UCAP - EVS25 Oral Presentation

Renewable energies | Eco-friendly production | Innovative transport | Eco-efficient processes | Sustainable resources

A Physical approach to Electrochemical Storage
System multi-scale modeling:
Electrochemical Double Layer Capacitors
(as case studies)

Eric PRADA & al.

IFP Energies nouvelles, France
© IFP New Energy

Eric Prada – IFP Energies nouvelles – 08/11/2010 – EVS 25 - Shenzhen

R&D on Fuel efficient vehicles - Hybridization

A complete and coordinated approach
Vehicle and Prototypes
powertrain design,
simulation Real time Vehicle realization
Integrated Component testing and
simulation
powertrain testing and optimization
control optimization
LMS AMESim
Energy storage
system
test bench

1
Trig

2
EC sp

BMS
1
To logger
ENGINE CONT ROL
3
Sensors VEHICLE
M AN AGER
4
B_VehicleManager C_EngineManagement ENGINE AND
error TR ANSM ISSION
ACTU ATORS
2
Calib data

5
Activations
TR ANSM ISSION
CONTR OL
D_Actuat ors_co ntrol
3
TC sp
D_Transmission Management

Engine test benches
© IFP New Energy

2 Eric Prada – IFP Energies nouvelles – 08/11/2010 – EVS 25 - Shenzhen

R&D on Electrical & Electrochemical storage systems
ZEVA RTHEMISEMBOUTEILLAGE

ESS Pack Sizing Thermal Management laws
ZE V A R TH E M IS E M B O U TE ILLA G E
20000
0

15000
ELECTRIC POWER (W)

-5
10000

5000
-10
0
5 150
0 10
15 100
20
-5000 50
0 100 200 300 4 00 500 600 700 8 00 9 00 1000 25
TIM E (s )
30 0 SERIAL NUMBER
PARALLEL NUMBER

Power/Energy requirements
or vehicle mission profiles
Batch Simulations with
cell constraints
& vehicle constraints

Battery and supercapacitors characterization
Multi Physics & Multi Dimensional Models
Electrochemical & Impedance-Based models

Vehicle architecture optimization Model-Based BMS estimators SoC / SoH
0.8

U, T
Full Order Model
EKF estimation
0.6 CC

0.4

0.2

SOC
0

-0.2

-0.4

-0.6

0 5000 10000 15000

I Time [s]
© IFP New Energy

SOC
SOH


OUTLINE

I. Introduction to EDLC

II. 0D Lumped thermal / electrical model development

III. From 0D to 3D Thermal-Electrical pack model

IV. Conclusion
© IFP New Energy


OUTLINE




IV. Conclusion
© IFP New Energy


Introduction to EDLC

EDLC store energy electrostatically in the double EDLC can be used in a passenger car (stop-start) or
layers at the electrode/electrolyte interfaces coupled with a battery in heavy duty vehicles to
enabling very fast energy conversion absorb or supply high power solicitations

Vehgan hybrid democar
equipped with stop-start
system based on EDLC

Kaus & al. EA (2010)

EDLC characterization with EIS
Moreover, physical phenomena occuring in EDLC systems are
complex, including ionic diffusion into porous electrodes.
In addition EDLC present high self-discharge.
© IFP New Energy

Model have to integrate all physical phenomena to
properly account for short, intermediate and long
term electrical and thermal behaviours Lust & al. JEC 562 (2004)(2004) 33-42
Lust & al. JEC 562 33-42


OUTLINE




IV. Conclusion
© IFP New Energy


0D Lumped electrical/thermal model
Lumped Electrical Model Equivalent circuit of the modified pore
Porous electrode model integrates Charge redistribution and self-discharge
double layer capacitance evolution are integrated as parallel branches
with voltage

R
Zp = coth jωRCdl
jωCdl FREQUENTIAL
Lust & al. JEC 562 (2004) 33-42 to TEMPORAL
C dl = A cosh (B × Vucap )
Lajnef & al. JPS 168 (2007) 553-560

ELECTRICAL
Lumped Thermal Model Reversible Heat (Entropic effect)

∂T Q rev = 2 × a × T × k × I State Of charge Cell Voltage
mC = Q total − q n
∂t
p

THERMAL
ε (t ) C(V (t ))V (t ))²
Q total = Q elec , gen + Q short + ...
Qrev can be exothermic (>0) or SOCEDLC = =
endothermic (<0) ε max C(Vmax )Vmax ²

Q elec , gen = Q irrev + Q rev Irreversible Heat (Joule Effect) Skin Temperature
Qirrev = ∑ Ri I i ²
© IFP New Energy

i
q n = Acell h(T − Ta mb ) IFP Energies nouvelles' Model outputs
Qirrev is always exothermic (>0)


Experimental part
EDLC System modelled Experimental setup
Veghan aged pack

Ultracapacitor 27V pack.

10 serial cells 3500F

Max Unitary voltage: 2.7V

Mass of a cell : 560g
Electrochemical Impedance High power test bench
Spectroscopy 500V-500A

Validation Profile 1: Dynamic Pulses currents Validation Profile 2 : HPPC Like test
250 250

200 200

HPPC-like test
150 Succession of charge pulse 150

100 100

of 200A for 10s charge
50 of 200A for 30s 10 min 50

Current (A)
Current (A)

0 0

and discharge pulses
-50
rest period and discharge -50

-100 -100

at different SOC
-150
pulse of -200A for 30s -150
© IFP New Energy

-200 -200

-250 -250
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (s) 4 Time (s) 4
x 10 x 10


Model experimental validation
Validation Profile 1: Dynamic Pulses currents Validation Profile 2 : HPPC Like test
28
Experimental data

2.5 26 Cell Voltage (V) versus time Model Prediction

24

2
22

Red line = Model 20

Pack Voltage (V)
Cell Voltage (V)

1.5

Blue dots = Data 18

16
1

14 Experimental data
19
Model Prediction
2.6
18

2.4
17
12
0.5
Cell Voltage (V) versus time 2.2 16

10

Pack Voltage (V)
2 15
Experimental data
Cell Voltage (V)

1.8 Model Prediction 14

0 1.6
13
8
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
12
Tme (s) 1.4 4 Time (s) 4
x 10 x 10
11
1.2 Experimental data
Model Prediction
10
1

9
4.18 4.2 4.22 4.24 4.26 4.28 4.3 4.32 4.34 4.36 4.38
3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 Time (s) 4
Tme (s) x 10

Experimental data Experimental Data
24.8 Model Prediction 22.2 Model Prediction

24.6 22

24.4 21.8

24.2 21.6

C)
C)

Temperature (°
Temperature (°

24 21.4

23.8 21.2

23.6 21

23.4 20.8
© IFP New Energy

23.2 20.6

°
Skin Temperature (°C) versus time
23 °
Skin Temperature (°C) versus time 20.4

2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5
0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2
Time (s) 4
Time (s) 4 x 10
x 10

Good agreement between model prediction and experimental
10 data. Endothermal & exothermal08/11/2010 – EVS 25 -are highlighted.
Eric Prada – IFP Energies nouvelles – phenomena Shenzhen

From 0D to 3D Thermal-Electrical pack model (1/2)
3D Finite Element Model 3D Thermal-Electrical Pack Model Validation with
(COMSOL Multiphysics ®) temperature data from instrumented pack

Time
Experimental Data
Clock T Workspace1
o x=
[
Vc
]

1
dxdt
s
X

fcn V VPack

[tps_courant Pelectrique ]
[V]
Profil de Mission
[V]
Icell Icell_in I_cell
SOC
Goto
SOC Charge pulse of 50A for
From
Product
Subsystem1

Champ Subsystem
120s then 60s rest period
and discharge pulse of -
50A for 120s
0D model is the building
block for 3D models for
heat generation
Metallic current Model Prediction
connectors thermal
properties

The electrical parameters
Average Cell of each cell are the same
Thermal in this simulation
properties
© IFP New Energy

Fluid interactions are not modelled in this first All the surfaces have the same thermal exchange
version coefficient (h=15W/m²/k)

From 0D to 3D Thermal-Electrical pack model (2/2)

Experimental results show thermal distribution
within the pack.
Higher temperatures in the center are due to
inhomogenous cooling for each cell in the pack.
This leads to premature ageing of the center cells
impedance)
(Increase of impedance)

After calibration of internal resistances of each
cells,
cells, the model could explain thermal distribution
within the pack
Simulations of thermal distribution in EDLC veghan 3D temperature distribution of the aged pack
pack in agreement with data
© IFP New Energy

3D models are helpful to discuss and analyse the sources and the
thermal impacts of degradations (ageing) of the system


Conclusion

A physics-based approach to model EDLC was developed from 0D
electrical-thermal at the cell level to 3D thermal-electrical code at the
pack level.

Simulations provide good agreement with experimental data at both
short (seconds) to intermediate (hours) time ranges.

3D thermal-electrical models are powerful tools to optimize pack
architectures and define thermal management laws.
© IFP New Energy


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