stone ppt

1. STONE

2. STONE
• All The engineering Structures are made from some materials
• These materials are know as engineering materials; building materials or
materials of Construction .
• No material, existing in the universe is useless. Every material has its
own field of
• application

3. Classification of rocks
1. Geological classification
• 2. Physical classification
• 3. Chemical classification
• 4. Classification based on stone hardness:

4. Classification of rocks
According to this classification stone may be
classified
As soft, medium, hard and very hard.
-Very hard rocks as Granite, Trap and Taconite.
-Hard rocks as Granite, Basalt, Gravel and
Quartzite.
- Medium rocks as Dolomite and Lime Stone.
- Soft rocks as Talc, Gypsum and Sand stone.

5. Characteristics and qualities of good building stone
:
The stone should be easily and economically obtainable in bulk .
The stone should be hard, strong and durable .
It should weather well.
It should have fine compact texture .

6. USES OF STONE
1.For masonry work
2.for lintels and vertical columns
3.for covering floors of building
4.for paving of roads and foot paths
5.As a covering material for buildings

7. 6.for the construction of roads in form
of boulders and aggregate
7.as an aggregate in cement as well as lime
concretes
8.Base material for water and sewage
filters.
9.For the manufacture of cement and
lime.
10.In the construction of masonry dams ,
stones of good quality and durability are
of vital importance

8. TYPES OF STONE
I. Basalt
II. Gnesis
III.Granite
IV.Larterites
V.Limestone
VI.Marble
VII.Sandstone
VIII.Slate

9. Basalt
Basalt with a vesicular or frothy texture is
called scoria, and forms when dissolved gases are
forced out of solution and form vesicles as the
lava decompresses as it reaches the surface.
Basalt is usually grey to black in colour
Basalt almost always has a fine-grained mineral
texture

10. TYPES
Tholeiitic basalt is relatively rich in silica and poor in sodium
MORB (Mid Ocean Ridge Basalt), is characteristically low
in incompatible elements
Alkali basalt is relatively poor in silica and rich in sodium
• Uses
• Basalt is used in construction (e.g. as building blocks or in the
groundwork), making cobblestones (from columnar basalt) and in
makingstatue. Heating and extruding basalt yields stone wool, said to
be an excellent thermal insulator

12. GNEISS
• Orthogneiss designates a gneiss derived from an igneous rock,
and paragneiss is one from a sedimentary rock. Gneissose rocks have
properties similar to gneiss.
• The gneiss's delicate pink colours are exposed throughout the islands

14. Granite
Granite is a common type of igneous rock
Granites can be predominantly white, pink, or gray in color
depending on their mineralogy.
Granite has poor primary permeability but strong secondary
permeability
Granite has been extensively used as a dimension stone and as
flooring tiles in public and commercial buildings and monuments
Polished granite is also a popular choice for kitchen, countertops due
to its high durability and aesthetic qualities

16. Limestone
 Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed largely of
the minerals calcite and aragonite, which are different crystal
forms of calcium carbonate
 Limestone is very common in architecture, especially in Europe and
North America
 So many buildings in Kingston, Ontario, Canada were constructed
from it that it is nicknamed the 'Limestone City‘
 Limestone was most popular in the late 19th and early 20th
centuries. Train stations, banks and other structures from that era are
normally made of limestone
 . Many famous buildings in London are built from Portland limestone.

17. A limestone plate with a negative map
of Moosburg in Bavaria is prepared for
a lithography print.
Courthouse built of limestone
inManhattan, Kansas

18. Marble
Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock
Marble is commonly used for sculpture and as a building material.
Construction marble is a stone which is composed of calcite,
dolomite or serpentine which is capable of taking a polish.
More generally in construction, specifically the dimension
stone trade, the term "marble" is used for any crystalline calcitic rock

20. Sandstone
oSandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized
minerals or rock grains.
oSandstone was a popular building material from ancient times
oIt is relatively soft, making it easy to carve.
oIt has been widely used around the world in constructing temples,
homes, and other buildings. It has also been used for artistic purposes
to create ornamental fountains and statues.
oSome sandstones are resistant to weathering, yet are easy to work.
oThis makes sandstone a common building and paving material.
osome types of sandstone are excellent materials from which to
make grindstones, for sharpening blades and other implements.
osome types of sandstone are excellent materials from which to
make grindstones.

21. 17,000 years old sandstone oil lamp discovered at the
caves of Lascaux, France.
Sandstone doorway in Heidelberg,Germany
Sandstone is highly absorbent. These are sandstone
beverage coasters

22. Slate
• Slate is a fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous metamorphic
rock derived from an original shale-type sedimentary
of clay or volcanic ash through low-grade.
• Slate can be made into roofing slates, which are installed by
• When broken, slate retains a natural appearance while
relatively flat and easy to stack.
• Slate is particularly suitable as a roofing material as it has an
extremely low water absorption index of less than 0.4%,
material waterproof.
• . Natural slate is used by building professionals as a result of
beauty and durability.
• In areas where it is available, high-quality slate is used
for tombstones.

23. Slate-faced church and homes in Wurzbach, Thüringen,
Germany
A grave with inscription on slate

24. slate roof tiles.Dharamsala, India.

25. THE END