CBSE Class XI Chemistry :- Organic chemistry

2. Carbon
TetravalencyTetravalency
Carbon forms 4 covalent bondsCarbon forms 4 covalent bonds
as itas it
has four valence electrons. Ithas four valence electrons. It
couldcould
gain four electrons to form C4-gain four electrons to form C4-
anion or lose four electrons toanion or lose four electrons to
formform
C4+ cation. Both theseC4+ cation. Both these
conditionsconditions
would take carbon far awaywould take carbon far away
fromfrom
achieving stability by the octetachieving stability by the octet
rule.rule.
To overcome this problem carbonTo overcome this problem carbon
undergoes bonding by sharingundergoes bonding by sharing
itsits
CatenationCatenation
The ability of an element toThe ability of an element to
catenate is primarily basedcatenate is primarily based
on theon the
bond energy of the element tobond energy of the element to
itself. itself.
Carbon has the ability toCarbon has the ability to
form bothform both
sigma and pi bonds to itself.sigma and pi bonds to itself.
ThisThis
Is due to an overlap betweenIs due to an overlap between
pi-pi-
electron orbitals, allowingelectron orbitals, allowing
11 CARBONCARBON

3. ORGANIC COMPOUND STRUCTURAL RPESENTATIONORGANIC COMPOUND STRUCTURAL RPESENTATION
Carbon22 Organic Compounds :: StructuralOrganic Compounds :: Structural
RepresentationRepresentation

4. Here in the Lewis dot
structure of carbon we can
see the tetra-valency of
the carbon .
In general in Lewis dot
structure the valency
electrons are shown
Other ExamplesOther Examples
33 Lewis StructureLewis Structure

5. 44 Deriving Lewis DotDeriving Lewis Dot
StructuresStructures
Rule :-1Rule :-1Rule :-1Rule :-1
Rule :-2Rule :-2Rule :-2Rule :-2
Rule :-3Rule :-3Rule :-3Rule :-3
Rule :-4Rule :-4Rule :-4Rule :-4
Find the total numberof Valence Electrons (T.V.E’s)Find the total numberof Valence Electrons (T.V.E’s)Find the total numberof Valence Electrons (T.V.E’s)Find the total numberof Valence Electrons (T.V.E’s)
To identify the central atomTo identify the central atomTo identify the central atomTo identify the central atom
Complete the octet forthe outeratomsComplete the octet forthe outeratomsComplete the octet forthe outeratomsComplete the octet forthe outeratoms
Find the formal charge (F )Find the formal charge (F )Find the formal charge (F )Find the formal charge (F )
F = T.V.E – no. of bonds around the atom– no. of lone electronsF = T.V.E – no. of bonds around the atom– no. of lone electrons

6. In this structural formula Carbon and hydrogenIn this structural formula Carbon and hydrogen
atoms are not indicated and carbon chains areatoms are not indicated and carbon chains are
indicated by zigzag lines. The line junctions indicateindicated by zigzag lines. The line junctions indicate
CHCH22 group and the line terminals indicate CHgroup and the line terminals indicate CH33 groupgroup
55 BondBond lineline structurestructure
OCTANE CHLOROCYCLOHEXANE PENTYL
CYCLOPROPANE 1,1,2,2-TETRAMETHYLETHANE CYCLOPENTANE

7. 66 Condensed structureCondensed structure

8. the bonds in the plane of
the paper are shown in their
normal bond convention
i.e., with a straight line
the bonds away from the
observer are showed by
dashed wedges
the bonds away from the
observer are showed by
dashed wedges
77 3-D Representation Of Organic3-D Representation Of Organic
MoleculesMolecules

9. Primary(1°) – attached to ONE other carbon
Secondary(2°) – attached to TWO other carbons
Tertiary(3°) – attached to THREE other carbons
Quaternary(4°) –attached to FOUR othercarbons
88 Types of CarbonsTypes of Carbons

10. Organic Compounds
Homocyclic or
Carbocyclic
compounds
Aromatic
compounds
Acyclic or
open chain
compounds
Heterocyclic
compounds
Benzenoid
compounds
Cyclic or Closed chain
or Ring compounds
Alicyclic
compounds
Non-
benzenoid
compounds
99 Classification Of Organic
Compounds

11. Functional Group
An Atom or Group of atoms joined in a specific manner
which are responsible for the characteristic chemical
properties of the organic compounds
Homologous series
A group or a series of organic compounds each
containing a characteristic functional group
forms a homologous series .The successive members
differ from each other in molecular formula by a –CH2
unit.
1010 Functional Group And HomologousFunctional Group And Homologous
seriesseries

12. IUPAC NAMINGIUPAC NAMING
International Union of Pure And Applied ChemistryInternational Union of Pure And Applied Chemistry

13. Thenamesof these
compoundsarebased on
thenumber of carbonsin
thelongest i.e., parent
chain liketheword root
‘Meth’ for 1 and so on
and theseend with suffix
‘-ane’
1111 IUPAC Nomenclature of AlkanesIUPAC Nomenclature of Alkanes
Number
of Carbons
Wood
Root
IUPAC
Name
Structure
1 Meth Methane CH4
2 Eth Ethane C2H6
3 Prop Propane C3H8
4 But Butane C4H10
5 Pent Pentane C5H12
6 Hex Hexane C6H14
7 Hept Heptane C7H16
8 Oct Octane C8H18
9 Non Nonane C8H20
10 dec Decane C10H22

14. 1212 Rules For the IUPAC Naming of Branched ChainRules For the IUPAC Naming of Branched Chain
HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons
Rule :-1
Rule :-2
Rule :-3
Rule :-4Rule :-4
Rule :-5
Rule :-6
Rule :-7
To Identify the longest carbon chain containg largest numberof carbonTo Identify the longest carbon chain containg largest numberof carbon
atomsatoms
To numberthe carbon chain fromthat end which in nearto the alkyl groupTo numberthe carbon chain fromthat end which in nearto the alkyl group
Numbers and letters are separated by small dash.Numbers and letters are separated by small dash.
To give the name to the parent chain containing the given numberofTo give the name to the parent chain containing the given numberof
carboncarbon
atomsatoms
Identify the alkyl group and to write theirnames as prefix to that parentIdentify the alkyl group and to write theirnames as prefix to that parent
alkyl along with properpositionalkyl along with properposition
If different alkyl group are present theirnames are written alphabeticallyIf different alkyl group are present theirnames are written alphabetically
along with position as prefixalong with position as prefix
If two ormore alkyl group are present then prefixes di, tri etc are used toIf two ormore alkyl group are present then prefixes di, tri etc are used to
indicate the numbers and theirpositions.indicate the numbers and theirpositions.

15. 1313 Functional Groups and Hydrocarbons :- The GroupsFunctional Groups and Hydrocarbons :- The Groups

16. S. No Class of
Compound
Functional
Group
Prefix Suffix Example
1 Alkane - -ane Methane
2 Alkene - -ene Ethene
3 Alkyl - -yne Butyl
4 Haloalkane Cl Chloro Halo - Chloromethane
Br Bromo Bromomethane
5 Alcohol Hydroxyl Hydroxyl -ol methanol
6 Aldehyde Formyl -al propanal
7 Ketone Keto -one propanone
8 Carboxylic Acid Carboxy -oic acid Butanoic acid
9 Esters Carbonyl -oate butanoate
10 Ethers Alkoxy
11 Amines Amino Amine
12 Amides carbomoyle -amide
13 Acid Chlorine Halo Carboxyl -olyhalide
14 Nitrocompound
15 Cynides Cyano Nitrite

17. Chapter 2 17
1414 .... And Their Structures.... And Their Structures
Carboxylic Acid

18. 1515 Some Specific Rules Related To Functional GroupsSome Specific Rules Related To Functional Groups
Aldehyde
Numbering should be Started From the Carbon Which Contains
the Aldehyde Group
General RuleGeneral Rule
If the letter next to the ‘e’ of alkane is a vowel then ‘e’ is cancelled
and
if the next letter to ‘e’ of alkane is consonant then ‘e’ is retained

19. 11
66
IUPAC Nomenclature of poly functional group and the order ofIUPAC Nomenclature of poly functional group and the order of
prioritypriority
If the compounds contains two or more diff functionalIf the compounds contains two or more diff functional
groups then in these compounds one functional group isgroups then in these compounds one functional group is
considered as the principal functional group and writtenconsidered as the principal functional group and written
as suffix and the remaining functional groups areas suffix and the remaining functional groups are
considered as secondary functional groups and writtenconsidered as secondary functional groups and written
as prefixes . The priority order is :-as prefixes . The priority order is :-
Carboxylic acidCarboxylic acid >> EsterEster >> Acid chlorideAcid chloride >>
amideamide >> CyanoCyano >> aldehydealdehyde >> KetoKeto >>
HydroxyHydroxy >> amineamine >> double Bonddouble Bond >> tripletriple
bondbond >> halogenhalogen

20. 11
77
ExamplesExamples