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06.forging
- 1. NTTF,SPG 1 FORGING EXTERNAL GUIDE Mr. Ramaswamy Associate vice president BHARAT Forge LTD Pune INTERNAL GUIDE Mr. Natarajan Consultant SPG, NTTF Bangalore By S.Krishnamoorthy, 0201
- 2. NTTF,SPG 2 CONTENTS • INTRODUCTION • FORGING PROCESSES • MATERIALS • HAMMERS • PRESSES • ADVANTAGES OF FORGING • DEFECTS IN FORGING • APPLICATION • SECONDARY OPERATIONS • PRODUCT DESIGN ASPECTS • SAFETY MEASURES • COMPANY VISIT • CONCLUSION
- 3. NTTF,SPG 3 INTRODUCTION • By application of heat and pressure, a metal can be altered in shape permanently without rupture.
- 4. NTTF,SPG 4 FORGING PROCESSES • OPEN DIE FORGING • CLOSED DIE FORGING (IMPRESSION DIE)
- 6. NTTF,SPG 6 OPEN DIE PROCESS • TYPES – UPSETTING – COGGING – SOLID FORGING – PIERCING, PUNCHING AND TREPANNING – RING FORGING – COMBINED PROCESSES
- 7. NTTF,SPG 7 OPEN DIE PROCESS • UPSETTING
- 8. NTTF,SPG 8 OPEN DIE PROCESS • COGGING
- 9. NTTF,SPG 9 OPEN DIE PROCESS • SOLID FORGING – IS USED TO PRODUCE STOCK FOR FURTHER FORGING OPERATIONS OR END PRODUCTS SUCH AS BARS OR SHAFTS
- 10. NTTF,SPG 10 OPEN DIE PROCESS • PIERCING, PUNCHING AND TREPANNING
- 11. NTTF,SPG 11 OPEN DIE PROCESS • RING FORGING – Slight rotation of the ring on each press stroke reduces the ring wall uniformly and increases both the inside and outside diameters. The height of the ring remains nearly constant, but may require edging
- 13. NTTF,SPG 13 MATERIALS • CARBON, MICRO ALLOYED AND ALLOYED STEELS • STAINLESS STEEL • ALUMINIUM ALLOYS • COPPER BASED ALLOYS • HEAT RESISTANT ALLOYS OF IRON, Ni, Co • TITANIUM ALLOYS • MAGNESIUM ALLOYS
- 14. NTTF,SPG 14 HAMMERS • BOARD HAMMERS • AIR-LIFT HAMMERS • STEAM OR AIR-POWERED HAMMERS
- 15. NTTF,SPG 15 PRESSES • MECHANICAL PRESSES • SCREW PRESSES • HYDRAULIC PRESSES
- 16. NTTF,SPG 16 ADVANTAGES OF FORGING METALS • GREATER STRENGTH • REDUCTION IN WEIGHT • ABILITY TO WITHSTAND UNPREDICTABLE LOADS • MIN OF MACHINE FINISH REQUIRED • SAVINIG IN MATERIAL • ELIMINATION OF INTERNAL DEFECTS
- 18. NTTF,SPG 18 DEFECTS • CRACKS • TEARS • UNDERFILLING • PITTING • DENTS • LAPS
- 20. NTTF,SPG 20 SECONDARY OPERATIONS • HEAT TREATING • MACHINING • FINISHING OPERATIONS – REMOVAL OF OXIDE SCALES – CLEANING (PICKLING, TUMBLING, BLAST CLANING) – SHOT PEENING
- 21. NTTF,SPG 21 HEAT TREATING • TO IMPROVE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FORGED COMPONENTS • UNIFORM GRAIN STRUCTURE • TO RELIEVE INTERNAL STRESSES – ALL SEVEN GROUPS OF ALLOYS CAN BE HEAT TREATED
- 22. NTTF,SPG 22 MACHINING • TO ACHIEVE FORM AND FINAL TOLERANCE
- 23. NTTF,SPG 23 FINISHING OPERATIONS -REMOVAL OF OXIDE SCALES • WHY ? – DURING MACHING CUTING TOOL LIFE REDUCES – DIE WEAR – TO FACILITATE SURFACE COATING # STEAM OR COMPRESSED AIR # OIL SPRAYING
- 24. NTTF,SPG 24 FINISHING OPERATIONS -CLEANING • PICKLING – IMMERSED IN ACID SOLUTION – 12% TO 15% OF CONCENTRATED SULFURIC ACID WITH WATER – IN SOME CASES ACID SOLUTION IS HEATED – MOSTLY FOR NON FERROUS FORGINGS (Cu, BRASS, BRONZE, Al, MONEL)
- 25. NTTF,SPG 25 FINISHING OPERATIONS -CLEANING • TUMBLING – FORGED COMPONENTS ARE ROTATED WITH LOOSE ABRASIVES TO REMOVE THE SCALE – CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN WHEN FORGING HAVE SHARP EDGES AND SHARPLY DEFINED SECTIONS
- 26. NTTF,SPG 26 FINISHING OPERATIONS -CLEANING • BLAST CLEANING – SAND, GRIT OR METALLIC SHOT ARE MIXED WITH AIR AND FORCED AGAINST FORGINGS – USED FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM SIZE FORGINGS – IMPROVES SURFACE FINISH
- 27. NTTF,SPG 27 FINISHING OPERATIONS -SHOT PEENING – ROUND METALLIC SHOT IS THROWN IN RELATIVELY HIGH VELOCITY – INCREASES THE FATIGUE STRENGTH – PITTING – CRANK SHAFTS, CAM SHAFT, CONNECTING RODS, GEARS AND SPRINGS.
- 28. NTTF,SPG 28 PRODUCT DESIGN OF FORGING • CONSIDERATION FOR DESIGNING FORGED PARTS • CONSIDERATION FOR DESIGNING FORGING DIES • RECOMMENDED ALLOWANCES
- 29. NTTF,SPG 29 PRODUCT DESIGN ASPECTS A TYPICAL PART
- 30. NTTF,SPG 30 PRODUCT DESIGN OF FORGING RECOMMENDATIONS : •DRAFT 7° OUTSIDE DRAFT ANGLE 10° INSIDE DRAFT ANGLE •RADII & FILLET SHOULD BE AS LARGE AS POSSIBLE •SHARP RADII SHOULD BE AVAILABLE •IN CASE OF SMALL DEPRESSION OR SMALL HOLES SHOULD BE MACHINED
- 31. NTTF,SPG 31 PRODUCT DESIGN OF FORGING • AVOID DEEP IMPRESSIONS • THIN WALLED SECTIONS SHOULD BE AVOIDED • RAPID CHANGE OF SECTIONS SHOULD BE AVOIDED DIE: • THE PARTING LINE SHOULD BE ARRANGED IN ONE PLANE AS NEARLY AS POSSIBLE SO THAT EXCESS METAL OR FLASH CAN BE TRIMMED • INSERT DESIGN
- 32. NTTF,SPG 32 DESIGN ASPECTS PARTING LINE SELECTION : – AVOIDANCE OF DEEP IMPRESSION – AVOIDANCE OF SIDE THRUST – FAVOURABLE GRAIN SIZE
- 34. NTTF,SPG 34 SAFETY MEASURES • SHIELDS, GLOVES, GOOGLES Etc. • WARNING SIGNS • OPERATOR TRAINING • SAFETY SENSORS
- 35. NTTF,SPG 35 COMPANY VISITED • BHARAT FORGE LIMITED, PUNE – ONE OF THE ASIA’S BIGGEST – ALMOST ALL AUTOMOTIVE LEADERS ARE THEIR CUSTOMERS – MANUFACTURING CRANK SHAFTS, FRONT AXLE, REAR AXLE, CONNECTING RODS, CAM SHAFTS etc
- 36. NTTF,SPG 36 BHARAT FORGING LIMITED • PRESS SHOP – CONNECTING ROD – FRONT AXLE • DIE MANUFACTURING – MACHINES USED – DIES – LUBRICANTS
- 38. NTTF,SPG 38 DIE FOR CONNECTING ROD
- 39. NTTF,SPG 39 FORGING DIE • MATERIAL • HARDNESS • LIFE • MANUFACTURING