1. Chapter 2 Biopsychology Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any rental, lease, or lending of the program.

4. How Are Genes and Behavior Linked? Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Evolution has fundamentally shaped psychological processes because it favors genetic variations that produce adaptive behavior

6. How Natural Selection Works Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Environmental pressure (changes in the environment) Competition (for resources) Selection of fittest phenotype (from among a variety of phenotypes) Reproductive success (genotype corresponding to fittest phenotypes passed to next generation) Frequency of that genotype increases (in next generation)

11. How Does the Body Communicate Internally? Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 The brain coordinates the body’s two communication systems, the nervous system and the endocrine system, which uses chemical processes to communicate with targets throughout the body

14. The Structure of a Neuron Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

17. Seven Important Neurotransmitters Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Dopamine Serotonin Acetylcholine Glutamine Norepinephrine GABA Endorphins

18. Neurotransmitters Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Dopamine Serotonin Acetylcholine Glutamine Norepinephrine GABA Endorphins Normal Function: Produces sensations of pleasure and reward; used by CNS neurons in voluntary movement Problems with Imbalance: Schizophrenia, Parkinson’s disease Substances that Affect: Cocaine, amphetamines, Ritalin, alcohol

19. Neurotransmitters Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Dopamine Serotonin Acetylcholine Glutamine Norepinephrine GABA Endorphins Normal Function: Regulates sleep and dreaming, mood, pain, aggression, appetite and sexual behavior Problems with Imbalance: Depression, certain anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder Substances that Affect: Prozac, hallucinogenics (e.g. LSD)

20. Neurotransmitters Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Dopamine Serotonin Acetylcholine Glutamine Norepinephrine GABA Endorphins Normal Function: Controls heart rate, sleep, sexual responsiveness, stress, vigilance and appetite Problems with Imbalance: High blood pressure, depression Substances that Affect: Tricyclic antidepressants, beta blockers

21. Neurotransmitters Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Dopamine Serotonin Acetylcholine Glutamine Norepinephrine GABA Endorphins Normal Function: Primary transmitter used by neurons carrying messages from CNS; involved in some kinds of learning and memory Problems with Imbalance: Certain muscular disorders, Alzheimer’s disease Substances that Affect: Nicotine, botulism toxin, curare, atropine

22. Neurotransmitters Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Dopamine Serotonin Acetylcholine Glutamine Norepinephrine GABA Endorphins Normal Function: Most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in neurons of CNS Problems with Imbalance: Anxiety, epilepsy Substances that Affect: Barbiturates, tranquilizers (e.g. Valium, Librium), alcohol

23. Neurotransmitters Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Dopamine Serotonin Acetylcholine Glutamine Norepinephrine GABA Endorphins Normal Function: Primary excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS; involved in learning and memory Problems with Imbalance: Brain damage after stroke Substances that Affect: PCP (“angel dust”)

24. Neurotransmitters Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 Dopamine Serotonin Acetylcholine Glutamine Norepinephrine GABA Endorphins Normal Function: Pleasurable sensations and control of pain Problems with Imbalance: Lowered levels resulting from opiate addiction Substances that Affect: Opiates: opium, heroin, morphine, methadone

27. The Organization of the Nervous System Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

30. How Does the Brain Produce Behavior and Mental Processes? Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009 The brain is composed of many specialized modules that work together to create mind and behavior

35. Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

36. The Brain Stem and Cerebellum Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

41. Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009 The Four Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex

44. Specialization of the Cerebral Hemispheres Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009

46. Figure 2.2 Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2009