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I.V.SASI
1.
31 ¨hi®2013 Cª
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2.
31 ¨hi®2013 GY®
o¢-c¢-h-i®´¤« j¡-n®±T£-i- h¤-Ù®. j¡-n®±T£-i©h d-s-i¤- ¼¢-¨¿¼® cT¢-´¤-©Ø¡-r¤« hª-c-¹-q¢-k¥-¨T AY® Y¡-¹¢-c¢t- ·¤¼ j¡-n®±T£-i« As¢-i¡-¨Y d¤-s- ·¤-l-j¤«.- c¢-k-c¢v-´¤¼ Ab¢-J¡-j- l¬-l-Ì Cs-´¤¼ d-X-·¢-¨Ê-i¤« h¥-k¬-·¢-¨Ê-i¤« o¤-j-Ȩi J-j¤- Y¢-¨i-T¤-´¤¼ h¤u-J-j¤-Y-k¡-X-Y®. g£-j¤-Y§« F¼¤« d-s-i¡«.- lt-·- h¡-c-J¡k j¡-n®±T£-i-·¢v-c¢-¼¤« O-j¢-±Y-·¢v c¢-¼¤-¨h¡-¨´ o¤-j- È¢-Y-h¡-¨i¡-j¤ AJk« d¡-k¢-´¡u A¨Y-¼¤« hk-i¡q o¢-c¢-h¨i c¢t-f-Ü¢-µ¢-¶¤-Ù®. Oj¢-±Y-g£-Y¢- ©i¡-q-¨h-·¤« A-Jv-µ-i¤-¨T Cª j¡-n®±T£-i«. l¢-o®h¦-Y¢-i¤-¨T a¦-m¬- ±d-qi« AY® c½¤-¨T ¨l-¾¢-·¢- j-i¢v o¦-n®T¢-µ¤. H¡t-h-J-q¤-¨T ©m-n¢-´¤-s-l¢-¨c AY¢-l¢-¨T A-j- ´¢-¶¤-s-¸¢-µ¤. l-q-¨j-¨i-q¤-¸-·¢v ¨l-¾¢-·¢j o¦-n®T¢-´¤¼ h-Y¢-±g-h-¹-q¢-k¤« a¦-m¬- ±d-q-i-·¢-k¤« h¤-¹¢-j-o¢-´¡u d¡- J-·¢v Yi¡-s¡-i¢ c¢v-´¤¼ Hj¤ J¡-X¢-´¥-¶¨· o¢-c¢h Cª c¡-¶¢v c¢t-h¢-µY® dY¤-¨´-¸-Y¤-¨´ h-s-l¢- i¤-¨T Bpë¡-a¹w c¤-J-j¡u c¨½ d-U¢-¸¢-µ¤-¨J¡-Ù¤-Y-¨¼-i¡-X®. F¿¡ A-T¢-i-É-j¡-l-Ì-J-¨q-i¤« A¨Y-q¤-¸« o§£-J¡-j¬-h¡-´¢. Hj¤ c¡-T¢-©Ê-Y¤-h-¿¡· Hj¤ ¨l-¾¢-·¢j AY® ch¤-´¤©hv ¨J-¶¢-l-µ¤. A-b¢-c¢-©l-m-J¡-k·® d¢-s-l¢- ¨i-T¤· c½¤-¨T o¢-c¢-h-i¤-¨T o¡-h¥-p¬-d¡-U¹w J¡-X¢-i¤-¨T A-©f¡-b-·¢v c¢-©È-d¢-µ¤-¨J¡- ©Ù-i¢-j¤-¼-Y¤« ±d¡-Z-h¢-J-h¡-i¤« AY® hY¢-h-s-´¡-c¤¾ Hj¤ J-k¡- o«-l¢-b¡-c-h¡-i¡-X®. ©c-j«-©d¡-´® F¼Y® o¢-c¢-h-i¤-¨T dj¬¡-i« ©d¡-¨k-i¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤ Cl¢-¨T. ©c-j- ·¢v ¨J¡-·¢-lµ ©c-j¢-¨Ê m¢-kç-¹-q¡-J¡u A-¨Y-¼¤« gi- ¨¸-¶¢-j¤-¼¤. AT¢-h¤-T¢ j¡-n®±T£-i-l- Y®J-j¢-´-¨¸-¶-¨Y¼¤ Jj¤-Y-¨¸-T¤¼ Hj¤ QcY Y£t-·¤« Aj¡-n®±T£- i-l-Y®J-j¢-´-¨¸¶ h¶¢v o¢-c¢-h- i¢v ¨d-j¤-h¡-s¢-©¸¡-¼¤. hk-i¡-q¢ oh¥-p« C-¨¼-·¢-©µt¼ ©J-j-q-h¡- Y¦-J-i¤-¨T l¢-¾-k¤-J-q¡-X® C-Y¢v J¡-X¡-c¡-l¤-J. c½¤-¨T Fx-d-Y¤- lt-n¨· o¢-c¢-h-i¤-¨T Oj¢-±Y-¨h- T¤-·¡v AY® Gt-¨¸-¶¢-j¢-´¤¼ c¢-L¥-W-h¡i hª-c¹w GY® Oj¢- ±Y-l¢-a¬¡t-Ï¢-¨i-i¤« c¡-X¢-¸¢-´¤«.- Cª j¡-n®±T£i hª-c-¹¨q ±p-o§-J¡- k-¨·-Æ¢-k¤« F¨¼-©¼-´¤-h¡-i¢ k«-M¢-µ¤-¨J¡-Ù® Ab¢-J¡-j-±d-h- ·-Y-Jw-¨´-Y¢-¨j-i¤¾ Hj¤ Qc- J£i AQÙ o¢-c¢-h-i¢v c¢t-h¢-µ¤ F¼-Y¡-X® ¨F.-l¢. mm¢ F¼ o«-l¢-b¡-iJu hk-i¡q o¢-c¢-h- i¤-¨T O-j¢-±Y-©·¡-T® ¨Oií `J¤-׫-’. `F-r¤-d-Y¤-Jw’ F-¨¼-r¤-Y¤-©Ø¡w AY¢-¨c gj-Yu~-d-a®h-j¡-Qu~©Q¡t- Q¤-h¡-j¢-©k-´¤« O¤-j¤-´¢-¨´-¶¤¼ c½¤-¨T Ok-µ¢-±Y O-j¢-±Y-J¡-j-Á¡t F¼¤« H¡t-´¡u l¢-o-½-Y¢-´¤¼ ©d-j¡-i¢ ¨F.-l¢. mm¢ h¡-s¢-i-Y¤« B o¢-c¢h j¡-n®±T£-i« o«-o¡- j¢-µ¤ F¼ J¤-׫-¨J¡-Ù¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤. F-¼¡v,- ¨F.-l¢. mm¢-¨i Oj¢-±Y- ·¢v ±d-o-Ç-c¡-´¤-¼-Y¤« Cª j¡-n®±T£-i« Y¨¼-i¡-X®. ¨l-¾¢-·¢-j-i¤-¨T hª-c-¹w o§¡-Y-±É¬-·¢-c¤ h¤u-d¤« d¢u-d¤« Ac£-Y¢-Jw ¨d-j¤«h-r-©d¡- ¨k ¨d-ií¤-©d¡¼ J¡-k-¨·-¿¡« A¨Y-¿¡« J-Ù¢-¨¿¼¤ cT¢-µ® gi« Qc¢-¸¢-´¤« h¶¢v A-o«-f-Ü-Q- V¢-k-h¡i Aµ-T¢-o¡-p¢-Y¬« o«-o¡- j¢-´¤-J-i¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤ c½¤-¨T o¢-c¢-h. Ba¬ hk-i¡q O¢-±Y-¨h¼ K¬¡-Y¢- ¨F.l¢. mm¢: Hj¤ driO¢±Y«
3.
31 ¨hi®2013 i¤¾
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31 ¨hi®2013 F¼¤-©d¡-k¤«
h-k-i¡-q¢-Jw lq¨j ¨¨l-J¢-i¡-X® DXt-¼® Y¢-j¢-µ-s¢-i¤- ¼-Y®. h¥¼¤ lt-n-¨h-Æ¢-k¤-¨h-T¤-·¤ Cª D-X-j-k¢-c®. C¹¨c DX-j¡u ¨¨l-J¢-i-Y¤-¨J¡-Ù¡-X® A-T¢-i-É-j¡- l-Ì Jr¢º DT¨c ©J-j-q-·¢v A-b¢-J¡-j-·¢-©k-s¢-iY® AT¢-i-É- j¡-l-Ì-i¤-¨T d¢u-Y¤-Tt-µ¡-l-J¡- m¢-Jw Y¨¼-i¡-i-Y®. ©J-j-q-·¢- ¨k A-T¢-i-É-j¡-l-Ì-i®´® Hj¤ ±d-©Y¬-JY J¥-T¢-i¤-Ù®~ A-¨Y¡-j¤ J½¬¥-X¢-Í® h¤-K¬-h-±É¢-´® J£-r¢v A-j-©¹-s¢i O¤h¼ AT¢-i-É-j¡-l- Ì-i¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤. h-k-i¡-q¢-Jw DX- j¡u ¨¨l-J¢-i-Y¢-¨Ê J¡-j-X-l¤« Cª O¤-h-¸¢-¨Ê D¾¢v Dª-s¢-´¥- T¢i Js¤-¸¢-¨Ê B-k-o¬-·¢-¨Ê hz- Y-i¤-h¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤. H-©j-o-hi« O¤h¼ ©l-n-h¢¶ J½¬¥-X¢-Í® A-d-O-i-¹-©q¡-T¤« ±Y¢- lt-X-d-Y¡J O¤-×¢i ©J¡x-±Loæ® A-b¢-J¡-j¡-O¡-j-¹-©q¡-T¤« ¨d¡-j¤-Y¢- ¨´¡-Ù-¿¡-¨Y h-k-i¡-q¢-´® DXt- ¨¼-X£-´¡-c¡-J¢-¿¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤. Cª D-Xt-l¢-c® a¢-m¡-©f¡-b« cv-J¢-iY® cJ®o-¨¨k×® j¡-n®±T£-i-·¢-¨Ê dri g¡-j¹w ¨¨J-¨i¡-r¢-º® Q-c-J£i j¡-n®±T£-i-·¢-¨Ê d¤-Y¢i g¡-l¤-J-Y§« c½¤-¨T c¡-¶¢v dX¢-i¡u ±m-h¢µ Qc-J£i o¡«-o®J¡-j¢J ©l-a¢-¨i¼ cl£c CT-Y¤-dÈ j¡-n®±T£i m-Ç¢- i¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤. Jn®T¢-µ® jÙ¤-lt-n« h¡-±Y« B-i¤-oæ¤-Ù¡-i¢-j¤¼ Hj¤ ±d-Ì¡-c-h¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤ AY®~ (1980~- 82). AT¢-i-É-j¡-l-Ì-i¤-¨T Y¤-s-¼¤- J¡-¶-k¢-k¥-¨T AY® mÇ¢-i¡t-Q¢-µ¤- l-j¢-J-i¤« c½¤-¨T Jl¢-Y-J-¨q-i¤« c¡-T-J-¨·-i¤« j¡-n®±T£i ©f¡-b- ¨·-i¤« d¤-Y¤-´¢-¸-X¢-i¤-J-i¤« ¨O-ií¤. JT-½-c¢-¶-i¤« o-µ¢-a¡-c-z-c¤« f¡-k-O-±zu O¤-¾¢-´¡-T¤« hb¤-h¡- Í-s¤« ¨J.-Q¢. mÆ-j-¸¢-¾-i¤« f¢. j¡-Q£-l-c¤« H¨´ h-k-i¡-q¢-i¤-¨T ©f¡-b-·¢-k¤« A©f¡-b-·¢-k¤« d-X¢-¨i-T¤· J¡-k«. Qc-J£i l¢-O¡-j-X-¨i¼ o-h-j-j¥-d« O¢-É- J¨q Cq-´¢-h-s¢µ J¡-k«. HT¤-l¢v o¤-±f-p®h-X¬-a¡-o¢-¨Ê BY®h-f- k¢-i¢-k¥-¨T B ©l-cv-hr ¨d-¨ií¡- T¤-¹¢-i¢-¶¤« hj¹w d¢-¨¼-i¤« ¨d-ií¤-¨J¡-©Ù-i¢-j¤¼ J¡-k«. Fx-d-Y¤-J-q¤-¨T Y¤-T-´-·¢- k¤-Ù¡i Cª cl£c h¤-©¼-×-¹-q¤- ¨T j¡-n®±T£-i-©·¡-T® j¡-n®±T£-i-h¡- i¢-·¨¼ o«-l-a¢-´¡u o¡-b¢µ Hj¤-J¥-¶« o¢-c¢-h-J-q¢-k¥-¨T hk-i¡q o¢-c¢-h¨i j¡-n®±T£-i-l-Y®J-j¢-µ¤ F¼-Y¡-X® ¨F.-l¢. m-m¢-¨i Oj¢-±Y- ·¢v ±d-o-Ç-c¡-´¤-¼-Y®. AÜ- h¡i G-J-o§-j-b¡-jJw ¨l-T¢-º® fp¤-o§-j-h¡i Cª ©k¡-J-·¢-¨Ê J¡-r®O-J-q¢-©k´® ¨F.-l¢. mm¢ o¢-c¢-hJw b£-j-h¡-i¢ JXå¤-Y¤-s- ´¤-J-i¡-X®. AY® H×-c¡-i-J¨c Y-Jt-·¤. hk-i¡q o¢-c¢-h¨i ±L-o¢- µ¢-j¤¼ O-j¢-±Y-g£-Y¢-Jw J¤-Tº® AY¢-¨c-¨´¡-Ù® j¡-n®±T£-i« Y¤-s¼® o«-o¡-j¢-´¡u dU¢-¸¢-µY® ¨F.-l¢. mm¢ o¢-c¢-h-J-q¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤. Cª c¡- T¢-¨Ê j¡-n®±T£-i-h¤-K« mm¢ o§-É« o¢-c¢-h-J-q¢v ¨J-¶-r¢-µ¤-l¢-T¤-J-i¡- i¢-j¤-¼¤. Q-c-±d¢-i-h¡i Y±É¹w Al-k«-f¢-µ¤-¨J¡-Ù¤¾ Hj¤ h¤- ©¼-×-h¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤ AY®. Hj¤ cL-j- ·¢-¨Ê A-¹¡-T¢-´¡-r®O-J-q¢-k¥-¨T ¨Y-j¤-l¢-¨k O¤-h-¶¤-¨Y¡-r¢-k¡-q¢-i¤-¨T Q£-l¢-Y-·¢-©k´® ¨l-¾¢-·¢-j-i¤-¨T h¤K« Y¢-j¢-µ¤-lµ `A-¹¡-T¢’ (1980)- i¢-k¥-¨T-i¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤ ¨F.-l¢. mm¢ Q-c-J£i Yj«-L-·¢-c® o¢-c¢-h-i¢v Y¤-T´« J¤-s¢-µ-Y®. `Cª c¡-T¢-’¨Ê Ba¢-j¥-d-h¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤ `A-¹¡-T¢-’. AY¢-c¢-T-i¢v `A-p¢«-o’(1981)-i¤- Ù¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤. Y¤-Tt-µ-i¡-i¢ `Cª c¡-T®’ (1982) l-¼¤. l¢-m¤-Ú-¨h¼¤ ©Jw-l¢-©J¶ A¹¡T¢ F¼ O¢±Y·¢v Qiu
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Qc-J£i l¢-O¡- j-X-i®´® o¢-c¢-h-i¢v Y¤-T-´-h¢-T¤-J- i¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤ `Cª c¡-T®’. o¢-c¢-h-i¢-¨k l¢-m¤Ú dm¤-´w O-j¢-±Y-·¢-k¤- T-c£-q« d¡-k¢-µ¤-©d¡¼ j¡-n®±T£i hª-c-·¢-¨Ê o«-o®J¡-j-h¡-X® mm¢ `Cª c¡-T¢-’v k«-M¢-µ-Y®. AY® j¡- n®±T£-i-·¢-¨k lk-Y¤-d-Ȩ· h¡-±Yh¿ Ad-O-i-¨¸¶ CT-Y¤-d- È-¨·-i¤« Y¤-s-¼¤-J¡-¶¢. A-T¢-i- É-j¡-l-Ì-i®´¤-©m-n-h¤¾ Qc-l¢- J¡-j-¹-q¤-¨T D-Xt-µ-J¨q o¢-c¢h d¢-T¢-¨µ-T¤-´¤-J-i¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤ Al¢- ¨T. `-Lw-e¢-’v c¢-¼¤¾ d¢-Á-T´« hk-i¡q o¢-c¢h Ba¬-h¡-i¢ Otµ ¨O-ií-Y¤« Ab¢-J¡j j¡-n®±T£-i¨· ¨Y-j¤-l¢v Q-c-J£i l¢-O¡-j-X-i®´® l¢-©b-i-h¡-´¤-¼-Y¤« ¨F.-l¢. m-m¢- i¤-¨T `Cª c¡-T¡-’-X®. `Cª c¡-T¢-’-c¤« jÙ¤ d-Y¢-ס-Ù¢-c¤-©mn« h¡-±Y« CT-Y¤-dÈ« Otµ ¨O-à¡u Y¤- T-¹¢i dk ±d-©h-i-¹-q¤« ©J-j- q-·¢-¨Ê h¤-K¬-b¡-j-i¢v B-a¬- h¡-i¢ ¨l-¾¢-·¢-j-i¢v Qc-J£i j¡-n®±T£i Ot-µ-i¡-´¢ h¡-פ-¼Y® ¨F.-l¢. mm¢-i¤-¨T o¢-c¢-h-J-q¢-k¥- ¨T-i¡-X®. CT-Y¤-d-È-·¢-¨Ê Ad- O-i-l¤« ©±T-V®i¥-X¢-iu h¤-Y-k¡- q¢-·-l¤« h¤-Y-k¡-q¢-·-l¤-h¡-i¤¾ J¥-¶¤-J-µ-l-T-l¤« dX« ¨¨a-l-h¡-i¢ h¡-s¤¼ j¡-n®±T£-i« F-¹¨c ¨d¡- Y¤-o-h¥-p-·¢-¨Ê c¡-m-·¢-c® l-q«- l-i®´¤-¼¤-¨l-¼-Y¢-¨Ê a¤-j-É-O¢- ±Y-l¤-¨h-¿¡« B o¢-c¢-h-J-q¢-k¥-¨T Qc-l¢-J¡-j¹w J¥-T¢-i¡-i¢ h¡-s¢~ `-C-¼-¨¿-Æ¢v c¡-¨q’ (82) `C-c¢-¨i- Æ¢-k¤«-’ (83) `l¡t-·’ (86), `-B-l- c¡-r¢’ (86), `A-T¢-hJw DT-h-Jw’ (87), `A-f®J¡-j¢’ (88), `At-pY’ (90) l¨j c£-Ù¤-c¢-¼¤ Cª fp¤-o§- j-b¡-j. o¢-c¢-h-i¢-¨k Ab¢-J¡-j« o¢-c¢-h-i¢v dX-h¢-s-´¤¼ h¥-k- bc« AT¢-i-É-j¡-l-Ì J-r¢-º¤¾ Hj¤ ¨O-s¢i CT-©l-q-i¢v Y¡-j-Y- ©h¬c D-a¡-j-h¡-i-Y¡-X® ¨F.-l¢. mm¢- i¤-¨T j¡-n®±T£i o¢-c¢-h-J¨q o¡- b¬-h¡-´¢i Hj¤ ±d-b¡c MT-J«. 1985 h¤-Yv h½¥-¶¢~-©h¡-pu-k¡v Y¡-©j¡-a-i-©·¡-¨T Ì¢-Y¢-L-Y¢-Jw dY¤-¨´ h¡-s¢-l-j¤-¼-Y¤« o¢-c¢-h- i¢-¨k f-p¤-o§-j-b¡-j-J¨q A¶¢- h-s¢-µ® GJ-o§-j-b¡-jJw l£-Ù¤« B-b¢-d-Y¬-·¢-©k´® lj¤-¼-Y¤-h¡i ±d-l-X-YJw ±d-Y¬-È-¨¸-T¤-¼-Y¤« J¡-X¡-c¡-J¤«.- B©L¡-q-Y-k-·¢v ©o¡-l¢-i×® i¥-X¢-i-c-T-´-h¤¾ j¡-n®±T-¹-q¢v D-a¡-j-lv-´jX iÐ-¹w-´® Y¤-T-´-h¡-J¤-¼-Y¤« Fx-d-Y¤-J-q¤-¨T hb¬« h¤-Yv- ´¡-X®. 1985~-90 J¡-k¨· o¡-Ø- ·¢J j¡-n®±T£i h¡-×-¹-q¡-X® ©o¡- l¢-i×® i¥-X¢-i¨Ê dY-c-·¢-c¤« B©L¡-q-l-Y®J-j-X-·¢-¨Ê D-a®M¡- T-c-·¢-c¤« lr¢-¨i¡-j¤-´¤-¼-Y®. o¢- c¢-h-i®´¤-©hv h¥-k-bc« l£-Ù¤« d¢-T¢-h¤-s¤-´¢-·¤-T-¹¤¼ J¡-k-l¤« ¨Y¡-Xå¥-s¤-J-q¡-X®. Q-c-J£i j¡- n®±T£-i« o«-o¡-j¢-´¤¼ j¡-n®±T£i o¢-c¢-hJw A©Y¡-¨T h¢-´-l¡-s¤« Ao¡-b¬-l¤-h¡-i¢. o¢-c¢-h-i¢-¨k h¤-Y-k¡-q¢-·-·¢-c® hk-i¡-q-·¢v Hj¢-´-k¤« Hj¤ fav ¨l-¿¤-l¢-q¢ DÙ¡-i-©Y-i¢¿ F¼- Y¡-X® o¢-c¢-h-i®¨´¡-j¢-´-k¤« d¢- ¼£-T® j¡-n®±T£-i« AY¢-¨Ê m-j¢-i¡i At-Ï-·¢v o«-o¡-j¢-´¡-c¡-l¡- ¨Y ©d¡-i-Y¢-¨Ê ±d-b¡c J¡-j-X«. Jkt-¸¢-¿¡· c¿ gÈX« J¢-¶¡u c½¤-¨T c¡-¶¢v ©J¡-e¢ pªo® m¦«- K-kJw d-X¢-i¡u ©c-Y¦-Y§« cv- J¡u Hj¤ F.-¨J.-Q¢. D-Ù¡-i¢-j¤-¼- Y¤-©d¡-¨k o¢-c¢-h-i®´® Hj¢-´-k¤« Hj¤ F.-¨J.-Q¢. DÙ¡-i-©Y-i¢-¿. J½¬¥-X¢-Í® d¡t-¶¢-Jw d-k-Y¤« c½¤-¨T c¡-¶¢v o¦-n®T¢-µ¢-¶¤-Ù®. F¼¡v,- Hj¤ J¡-r®O-o«-o®J¡-j- ·¢-c® AT¢-Ì¡-c-h¡-©J-Ù¢-i¢-j¤¼ Jj¢Øci¢v Qic¤« o£hi¤« DXj¥ F¼ O¢±Y·¢v c¢¼®
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Ok-µ¢-±Y fav Alt-´® o¦- n®T¢-´¡-c¡-i¢-¿. ¨¨J-jq¢ O¡cv l¼-©¸¡-r¤« o¢-c¢-h-i¤-¨T h¡-s¢i J¡-k¡-l-Ì-i¢v o¡-×-¨¨k×® h¡t-´×® c¢t-X¡-i-J-h¡-i¢-¶¤-©d¡-k¤« Alt-´® Hj¤ fav Ok-µ¢-±Y o«-o®J¡-j« Cl¢-¨T ¨c-¨ií-T¤-´¡- c¡-i¢-¿. AY® J-©Ø¡-q-·¢-¨Ê Ac¤-f-Ü« h¡-±Y-h¡-i¢. o¢-c¢-h-i¢-¨k h¤-Y-k¡-q¢-·-©·¡-T® Jk-p¢µ c½¤-¨T o-h¡-Éj Ok-µ¢- ±Y-b¡j l¢-©b-i-¨¸-¶Y® ot-´¡t h¥-k-b-c-©·¡-T¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤. ot-´¡t o-f®o¢-V¢-¨J¡-Ù¡-X¢-l¢-¨T oh¡-É-j-b¡j c¢-k-c¢-¼-Y¤-Y-¨¼. d¤-j-o®J¡-j¹w B b¡-j-i®´® o¡-p¢-Y¬-·-s-l¡-¶¢-c¤ d¤-s·® o¢- c¢-h-i®¨´¡-j¤ l-©j-X¬-©L¡-d¤-j« dX¢-Y¤-¨J¡-T¤-·¤ F¼¤ h¡-±Y«. c-½¤-¨T Ok-µ¢-±Y c¢-j¥-dX m¡- K-i®´® Y¤-T-´-h¢-¶-Y¤« A-Y¢-¨c lqt-·¢-©¸¡-¼-Y¤« o¡-p¢-Y¬-l¡- j¢-J-J-q¤« o¡-p¢-Y¬-·¢-¨Ê A±d- h¡-a¢-Y§-·¢v l¢-m§-o¢-´¤-¼-Y¢v h-Y¢-±gh« d¥-Ù-l-j¤-h¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤. C·j« l-©j-X¬-Y-Jw-¨J¡-Ù® o«-g-l¢-µY® o¡-p¢-Y¬-J¦-Y¢-J-q¤-¨T o¢-c¢-h-i¡-J-k¢-c® h¡-±Y« c¢-j¥-d-X- ·¢-¨Ê Yr¤-J-k¤« d¢-ɤ-X-i¤« J¢- ¶¤J hפ-¾-l-i®¨´-¿¡« C·¢-j¢ Y-j«-Y¡X dj¢-LXc ¨J¡-T¤-´¤J F¼ Y-j«-Y¢-j¢-l¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤. Cª Al-Ì-i®´® F-¨É-Æ¢-k¤-¨h¡-j¤ h¡-×-h¤-Ù¡-J¡u e¢-k¢« Cu-Í¢-׬¥- ¶¢-¨Ê-i¤« oh¡-Éj o¢-c¢-h-i¤-¨T-i¤« ¨J¡-T¢-i-T-i¡-q-¹-q¤-¾-Yj« o¢-c¢- hJw Bt¶® o¢-c¢-h-i¤-¨T ©d-j¢v d¤-s-¨·-·¤-¼Y¤ l¨j hk-i¡q o¢-c¢-h-i®´® J¡-·¢-j¢-©´-Ù¢-l-¼¤. Ba¬-J¡k O-k-µ¢-±Y-J¡-j-Á¡-j¢v d¢. g¡-o®J-ju, j¡-h¤-J¡-j¬¡-¶®, F. l¢u- o-Ê®, ¨J.-F-o®. ©o-Y¤-h¡-blu Y¤-T-¹¢-ilt Cª Y-j«-Y¢-j¢-l¢v ¨d¶® Hj¢-´-k¤« dU¢-´-¨¸-T¡-¨Y ©d¡-i¢. `-Bt-¶¢-’¨Ê Y¤-T´« 1970~-¨k d¢.-Fu. ©h-©c¡-¨Ê `H¡-q-l¤« Y£-j- l¤-’-h¡-©X¡ A©Y¡ 1971~-¨k AT¥-j¢- ¨Ê `-¨J¡-T¢-©i-×’-h¡-©X¡ F¨¼¡-j¤ Yt´« G¨s-´¡-k« Cl¢-¨T c¢- k-c¢-¼Y® Cª l©j-X¬-Y-i¤-¨T Y¤-Tt-µ-i¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤. H-T¤-l¢v d¡- ¶¤-¾-Y¤-¨J¡-Ù® `H¡-q-l¤« Y£-j-l¤«-’ d¢-©¼¡-¶¤-©d¡-l¤-J-i¡-X¤-Ù¡-i-Y®. As¤-d-Y¤-J-q¢v `-h¡-Y¦-g¥-h¢’ Br®O- ¸-Y¢-¸¢v o¢-c¢-J®~-c¡-a¢t-n~ ©J¡- r¢-©´¡-Tu ±Y¢-h¥t-·¢-Jw AT¢- ·-s-¨i¡-j¤-´¢i h-k-i¡-q-·¢-¨k Ok-µ¢-±Y c¢-j¥-dX b¡-j-i¢v Q¡- Y¢-l-©j-X¬-Y-J¥-T¢ Dw-©µt-¼¤ J¢-T- ¸¤-Ù®. F«.-T¢-i¤-¨T Y¢-j-´-Z-i¤-¨Ù- Æ¢v GY® J¤-×¢-µ¥-k¢-c¤« Cl¢-¨T o«-l¢-b¡-i-J-c¡-J¡-¨h¼ c¡-a¢t-n- i¤-¨T b¡t-n®T¬-·¢v o¢-c¢-h-i¤-¨T Oj¢-±Y-©·¡-T¤-Y-¨¼-i¤¾ A-l-©p- q-c-h¡-X¤-¾-Y®. o¢-c¢-h-J¨q Bt-¨¶-¼¤« J-©h- n¬-¨k-¼¤« Yj«-Y¢-j¢-µ¤ l¡-i¢-µ¤- ¨J¡-Ù¢-j¤¼ c¢-j¥-d-X-¨·-i¡-X® AY® Bb¢-d-Y¬-·¢-©k´® ¨J¡- Ù¤-l-¼-Y®. Bt¶® o¢-c¢-hJw d¤-j-o®J¡-j-¹-q¢-k¤« c¢-j¥-d-X- ¹-q¢-k¤« d-È-d¡-Y¢-Y§-¹-q¢-k¤« Yr¤-J-¨¸-¶-©¸¡w J-µ-l-T-o¢-c¢-h- i¡-i¢ h¤-±a-J¤-·-¨¸¶l Qc-¹-q¤- ¨T ©J¡-T-Y¢-i¢v h¡-±Y« l¢-O¡-jX ¨O-à-¨¸-¶¤. AY® ¨O-ií-¨Y-¨É-¼¤- ©d¡-k¤« dU¢-´-¨¸-¶¢-¿. Oj¢-±Y- h¡i Cª a¤-j-É-·¢-¨Ê AcÉj ek-h¡-i¡-X® `A-l-q¤-¨T j¡-l¤-Jw’ (1978) F¼ o¢-c¢-h-i¤-¨T ©d-j¢v h¦-a¤-¨¨k«-L¢-J-Y-i¤-¨T lÇ¡-l¡-i¢ h¤-±a-J¤-·-¨¸¶® O-j¢-±Y-·¢v-c¢-¼¤« d¤-s-·¡-´-¨¸¶ ¨F.-l¢. mm¢ o¢- c¢-h-i¤-¨T Oj¢-±Y-·¢v ¨O-ií-¨Y- ¨É¼® ¨¨l-J¢-h¡-±Y« l¡-i¢-´-¨¸- T¡-c¢-T-i¡-i-Y®. ©±d«-c-o£t i¤-L¨· sÀ¤-¨Oií A«-L« `A-l-q¤-¨T j¡-l¤-J-q¤-’¨T J¡-k·® Hj¤ F«. ©L¡-l¢-zu h¡-±Y-h¡-X® ¨F.-l¢. mm¢-´® d¢-ɤ-X-i¤-h¡- ¨i-·¢-i-Y®. ©L¡-l¢-z-c¡-J¨¶ Oj¢- ±Y-·¢v CT-Y¤-h¿ lk-Y¤-h¿~ j-Ù¢-c¤« FY¢-j¤-h¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤. AµT¢ o¡-p¢-Y¬-·¢v Hj¤ l-©j-X¬-Y- i¤-¨T-i¤« d¡-j-Ø-j¬« Al-J¡-m- ¨¸-T¡-c¢-¿¡· ¨n-j£-e¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤ `A-l-q¤-¨T j¡-l¤-J-q¤-’¨T jO-i¢-Y¡-l®. d-s-ºY® ¨¨k«-L¢J ¨Y¡-r¢-k¡-q¢-i¤- ¨T JZ-i¤«.- 1978~v A-T¢-i-É-j¡-l-Ì-i¤-¨T J¡-q-j¡-±Y¢-´¤-©m-n-h¤¾ c¢-±a-i¢v- c¢-¼¤« c½¤-¨T fª-Ú¢-J-©k¡-J« DXt-¼¤ Y¤-T-¹¤-¼©Y DÙ¡-i¢-j¤- ¼¤-¾¥. J¡-k-·¢-c¤ h¤u-d¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤ ¨F.-l¢. mm¢-i¤-¨T l¢-dë-l«. 1921 F¼ o¢c¢hi¢v c¢¨¼¡j¤ j«L«
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Y¢-j¢-º¤-©c¡-´¤-©Ø¡-r¡-X® 2008~-¨k c¬¥ Q-c-©snu l¢-dë-l- ©·-´¡w o¢-c¢-h-i¤-¨T Oj¢-±Y¨· A-T¢-h¤-T¢ Y¢-j¤-·¢i l¢-dë-l-h¡-X® 1975~-80 J¡-k·® ©±d«-c-o£t i¤-L¨· sÀ® ¨O-ií¤-¨J¡-Ù® hk-i¡q o¢-c¢-h-i¢v ¨F.-l¢. mm¢ o¦-n®T¢µ Yj«-L«. J¤-T¢-¨l-¾-±dmî« Jj-´¡t Y½¢-k¤¾ i¤-Ú-©·¡-q-¨h-·¤¼ l¢-ni« ¨¨J-J¡-j¬« ¨O-ií¤-¨J¡-Ù® 1975~v `D-Ë-l’-h¡-X® C-Y¢-c® Y¤- T-´-h¢-¶-Y®. dJ-i¤-¨T-i¤« jY¢-i¤- ¨T-i¤« B-o¤-j-g¡-l« ¨l-q¢-l¡-´¢i `CY¡ Cl¢-¨T-l-¨j-’-i¢-k¥-¨T mm¢ da®h-j¡-Q¨c h¤-K¬-b¡-j-i¤-¨T oª-z- j¬-h¡-´¢ h¡-×¢. j¡-n®±T£-i-h¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤ ¨F.-l¢. mm¢-i¤-¨T jÙ¡-h¨· l¢- dë-l«. `A-¹¡-T¢’ (1980) o¦-n®T¢µ Qc-J£i Yj«-L« h-k-i¡q o¢-c¢-h-i¤- ¨T Oj¢-±Y-·¢v h¨×¡-j¤ o«-l¢-b¡- i-J-c¤« AY¢-c¤ h¤u-©d¡ d¢u-©d¡ J¢-¶¡-·±Y l-k¢i Y¡-j-d-a-l¢-i¢- ©k-´¡-X® ¨F.-l¢. mm¢-¨i D-it- ·¢-i-Y®. c¢t-h¡-Y¡-l¢-¨c-i¤« Y¡-j-¨·-i¤« o¦-n®T¢-´¤¼ o«-l¢-b¡-i-J-c¡-i¢ o¢-c¢-h-i¢v Cs-´¤¼ h¥-k-b-c-·¢- c¤-©hv Hj¤ c¢-Ö¢-Y-J¡-k-M¶« l¨j-i¤« Y-©Ê-Y¡i ot-L¡-Y®h-J-Y- i¤-¨T Ab¢-J¡-j« Jà¡-q¡-c¤¾ A-l- o-j-h¡-X® AY® ¨F.-l¢. mm¢-´® ¨J¡-T¤-·-Y®. Fx-d-Y¤-J-q¤-¨T Y¤- T-´-·¢v AT¢-i-É-j¡-l-Ì-i¤-¨T Y¤-s-¼¤-J¡-¶-k¢-k¥-¨T ¨h¡-·-·¢v ¨d¡-Y¤-o-h¥-p« Bt-Q¢µ Ab¢-J¡- j-¹w-´® oh¡-É-j-h¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤ Cª h¡-׫. `A-p¢«-o’ (1981), `Cª c¡-T®’ (1982) Y¤-T-¹¢i o¢-c¢-h-J-q¢-k¥-¨T `Cª c¡-T¢-’¨Ê j¡-n®±T£i h¤K« Y¤- s-¼¤-J¡-¶¡u Cª CT-©lq f¤-Ú¢- d¥t-l« D-d-©i¡-L¢-´¤-J-i¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤ mm¢. lØ¢µ Qc-d¢-ɤX Cª o¢-c¢-h-Jw-´® J¢-¶¢-i-Y¤-¨J¡-Ù¤- Ù¡i ¨¨k-ou-o® D-d-©i¡-L¢-µ® o¢-c¢-h-i¤-¨T l¢-m¤-Ú-d-m¤-´w dY¢-ס-Ù¤-Jw c£Ù Oj¢-±Y-·¢- k¤-T-c£-q« d¡-k¢-µ¤-©d¡¼ hª-c-·¢- ¨Ê o«-o®J¡-j« k«-M¢-µ¤-¨J¡-Ù® ¨F.-l¢. mm¢ o¢-c¢-hJw ©Jjq j¡-n®±T£-i-·¢v CT-¨d-¶-Y®. AY® l-k-Y¤-d-Ȩ· h¡-±Yh¿ Ad-O-i-¨¸¶ CT-Y¤-d-È-¨·-i¤« Y¤-s-¼¤-J¡-¶¤-J-i¤« dj¢-©´-kç¢-´¤- J-i¤« ¨O-ií¤. A-Y¢-c¤ ¨J¡-T¤-©´- Ù¢-l¼ l¢-k-i¡-i¡-X® o¢-c¢-h-i¤-¨T h¢-´-l¡-s¤« Fr¤-Y-¨¸¶ Oj¢-±Y-¹- q¢v-c¢-¼¤« ¨F.-l¢. mm¢ F¼ ©dj® H¡-j-¹-q¢-©k´® Y¾¢-h¡-×-¨¸- T¡u J¡-j-X«. j¡-n®±T£-i-·¢-k¤« ¨¨k«-L¢-J-Y-i¢-k¤« AY® Y-Jt· l©j-X¬-Y-J-q¤« dj¤-©´-k碵 CT- Y®~-l-k-Y®~-hb¬ j¡-n®±T£-i-d-È-¹-q¤« ©Ot-¼¤ cv-J¢i Y¢-j¢-µ-T¢-i¡-i¢- j¤-¼¤ AY®. Y¢-j¢-µ-T¢-´¡-Y¢-j¤-¼Y® ¨Y-j¤-l¢-¨k hc¤-n¬t h¡-±Y-h¡-i¢- j¤-¼¤. o«-l¢-b¡-c« ¨Oií c¥-×u-dY® o¢-c¢-h-J-q¢v c¥s® FXå-¨·-i¤« c¥s® a¢-l-o-·¢-c¤ h¤-J-q¢v Y£-©i-×- s¤-J-q¢v Jq¢-¸¢µ Q-c-±d£-Y¢-i¤-¨T ¨s-©´¡t-V® ¨F.-l¢. mm¢-´® o¦- n®T¢-´¡-c¡-iY® B o¢-c¢-h-Jw-´® Qc-p¦-a-i-¹¨q ¨Y¡-T¡-c¡-i-Y¤- ¨J¡-Ù¤« Al Cª c¡-T¢-¨c Cl¢- ¨T A-T-i¡-q-¨¸-T¤-·¢-i-Y¤-¨J¡-Ù¤« h¡-±Y-h¡-X®. Fx-d-Y¤-J-q¢v j¡-n®±T£i o¢-c¢-h-i¤-¨T ±f¡-Ê® Y-¨¼-i¡-i¢ h¡-s¢-i¢-j¤-¼¤ ¨F.-l¢. mm¢. ©J¡- r¢-©´¡-Tu j¡-n®±T£-i-·¢-¨Ê O¥-q- i¢v-c¢-¼¡-X® B o¢-c¢-hJw d¢- s-l¢-¨J¡-Ù-Y®. l¢-m¤Ú ca¢-i¡-i¢ o¡-p¢-Y¬-·¢v ¨J¡-Ù¡-T-¨¸-T¤¼ c¢-q-i¡-i¢-j¤-¼¢¿ AY¢-¨Ê d¢u- f-k«. oJk h¡-k¢-c¬-¹-q¤« AT¢- º¤-J¢-T-¼¢-¶¤« AY¢-¨Ê J-j-i¢v Y¨¼ Q£-l¢-Y« lµ¤-d¢-T¢-¸¢-´¡u c¢t-f-Ü¢-Y-j¡i O¡-k¢-i¡-s¢-¨Ê-i¤« AY® A-s-f¢-´-T-k¢-©k´® Hr¤-J¢- ¨i-·¤¼ J-¿¡-i¢-¸¤-r-i¤-¨T-i¤« Jj-i¢-¨k ©J¡-r¢-©´¡-¶-¹¡-T¢-i¤- ¨T Q£-l¢-Y-h¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤ AY®. AY® AµT¢ g¡-ni¿ o«-o¡-j¢-µ-Y®. J¤- Y¢-j-l¶« d¸¤-l¢-¨Ê-i¤« f¡ku ¨J. c¡-i-j¤-¨T-i¤« ©J¡-r¢-©´¡-Tu g¡-n-i¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤. AY¢v o«-o¡- j¢-µ® d¢-µ-l-µ¡-X® h½¥-¶¢-i¤« ©h¡- pu-k¡-k¤-¨h¡-¨´ ©J¡-r¢-©´¡-Tu j¡-n®±T£-i«-¨J¡-Ù® ¨l-¾¢-·¢-j-i¢- ¨k l-k¢i f¢«-f-¹-q¡-i-Y®. Cª h¡-Q¢-J® 1988~v `1921’ F¼ O¢-±Y- ©·¡-¨T Al-o¡-c¢-µ¤. g¥-d-T-·¢v h¡-±Yh¿ ©o¡-l¢-i×® i¥-X¢-iu C¿¡-Y¡-l¡u Y¤-T-¹¢-i-Y®, 1985~v Y¤-T-´-h¢¶ ¨d-j¢-o®©±T¡-i¢´ YJt- ¨·-s¢-i¡u Y¤-T-¹¢-iY® ©k¡-J- ·¢-¨k H¡-©j¡ ©J¡-X¤-J-q¢-¨k-i¤« Qc-J£i o«-l¢-b¡-c-¹-¨q-´¥-T¢-i¡- i¢-j¤-¼¤. 1991 h¤Yv o¢-c¢-h-i¤« B d¤-Y¢i Oj¢-±Y-¨h-r¤-Y¢. j¡-n®±T£i hª-c¹w l£-Ù¤« Y¢-j¢-¨µ-·¢. lqt-¼¤-©d¡i Y¡-j¡-b¢-J¡-j-¹¨q lµ® j¡-n®±T£-i« o«-o¡-j¢-´¡-c¡- l¡-Y¡-i¢. dX-·¢-¨Ê A-b¢-J¡-j« AY¢-c¤ l¢-k-©´t-¨¸-T¤-·¤-J-J¥-T¢ ¨O-ií-©Y¡-¨T ¨F.-l¢. mm¢ hª-c-¹- q¢-©k´® d¢u-l-k¢-º¤. F-Æ¢-k¤« Fr¤-Y-¨¸¶ Oj¢-±Y-·¢-¨c-Y¢-¨j Al-j¢-l¢-¨T o¦-n®T¢-µY® Oj¢-±Y« Y¨¼-i¡-i¢-j¤-¼¤. Qc« ©c-j¨· Y¢-j¢-µ-s¢-ºY® c½¤-¨T f¤-Ú¢-Q£-l¢- Jw ¨¨lJ¢ Y¢-j¢-µ-s¢-i¤-¼¤ F¼¤- h¡-±Y«. h½¥¶¢, Jhv p¡ou, ©h¡puk¡v F¼¢lt¨´¡¸« ¨F.l¢. mm¢