2. THE RELATION BETWEEN VEGETATIVE AND
REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY OF MANGO
Waqas Ahmed
M. Sc (Hons.) Agriculture
(Horticulture)

3. CONTENTS
o Introduction to Mango Industry
o Sink Source Relationship
o Mechanism of Physiology of Mango
o Paper I: Vegetative and Reproductive Growth Pattern of Mango
(Mangifera indica L.)
o Paper II: Vegetative and Reproductive Physiology of April Flush in
Mango (Mangifera indica L.) cv. Dusehri.
o Paper III: Vegetative Growth Cycles of Some Mango Cultivars in
Relation to Flowering and Fruiting.
3

4. Mango
o KING OF FRUIT
(Majumdar and Sharma, 1990)
o 7th MAJOR FRUIT
(Crane, 2008)
Sindhri Sofaid Chaunsa Kala Chaunsa Langra Dusehri Anwar Ratole
4

5. TOP MANGO PRODUCING COUNTRIES OF ASIA
Production (%)
India
30% China
40%
Thailand
Pakistan
5% Indonesia
1% 5% Philippines
5% 11%
3% Viet Nam
Rest of the world
(Anonymous, 2008)
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6. MANGO INDUSTRY PROFILE
156.5 1.75
World World
Pakistan Pakistan
3870 27.96
Area (000 ha) Production (Million tons)
(MINFAL, 2008)
6

7. MANGO INDUSTRY IN PAKISTAN
Punjab Punjab
Sindh
79% Sindh 76%
32%
21%
Other Other
21% 24%
Area Production
(MINFAL, 2008)
7

8. EXPORT SCENARIO
Pakistan ranks 4th in the world according to export quantity
Quantity (Thousand Value (Million $)
tons) Share 5.52%
Share 13.98 %
127
32.3
World
World 584.3
908.4 Pakistan
Pakistan
(PHDEC, 2009)
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9.  Evergreen
 Spreading
 Biennial Bearing
(Ahmed, 2004)
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10. SINK-SOURCE RELATIONSHIP
o Vegetativeness
-a major controlling factor for carbohydrate
status of tree
o Produce and store photosynthates
(Cull, 1991)
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11. SINK-SOURCE RELATIONSHIP
During flowering:
Vegetative Dormancy allows accumulation of;
o Carbohydrate
o Growth regulator (Neluheni, 2005)
Heavy crop:
o Reserves depletion
o Poor yields in next season
(Hetherington, 1997)
11

12. MECHANISM OF PHYSIOLOGY
Auxin
Fruit
Gibberellins
Photo Assimilates Inflorescence
Vegetative Shoot Mixed Shoot Generative shoot
Vegetative promoter Florigenic promoter
Gibberellins
Auxin
Warm temp. (25-30 C) Cool temp. (<15 C)
Rest (4 - 5 months)
Induction
Cell Division
Chilling Temp.
Cell Elongation
Shoot Initiation
Pruning
Root Initiation Water Stress
Chilling Temp.
Storage Carbohydrates Roots Cytokinins
(Davenport, 2007)

13. SHOOT INITIATION
(Nagao , 2010)
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14. SHOOT INDUCTION
VEGETATIVE FLUSH INFLORESCENCE
(Nagao , 2010)
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15. VEGETATIVE PHYSIOLOGY
Elongation Green Leaf
Limp Red Leaf
Immature Green Leaf
Mature Green Leaf
(Ramirez and Davenport, 2010)
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16. Vegetative Flush
Elongation Green
Leaf Limp Red Leaf
Immature Green Leaf
Mature Green Leaf
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17. REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY
Flower Initiation
Differentiation
Anthesis
Fruit set
Fruit Development
(Vuuren, 1998)
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18. Flower Initiation
Differentiation
Anthesis
Fruit set Fruit Development Fruit Maturity
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19. TIME OF EMERGENCE
In Pakistan the emergence of inflorescence takes
place during February to April.
EMERGENCE TIME VARIETIES
EARLY SEASON Feb. 20 – March 15 Sindhri, Dusehri
MID SEASON March 10 – March 30 Samar Bahisht Chaunsa, Fajri
LATE SEASON End of March – April 20 Sofaid Chaunsa
(Ibrahim, 1952)
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20. Vegetative and Reproductive Growth Pattern
of Mango (Mangifera indica L.)
(Muhammad et al., 1999)
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21. VEGETATIVE GROWTH PATTERN
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22. REPRODUCTIVE GROWTH PATTERN
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23. CONCLUSION
o Flushes appeared from April to August.
o Flushes resumed their growth after ceasation
o Time of emergence and ceasing affected the blooming
significantly.
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24. Vegetative and Reproductive Physiology of
April Flush in Mango (Mangifera indica L.)
cv. Dusehri
(Anwar et al., 2006)
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25. VEGETATIVE GROWTH PATTERN OF FLUSHES
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26. VEGETATIVE FLUSHES DURING SUBSEQUENT YEAR
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27. BLOOMED AND HEALTHY PANICLES
27

28. DORMANT FLUSHES DURING SUBSEQUENT YEAR
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29. CONCLUSION
o April flush blooms heavily because, had more time for
attaining maturity
o Growth generally occurred in alternate months.
o Vegetative growth was maximum in summer flushes with
maximum reproductive growth in subsequent year
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30. Vegetative Growth Cycles of Some Mango
Cultivars in Relation to Flowering and
Fruiting
(Shaban, 2009)
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31. VEGETATIVE GROWTH (%)
Bearing habit Cultivars Spring Summer Autumn Spring Summer Autumn
2006 Season 2007 Season
On year Ewais 3.2 17 9 4 19 10
Sediek 2.9 21 12 2.8 19 11
Zebda 2.3 22 3 2.6 23 4
Keitt 2 20 1.2 2.4 22 1.8
2.6 20
20 6.3 2.9 20.7
20.7 6.7
Off year Ewais 25 55 6 22 58 8
Sediek 29 50 9 27 54 8
Zebda 25 52 6 24 60 7.6
Keitt 25 59 5 21 62 7
26 54
54 6.5 23.5 58.5
58.5 7.6
Mean 14.34 14.34
37 6.4 13.23 39.63
39.63 7.17
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32. FLOWERING (%)
Bearing habit Cultivars Spring Summer Autumn Spring Summer Autumn
2006 Season 2007 Season
On year Ewais 92.6 97.6 67.3 93.3 94.3 64.3
Sediek 93.6 96.3 64.3 92.6 95.6 52.3
Zebda 94.6 97.6 58.6 95.3 96.3 59.8
Keitt 98.3 98.6 63.3 96.3 97.6 61.3
94.7 97.5
97.5 63.3 94.3 95.9
95.9 59.4
Off year Ewais 21.6 28.3 12.3 23 30.3 14.3
Sediek 16.3 25.6 10.3 18.6 27.6 12.6
Zebda 10.8 13.3 8.3 12.3 16.6 10.0
Keitt 15.3 18.3 8.3 16.3 20.3 10.6
16.0 21.3
21.3 9.8 17.5 23.7
23.7 11.8
Mean 55.38 59.45
59.45 36.59 55.96 59.83
59.83 35.65
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33. NUMBER OF FRUITS PER PANICLE AT HARVEST
Bearing habit Cultivars Spring Summer Autumn Spring Summer Autumn
2006 Season 2007 Season
On year Ewais 0.31 0.51 0.27 0.31 0.56 0.29
Sediek 0.33 0.36 0.31 0.35 0.38 0.29
Zebda 1.2 1.4 0.82 1.10 1.30 0.92
Keitt 0.88 1.20 0.75 0.90 1.15 0.71
0.68 0.86
0.86 0.53 0.66 0.84
0.84 0.55
Off year Ewais 0.25 0.33 0.15 23 30.3 14.3
Sediek 0.24 0.28 0.19 18.6 27.6 12.6
Zebda 0.48 0.65 0.36 12.3 16.6 10.0
Keitt 0.48 0.54 0.32 16.3 20.3 10.6
0.36 0.45
0.45 0.25 0.35 0.44
0.44 0.24
Mean 0.52 0.63
0.63 0.39 0.50 0.64
0.64 0.40
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34. FRUIT WEIGHT (g)
Bearing habit Cultivars Spring Summer Autumn Spring Summer Autumn
2006 Season 2007 Season
On year Ewais 220 239 215 224 236 210
Sediek 386 436 359 415 434 413
Zebda 328 338 333 368 405 371
Keitt 482 494 401 450 485 432
354 376.8
376.8 327 364.3 390
390 356.5
Off year Ewais 230 240 225 228 250 218
Sediek 430 460 438 453 482 465
Zebda 382 405 371 345 400 324.7
Keitt 465 490 446 471 498 452
376.8 398.8
398.8 370 374.3 407.5
407.5 364.9
Mean 365.4 387.8
387.8 348.5 369.3 398.8
398.8 360.7
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35. CONCLUSION
o During "off" year, vegetative growth percentage was high
o During "on" year, higher percentage of flowers borne
o Summer growth cycle are superior than spring and autumn
growth cycles
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36. SUMMARY
o Biennial bearing habit
o Maximum flushes appear from April to August
o Tree of off year produce higher % of vegetative growth
o Off year tree produces higher fruit weight
o Summer flushes are superior than Spring and Autumn
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