4. Summation over all atoms in a unit cell with positions [x n , y n , z n ] and atomic scattering factor f n (to be defined later).

6. Single crystal diffraction-Laue method

7. Laue camera

9. (a) Transmission (b) back-reflection Laue W radiation, 30kV, 19mA

10. Powder diffraction

11. Powder diffraction: poles of plane normals for (hkl) planes of all grains distribute uniformly on the surface of the reference sphere

13. Powder diffraction-Pinhole camera

14. Powder diffraction-Hull/Debye-Scherrer camera

15. Powder diffraction-Hull/Debye-Scherrer camera