ) Meiosis Female gametophyte ( n ) Eggs ( n ) Sperm ( n ) Male gametophyte (pollen grain) Seed coat Embryo (2 n ) Food supply Seed Ovule Scale Meiosis Sporangium (2 n ) Spore mother cell (2 n ) Integument Female cone bears ovules. 1 Sporangia in male cone produce spores by meiosis; spores develop into pollen grains. 2 Pollination 3 A haploid spore cell in ovule develops into female gametophyte, which makes eggs. 4 Male gametophyte (pollen) grows tube to egg and makes and releases sperm. 5 Zygote develops into embryo, and ovule becomes seed. 6 Seed germinates, and embryo grows into seedling. 7

[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 17.9A, B Anther Filament Stamen Petal Receptacle Ovule Sepal Stigma Style Ovary Carpel

[object Object],Sperm Figure 17.10 Pollen grains ( n ) Meiosis Meiosis Stigma Pollen grain Pollen tube Egg ( n ) Ovule Fertilization Embryo (2 n ) Food supply Seed coat Seeds Key Haploid ( n ) Diploid (2 n ) Sporophyte (2 n ) Ovule Ovary Stigma Anther 1 Haploid spores in anthers develop into pollen grains: male gametophytes. 2 Haploid spore in each ovule develops into female gametophyte, which produces egg. 3 Pollination and growth of pollen tube 4 Zygote (2 n ) 5 Seed 6 Fruit (mature ovary) 7 Seed germinates, and embryo grows into plant.

[object Object],[object Object],Figure 17.11A–C

CONNECTION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object]

[object Object],Figure 17.13A–C

CONNECTION ,[object Object],[object Object],[object Object],Figure 17.14

[object Object],[object Object],Table 17.14

Chapter17 Plants

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Chapter17 Plants