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Achieving Service Recovery and
Obtaining Customer Feedback
           Lovelock: Chapter 13
Introduction

  Service Recovery occurs when an organization or service
  provider is able to solve a customer problem, make
  restitution, and regain trust following a breakdown in service
  delivery.

  Service Breakdowns happen whenever the product or service
  delivered fails to meet customer expectations.
Service Breakdowns

 Product or service failed
 Promise not kept
 Deadline missed
 Service not adequate
 Provider lacks knowledge or skills
 Customer inconvenienced
 Customer gets runaround
 Unprofessional treatment
Causes of Breakdowns (Organizational Factors)

  Human resources
  Organization and structure
  Processes and procedures
  Product and service design and delivery
  Internal communications
  Technological support systems
  Standards
Causes of Breakdowns (Employee Factors)

 Communication skills
 Knowledge
 Attitude
 Technical skills
Causes of Breakdown (Customer Factor)

 Failure to use information correctly
 Failure to follow through
Defining Service Delivery

  Service recovery has been defined by many authors as :

    “the effort an organization expends to win back customers goodwill
    once it has been lost due to service failure” (Fisk, Grove et al 2000)

    “refers to actions taken by an organization in response to some
    service failures” (Zeithaml & Bitner, 2003)

    “any situation where something has gone wrong, irrespective of
    responsibility” (Palmer, 2001)
History of Service Recovery

  1970’s and 1980’s service recovery was the plan for dealing with
  telecommunications problems or recovering particular services.
  Companies adopted systems that produced ‘zero defects’, to
  produce a high quality service and a cost effective production
  line approach.
  In the late 1970s marketers began to recognize the importance
  of service recovery for different areas of business and specific
  service problems.
  However the idea of zero defects in services is simply an
  unattainable goal.
  Use of the word ‘recovery’ originated from British Airways
  ‘Putting the Customer First Campaign’ in the late 1990s
Issues in Service Recovery

  The role of service recovery in the event of a service failure is
  recognized as “doing the service very right the second time”
  (Brown, Cowles et al. 1996).


  In order to understand service recovery, it is necessary to
  understand how the customer experiences the service and the
  impact of the service encounter on customer satisfaction.

  Effective service recovery can improve the image of the firm and
  reduce perceived risk to the customer.
Issues in Service Recovery

  Customer satisfaction
    Develops into an attitude about a product, services or a firm, which
    in turn guides consumer behavior, brand loyalty and WOM
    Satisfaction occurs at the point where experience matches
    expectation. If the experience is not what’s expected, customers
    are likely to complain.
  Costs of Service Recovery
    Costs to customer include monetary, psychological, emotional and
    costs of inconvenience.
    Costs to firm include monetary, cost of lost customers, cost of
    negative WOM and costs associated with setting up recovery
    strategy.
Customer Response Following Service Failure

                                                   Service Failure



                      Take Action                                                  Do Nothing




                                                                 Switch Provider                Stay with Provider



Complain to          Complain to         Complain to Third
 Provider          Family & Friends           Party




         Switch Provider      Stay with Provider
Customer Complaint Behavior

 Propensity for customers not to complain
 Complaints often don’t identify the root of the problem
 Complaints often don’t reach management.
 Satisfying complaining customers can increase brand loyalty
 Increase in ease of access to firms can increase complaints
 Likelihood of complaining is directly related to the severity of the
 problem
 Complainers tend to be the heaviest users of the service
 Dissatisfied customers spread negative WOM.
Understanding Customer Responses to Service Failure

  Why do customers complain?
    To obtain restitution or compensation
    To vent their anger
    To help to improve the service
    For altruistic reasons
Customer Responses to Effective Service Recovery

  Customers who complain give the firms a chance to correct
  problems, restore relationships with the complainer, and
  improve future satisfaction.

  Customer complaint iceberg
Impact of Effective Service Recovery on Customer Loyalty

  When complaints are resolved, there is a much higher chance
  that the customers involved with remain loyal.
  TARP research found that:
    For a major complaint, if the company lent a patient ear, but could
    not solve the problems, even then the retention rate increased from
    9% to 19%.
    If the complaint was solved satisfactorily, this retention rate jumped
    to 54%.
    When the problem was solved on the spot, the same rate
    skyrocketed to 82%.
  Complaint handling - a profit center and not a cost center
Service Recovery Paradox
Service Recovery and Strategy

  Recovery must be considered as part of the overall strategy for
  identifying and responding to customers expectations, while at
  the same time empowering staff and providing a platform for
  maintaining long-term relationships with customers.

  Recognizing that current customers are a valuable asset
  base, managers need to develop effective procedures for service
  recovery following unsatisfactory experiences.
Service Recovery Strategies




                               Service
                              Recovery
                              Strategies
Service Guarantees
Service Guarantees

 Guarantee - an assurance of           the fulfillment of a condition
 (Webster’s Dictionary)

 For products, guarantee often done in the form of a warranty

 services are often not guaranteed
    cannot return the service
    service experience is intangible
    (so what do you guarantee?)
Service Guarantee

 A large number of firms offer customers a service guarantee –
 promising that if service delivery fails to meet predefined
 standards, the customer will be entitled to one or more forms of
 compensation, such as an easy-to-claim replacement, refund or
 credit.

 Some firms put conditions on these guarantees, while others
 offer them unconditionally.
Service Guarantee defined

  “Customers value reliability over all other dimensions”
  Statement explaining the service the customer may expect (the
  promise) and what the company will do if it fails to deliver (the
  payout).
  Promise of consistency compared to other services
  Cover customer costs
  Repeat business
  Assure customers subsequent service will be higher quality =>
  change attitudes
Designing Service Guarantees

  Hart mentions that service guarantees should meet the following
  criteria:
    Unconditional
    Easy to understand and communicate
    Meaningful to the customer
    Easy to invoke
    Easy to collect
    Credible
Learning from Customer Feedback
Learning from Customer Feedback

 As Darwin had said:
  “it is not the strongest species that survive, nor the most
  intelligent, but the ones most responsive to changes”


 We need to learn and change in order to survive in this cut-
 throat competitive world.
Customer Feedback Systems

 Specific objectives of effective customer feedback systems
 usually fall into the 3 main categories:
   Assessment and benchmarking of service quality and performance
     How satisfied are our customers?
   Customer-driven learning and improvements
     What makes our customers happy or unhappy?
   Creating a customer-oriented service culture
     Focusing the organization on customer needs and customer
     satisfaction, and rallying the entire organization towards a service
     quality culture
Using Customer Feedback Collection Tools

  Total market surveys, Annual surveys
    Tells us how satisfied customers are, but not why they are happy or
    unhappy


  Transactional surveys
    More in-depth, and more detailed – gives us more actionable
    feedback


  Service feedback cards
    Customers fill them out after completion of a particular service
    process
Using Customer Feedback Collection Tools

  Mystery Shopping
    Determine whether front-line staff are displaying desired behaviors


  Unsolicited customer feedback
    Detailed customer complaint and compliment letters, recorded
    phone conversations, direct feedback from employees, etc.


  Focus group discussions and service reviews
    FGDs and service reviews give great specific insights on potential
    service improvements and ideas.
Prevention Strategies


  Think like a customer
  Pamper customers
  Respect customers
  Focus customers
  Exceed expectations
Roadblocks to Service Recovery

  Not listening
  Lack of respect
  Poor/inadequate communication
  Inadequate or outdated materials/ equipment
  Lack of training
  Work conflicts
Causes Behind Service Switching
Pricing
                                                 Response to Service Failure
•   High Price
                                                 •   Negative Response
•   Price Increases
                                                 •   No Response
•   Unfair Pricing
                                                 •   Reluctant Response
•   Deceptive Pricing


Inconvenience
•   Location/Hours                               Competition
•   Wait for Appointment                         •   Found Better Service
•   Wait for Service
                             Service Switching
                                 Behavior
                                                 Ethical Problems
Core Service Failure
                                                 •   Cheat
•   Service Mistakes
                                                 •   Hard Sell
•   Billing Errors
                                                 •   Unsafe
•   Service Catastrophe
                                                 •   Conflict of Interest


Service Encounter Failures
•   Uncaring                                     Involuntary Switching
•   Impolite                                     •   Customer moved
•   Unresponsive                                 •   Provider closed
•   Unknowledgeable
Customer Classification

  Companies realize that they cannot make everybody
  happy, every time.
  They might decide to classify the customers, and concentrate on
  a particular group that is most beneficial for the company.


                       Short-term customers   Long-term customers
         Profitable         Butterflies           True Friends
        Unprofitable        Strangers              Barnacles
Conclusion

 Service firms are unable to implement service recovery
 strategies if they are not informed of their shortcomings,
 therefore customers must be encouraged to complain.

 Service recovery is the key to customer satisfaction and
 achieving this should be a primary goal for service organizations

 Service recovery strategies play a crucial role in customer
 satisfaction

 Service guarantees are an incentive and a vehicle for bringing
 customer complaints to the organization.
Mkt -  achieving service recovery and obtaining customer feedback

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Mkt - achieving service recovery and obtaining customer feedback

  • 1. Achieving Service Recovery and Obtaining Customer Feedback Lovelock: Chapter 13
  • 2. Introduction Service Recovery occurs when an organization or service provider is able to solve a customer problem, make restitution, and regain trust following a breakdown in service delivery. Service Breakdowns happen whenever the product or service delivered fails to meet customer expectations.
  • 3. Service Breakdowns Product or service failed Promise not kept Deadline missed Service not adequate Provider lacks knowledge or skills Customer inconvenienced Customer gets runaround Unprofessional treatment
  • 4. Causes of Breakdowns (Organizational Factors) Human resources Organization and structure Processes and procedures Product and service design and delivery Internal communications Technological support systems Standards
  • 5. Causes of Breakdowns (Employee Factors) Communication skills Knowledge Attitude Technical skills
  • 6. Causes of Breakdown (Customer Factor) Failure to use information correctly Failure to follow through
  • 7. Defining Service Delivery Service recovery has been defined by many authors as : “the effort an organization expends to win back customers goodwill once it has been lost due to service failure” (Fisk, Grove et al 2000) “refers to actions taken by an organization in response to some service failures” (Zeithaml & Bitner, 2003) “any situation where something has gone wrong, irrespective of responsibility” (Palmer, 2001)
  • 8. History of Service Recovery 1970’s and 1980’s service recovery was the plan for dealing with telecommunications problems or recovering particular services. Companies adopted systems that produced ‘zero defects’, to produce a high quality service and a cost effective production line approach. In the late 1970s marketers began to recognize the importance of service recovery for different areas of business and specific service problems. However the idea of zero defects in services is simply an unattainable goal. Use of the word ‘recovery’ originated from British Airways ‘Putting the Customer First Campaign’ in the late 1990s
  • 9. Issues in Service Recovery The role of service recovery in the event of a service failure is recognized as “doing the service very right the second time” (Brown, Cowles et al. 1996). In order to understand service recovery, it is necessary to understand how the customer experiences the service and the impact of the service encounter on customer satisfaction. Effective service recovery can improve the image of the firm and reduce perceived risk to the customer.
  • 10. Issues in Service Recovery Customer satisfaction Develops into an attitude about a product, services or a firm, which in turn guides consumer behavior, brand loyalty and WOM Satisfaction occurs at the point where experience matches expectation. If the experience is not what’s expected, customers are likely to complain. Costs of Service Recovery Costs to customer include monetary, psychological, emotional and costs of inconvenience. Costs to firm include monetary, cost of lost customers, cost of negative WOM and costs associated with setting up recovery strategy.
  • 11. Customer Response Following Service Failure Service Failure Take Action Do Nothing Switch Provider Stay with Provider Complain to Complain to Complain to Third Provider Family & Friends Party Switch Provider Stay with Provider
  • 12. Customer Complaint Behavior Propensity for customers not to complain Complaints often don’t identify the root of the problem Complaints often don’t reach management. Satisfying complaining customers can increase brand loyalty Increase in ease of access to firms can increase complaints Likelihood of complaining is directly related to the severity of the problem Complainers tend to be the heaviest users of the service Dissatisfied customers spread negative WOM.
  • 13. Understanding Customer Responses to Service Failure Why do customers complain? To obtain restitution or compensation To vent their anger To help to improve the service For altruistic reasons
  • 14. Customer Responses to Effective Service Recovery Customers who complain give the firms a chance to correct problems, restore relationships with the complainer, and improve future satisfaction. Customer complaint iceberg
  • 15. Impact of Effective Service Recovery on Customer Loyalty When complaints are resolved, there is a much higher chance that the customers involved with remain loyal. TARP research found that: For a major complaint, if the company lent a patient ear, but could not solve the problems, even then the retention rate increased from 9% to 19%. If the complaint was solved satisfactorily, this retention rate jumped to 54%. When the problem was solved on the spot, the same rate skyrocketed to 82%. Complaint handling - a profit center and not a cost center
  • 17. Service Recovery and Strategy Recovery must be considered as part of the overall strategy for identifying and responding to customers expectations, while at the same time empowering staff and providing a platform for maintaining long-term relationships with customers. Recognizing that current customers are a valuable asset base, managers need to develop effective procedures for service recovery following unsatisfactory experiences.
  • 18. Service Recovery Strategies Service Recovery Strategies
  • 20. Service Guarantees Guarantee - an assurance of the fulfillment of a condition (Webster’s Dictionary) For products, guarantee often done in the form of a warranty services are often not guaranteed cannot return the service service experience is intangible (so what do you guarantee?)
  • 21. Service Guarantee A large number of firms offer customers a service guarantee – promising that if service delivery fails to meet predefined standards, the customer will be entitled to one or more forms of compensation, such as an easy-to-claim replacement, refund or credit. Some firms put conditions on these guarantees, while others offer them unconditionally.
  • 22. Service Guarantee defined “Customers value reliability over all other dimensions” Statement explaining the service the customer may expect (the promise) and what the company will do if it fails to deliver (the payout). Promise of consistency compared to other services Cover customer costs Repeat business Assure customers subsequent service will be higher quality => change attitudes
  • 23. Designing Service Guarantees Hart mentions that service guarantees should meet the following criteria: Unconditional Easy to understand and communicate Meaningful to the customer Easy to invoke Easy to collect Credible
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  • 26. Learning from Customer Feedback As Darwin had said: “it is not the strongest species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the ones most responsive to changes” We need to learn and change in order to survive in this cut- throat competitive world.
  • 27. Customer Feedback Systems Specific objectives of effective customer feedback systems usually fall into the 3 main categories: Assessment and benchmarking of service quality and performance How satisfied are our customers? Customer-driven learning and improvements What makes our customers happy or unhappy? Creating a customer-oriented service culture Focusing the organization on customer needs and customer satisfaction, and rallying the entire organization towards a service quality culture
  • 28. Using Customer Feedback Collection Tools Total market surveys, Annual surveys Tells us how satisfied customers are, but not why they are happy or unhappy Transactional surveys More in-depth, and more detailed – gives us more actionable feedback Service feedback cards Customers fill them out after completion of a particular service process
  • 29. Using Customer Feedback Collection Tools Mystery Shopping Determine whether front-line staff are displaying desired behaviors Unsolicited customer feedback Detailed customer complaint and compliment letters, recorded phone conversations, direct feedback from employees, etc. Focus group discussions and service reviews FGDs and service reviews give great specific insights on potential service improvements and ideas.
  • 30. Prevention Strategies Think like a customer Pamper customers Respect customers Focus customers Exceed expectations
  • 31. Roadblocks to Service Recovery Not listening Lack of respect Poor/inadequate communication Inadequate or outdated materials/ equipment Lack of training Work conflicts
  • 32. Causes Behind Service Switching Pricing Response to Service Failure • High Price • Negative Response • Price Increases • No Response • Unfair Pricing • Reluctant Response • Deceptive Pricing Inconvenience • Location/Hours Competition • Wait for Appointment • Found Better Service • Wait for Service Service Switching Behavior Ethical Problems Core Service Failure • Cheat • Service Mistakes • Hard Sell • Billing Errors • Unsafe • Service Catastrophe • Conflict of Interest Service Encounter Failures • Uncaring Involuntary Switching • Impolite • Customer moved • Unresponsive • Provider closed • Unknowledgeable
  • 33. Customer Classification Companies realize that they cannot make everybody happy, every time. They might decide to classify the customers, and concentrate on a particular group that is most beneficial for the company. Short-term customers Long-term customers Profitable Butterflies True Friends Unprofitable Strangers Barnacles
  • 34. Conclusion Service firms are unable to implement service recovery strategies if they are not informed of their shortcomings, therefore customers must be encouraged to complain. Service recovery is the key to customer satisfaction and achieving this should be a primary goal for service organizations Service recovery strategies play a crucial role in customer satisfaction Service guarantees are an incentive and a vehicle for bringing customer complaints to the organization.