The document provides an overview of different types of information systems, including transaction processing systems, office automation systems, management information systems, decision support systems, group decision support systems, expert systems, and executive support systems. It describes the characteristics, components, uses, and examples of each type of system. It also discusses the different levels of decision making in organizations and the major roles of information systems in supporting business operations, decision making, and competitive advantage.

1. Kinds of Information System Module 2

2. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 2 Module 2 Transaction Processing System Office Automation System Management Information system Decision support System Group Decision support System Expert System Executive Support system

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4. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 4 Decision-Making Levels of an Organization Executive level (top) Long-term decisions Unstructured decisions Managerial level (middle) Decisions covering weeks and months Semi-structured decisions Operational level (bottom) Day-to-day decisions Structured decisions

5. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 5 Major Roles of IS Support Competitive Advantage Support Business Decision Making Support of Business Processes and Operations

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7. TPS

8. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 8 Transaction Processing Systems Process business exchanges Maintain records about the exchanges Handle routine, yet critical, tasks Perform simple calculations Used at Operational level of the organization Goal: to automate repetitive information processing activities Increase speed Increase accuracy Greater efficiency

9. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 9 Transaction Processing Systems Data input Manual data entry Semi-automated data entry Fully automated data entry Examples: Payroll Sales and ordering Inventory Purchasing, receiving, shipping Accounts payable and receivable

10. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 10 TPS Characteristics They collect, store, modify and retrieve the transaction of an organisation. Directly support business operations Must be designed in conjunction w/ the organisation’s procedures. Main information processes: collecting and storage.

11. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 11 4 important characteristics Rapid response (fast performance, rapid response time) Reliability (low failure rate, quick and accurate recovery, backup and recovery procedures) Inflexibility (every transaction processed in same way regardless of conditions) Controlled processing (supports an organisation’s operations)

12. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 12 Symbols used in System Architecture Diagram Computer program User workstation Direct Access storage device

13. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 13 Symbols used in System Architecture Diagram Tape sequential access device Document Documents

14. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 14 Symbols used in System Architecture Diagram Telecommunication Link Direct Link

15. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 15 Types of TPS Online System It involves direct connection between the operator and the TPS program They provide immediate results Process single transaction at a time Batch System Real time Processing System

16. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 16 Architecture of a Generic / Online TPS Application Notice of Event Transaction Keyed Event Response TPS Program Report (s) TPS Data

17. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 17 Batch Processing The Transaction are grouped into a transaction file The batch is then read in order by the TPS program This program often reads the stored data often called as the master file data, processes the transaction and creates new mater file data In the process it generates reports

18. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 18 3 disadvantages in batch processing Processing schedule predetermined Errors unable to be corrected during processing Sorting transaction data – expensive and time consuming

19. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 19 Real Time Processing Frequently called on-line real time (OLRT) processing system Not only is input data processed immediately, but output results are available fast enough to meet the immediate information needs of end users

20. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 20 Real Time processing (for sales transaction processing) Application programs required for processing Sales transaction processing database updates inquiry response processing Sales transaction data entry control response Inquiry and responses On-line work station Product Database Customer Database Sales Database On-line direct access storage devices

21. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 21 Differences between real-time and batch Real time: each transaction is unique; transactions are stand-alone; requires master file to be available more often for updating; fewer errors – transaction data is validated and entered immediately; infrequent errors may occur – but often tolerated; not practical to shut down whole system (infrequent errors); more computer operators are required in real-time processing – operations not centralised. Batch: each transaction part of a group; database not accessible all of the time; more errors; data is organised and stored before master file is updated – errors can occur during these steps; easier to maintain than real-time.

22. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 22 5 functional categories of TPS

23. DSS

24. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 24 DSS Is a interactive computer based systems, which help decision makers utilize data and models to solve unstructured problems – Scott Morton

25. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 25 Characteristics of DSS Ability to support the solution of complex problems Fast response to unexpected situations that results in changed inputs Designed to help support decisions that are formulated as semi-structured, complex problems May be constructed to support one time decisions

26. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 26 Characteristics of DSS DSS is typically designed for either a particular decision-maker or a group of decision-makers Allows the decision maker to interact ina natural manner due to the careful design of the interface DSS generator (s/w) can be used It is a way to organize information intended for use in decision making

27. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 27 Characteristics of DSS Ability to quickly and objectively try different strategies under different configurations Consistent and objective decisions Other characteristics: Cost savings Improving managerial effectiveness Extensive range of support to management Support of individual/groups Graphical display Designed and run by mangers

28. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 28 Architecture of a generic DSS Application DSS Models MISData TPS Data Data Request Models DSS Program DSS User Responses External Data Graphs Reports

29. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 29 Comparison b/w MIS and DSS

30. GDSS

31. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 31 Group Decision Support System Contains most of the elements of DSS plus software to provide effective support in group decision-making settings

32. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 32 Characteristics of a GDSS (1) Special design Ease of use Flexibility Decision-making support Delphi approach (decision makers are geographically dispersed) Brainstorming Group consensus Nominal group technique

33. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 33 Characteristics of a GDSS (2) Anonymous input Reduction of negative group behaviour Parallel communication Automated record keeping Cost, control, complexity factors

34. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 34 GDSS Alternatives Local areadecision network Wide areadecision network high Decision frequency Decisionroom Teleconferencing low close distant Location of group members

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38. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 38 Teleconference

39. OAS

40. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 40 What is Office Automation? Office automation refers to the use of integrated computer and communication systems to support administrative procedures in an office environment. Computer system, such as word processing, electronic mail system, and scheduling system, that is designed to increase the productivity of data workers in the office.

41. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 41 TYPE: Knowledge-level INPUTS: documents, schedules PROCESSING: document management, scheduling, communication OUTPUTS: documents; schedules USERS: clerical workers EXAMPLE: document imaging system

42. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 42 Includes the following software programs: word processing a spreadsheet a presentation tool a database a scheduler

43. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 43 The main OAS are: AppleWorks Corel WordPerfect IBM/Lotus SmartSuite Microsoft Office Sun StarOffice OpenOffice (freeware)

44. ESS/EIS

45. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 45 Executive Support System A computer-based system that serves the information needs of top executives Provides rapid access to timely information and direct access to management reports Very user-friendly, supported by graphics Provides exceptions reporting and "drill-down" capabilities Easily connected to the Internet Drill down

46. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 46 Executive Support System A specialized DSS that includes all the hardware, software, data, procedures, and people used to assist senior-level executives within the organization Board of directors President Function areavice presidents Function areamanagers

47. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 47 Characteristics of EIS / ESS Drill down Critical success Factors (CSF) Status access Analysis Exception reporting Colors and audio Navigation of information Communication

48. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 48 Capabilities of an ESS Support for defining overall vision strategic planning strategic organizing and staffing strategic control crisis management

49. MIS

50. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 50 Management Information Systems (MIS) Information system at the management level of an organization that serves the functions of planning, controlling, and decision making by providing routine summary and exception reports.

51. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 51 TYPE: Management-level INPUTS: high volume data PROCESSING: simple models OUTPUTS: summary reports USERS: middle managers DECISION-MAKING: structured to semi-structured EXAMPLE: annual budgeting

52. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 52 Characteristics of MIS 1. MIS support structured decisions at the operational and management control levels. However, they are also useful for planning purposes of senior management staff. 2.MIS are generally reporting and control oriented. They are designed to report on existing operations and therefore to help provide day-to-day control of operations. 3.MIS rely an existing corporate data-and data flows.

53. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 53 Characteristics of MIS 4. MIS have little analytical capability. 5. MIS generally aid in decision making using past and present data. 6. MIS are relatively inflexible. 7. MIS have an internal rather than an external orientation.

54. ES

55. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 55 AN EXPERT SYSTEM is an artificial intelligence system that applies reasoning capabilities to reach a conclusion. An expert system captures expertise from a human expert and applies it to a problem. Expert systems are excellent for diagnostic and prescriptive problems.

56. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 56 Expert system An expert system (ES) is a computer program that uses knowledgeand inference procedures of an expert to solve problems. Expertise is the extensive, task-specific knowledge acquired from training, reading, and experience.

57. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 57 An ES has two main functions: to draw conclusions to explain its reasoning Explanation: HOW was a particular conclusion reached? WHY the program asks the user a particular question? TRACE displays all rules that are tried (not only those that are executed). WHAT-IF explains what will happen if a certain value or rule is changed

58. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 58 Includes: theories about the problem area rules and procedures heuristics global strategies meta-knowledge facts Heuristics are rules of experience that characterize expert-level decision making in the field

59. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 59 The Structure of a Expert System Knowledge Base Knowledge Acquisition System Interface Engine Expert User Interface User

60. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 60 Benefits of a expert system Cost reduction Increased output Improved quality Reduced down time Capturing scarce expertise Operations in hazardous environment Reliability Response time Enhancing problem solving Educational Benefits

61. Module 2 - Priya Diana Mercy - diana.dbit@gmail.com 61 Expert systems tasks: interpretation - inferring situation descriptions from sensor data prediction - inferring likely consequences of given situations diagnosis - inferring malfunctions from observations prescription - prescribing remedies for malfunctions design - configuring objects under constraints planning - designing actions monitoring - comparing observations to expected outcomes control - governing overall system behavior instruction - diagnosing, prescribing and guiding users' behavior

62. Thank You….