2. Copyright 2004 - Prentice HallCopyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 22
Abnormal BehaviorAbnormal Behavior
Patterns of emotion, thought & actionPatterns of emotion, thought & action
considered pathological for 1 or more ofconsidered pathological for 1 or more of
the following reasons:the following reasons:
Statistical rarityStatistical rarity
Interference with normal functioningInterference with normal functioning
Personal distressPersonal distress
Deviance from social normsDeviance from social norms
3. Copyright 2004 - Prentice HallCopyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 33
Abnormal BehaviorAbnormal Behavior
1. Statistical rarity1. Statistical rarity
Behavior does not occur oftenBehavior does not occur often
2. Interference with normal functioning2. Interference with normal functioning
EmotionsEmotions
ThoughtsThoughts
Actions that interfere with ability to functionActions that interfere with ability to function
Own lifeOwn life
SocietySociety
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Abnormal BehaviorAbnormal Behavior
3. Personal distress3. Personal distress
Person’s own judgmentPerson’s own judgment
4. Deviance from social norms4. Deviance from social norms
Violates cultural normsViolates cultural norms
Walking down the street naked.Walking down the street naked.
Can change over timeCan change over time
Vary across groupsVary across groups
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Abnormal BehaviorAbnormal Behavior
InsanityInsanity
Legal rulingLegal ruling
Not responsible for a crimeNot responsible for a crime
Inability to tell difference between right &Inability to tell difference between right &
wrong at time of crime.wrong at time of crime.
Insanity pleaInsanity plea
Rarely usedRarely used
Rarely successfulRarely successful
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Abnormal BehaviorAbnormal Behavior
Medical modelMedical model
Abnormal behaviors no different fromAbnormal behaviors no different from
illnessesillnesses
Seeks to identify symptomsSeeks to identify symptoms
Prescribe medical treatmentsPrescribe medical treatments
Psychodynamic modelPsychodynamic model
Psychological disorders result fromPsychological disorders result from
unconscious conflicts related to sex &unconscious conflicts related to sex &
aggression.aggression.
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Abnormal BehaviorAbnormal Behavior
Behavioral modelBehavioral model
Classical conditioningClassical conditioning
Operant conditioningOperant conditioning
ModelingModeling
Cognitive modelCognitive model
Our interpretation of events & beliefsOur interpretation of events & beliefs
influence our behaviorinfluence our behavior
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Abnormal BehaviorAbnormal Behavior
Sociocultural modelSociocultural model
Emphasizes importance of social & cultural influences onEmphasizes importance of social & cultural influences on
FrequencyFrequency
DiagnosisDiagnosis
Conception of psychological disordersConception of psychological disorders
Biopsychosocial modelBiopsychosocial model
IncorporatesIncorporates
Biological (medical-model)Biological (medical-model)
Psychological and sociocultural (social) factors.Psychological and sociocultural (social) factors.
Most common beliefMost common belief
Many disorders have multiple causesMany disorders have multiple causes
Simultaneous use of several models is likely to advance ourSimultaneous use of several models is likely to advance our
understanding.understanding.
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Classifying and CountingClassifying and Counting
Psychological DisordersPsychological Disorders
DiagnosisDiagnosis
Process of deciding whether a person hasProcess of deciding whether a person has
symptoms that meet established criteria of ansymptoms that meet established criteria of an
existing classification system.existing classification system.
Major purposeMajor purpose
Make predictions regarding course of disorderMake predictions regarding course of disorder
Whether it will respond to treatmentWhether it will respond to treatment
Which treatment is bestWhich treatment is best
Communication between professionalsCommunication between professionals
Insurance paymentsInsurance payments
10. Copyright 2004 - Prentice HallCopyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 1010
Classifying and CountingClassifying and Counting
Psychological DisordersPsychological Disorders
American PsychiatricAmerican Psychiatric
Association’sAssociation’s
Diagnostic andDiagnostic and
Statistical Manual ofStatistical Manual of
Mental Disorders, 4thMental Disorders, 4th
Edition, Text RevisionEdition, Text Revision
((DSM-IV-TRDSM-IV-TR).).
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Classifying and CountingClassifying and Counting
Psychological DisordersPsychological Disorders
Rosenhan's pseudopatient studyRosenhan's pseudopatient study
7 colleagues7 colleagues
Mental hospitalsMental hospitals
Hearing voicesHearing voices
Diagnosed schizophrenicDiagnosed schizophrenic
After admission reported no voicesAfter admission reported no voices
Hospitalized 19 daysHospitalized 19 days
Combined total of 2,000 pillsCombined total of 2,000 pills
Raises questionsRaises questions
Ability to distinguish normal & abnormal behaviorsAbility to distinguish normal & abnormal behaviors
Shows how labels affect perception of behavior.Shows how labels affect perception of behavior.
12. Copyright 2004 - Prentice HallCopyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 1212
Classifying and CountingClassifying and Counting
Psychological DisordersPsychological Disorders
• 1-year prevalence
estimates for selected
psychological
disorders
•Based on combined
data from the
Epidemiologic
Catchment Area
Study & National
Comorbidity Survey.
13. Copyright 2004 - Prentice HallCopyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 1313
Classifying and CountingClassifying and Counting
Psychological DisordersPsychological Disorders
Most common psychological disordersMost common psychological disorders
PhobiasPhobias
AlcoholAlcohol
Drug abuse or dependenceDrug abuse or dependence
Major depressive disorderMajor depressive disorder
These & other psychological disorders often areThese & other psychological disorders often are
comorbidcomorbid
Occur with other disordersOccur with other disorders
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Classifying and CountingClassifying and Counting
Psychological DisordersPsychological Disorders
Simultaneous occurrence of disorders, or comorbidity,Simultaneous occurrence of disorders, or comorbidity,
makes it more difficult to make appropriate diagnoses & tomakes it more difficult to make appropriate diagnoses & to
develop effective treatment plans.develop effective treatment plans.
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
AnxietyAnxiety Disorders (5)Disorders (5)
General feeling of apprehensionGeneral feeling of apprehension
characterized by behavioral, cognitive, orcharacterized by behavioral, cognitive, or
physiological symptoms.physiological symptoms.
Anxiety characteristic feature & avoidance ofAnxiety characteristic feature & avoidance of
anxiety seems to motivate behavior.anxiety seems to motivate behavior.
16. Copyright 2004 - Prentice HallCopyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 1616
Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
1. Generalized anxiety disorder1. Generalized anxiety disorder
(GAD)(GAD)
Chronically high level of anxiety that is notChronically high level of anxiety that is not
attached to a specific stimulusattached to a specific stimulus
Free-floatingFree-floating
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
2. Panic disorder2. Panic disorder
Most severe anxiety disorderMost severe anxiety disorder
Characterized byCharacterized by
Intense physiological arousal not related to a specificIntense physiological arousal not related to a specific
stimulus.stimulus.
Fear or discomfort arises abruptly & peaks in 10 minutesFear or discomfort arises abruptly & peaks in 10 minutes
or less.or less.
5 – 20 minutes5 – 20 minutes
About 50% of the people who suffer from panicAbout 50% of the people who suffer from panic
attacks also experience agoraphobia.attacks also experience agoraphobia.
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
RapidRapid
increase inincrease in
heart rateheart rate
during aduring a
panicpanic
attack.attack.
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
3. Phobias3. Phobias
Excessive, irrational fears of activities,Excessive, irrational fears of activities,
objects, or situations.objects, or situations.
AgoraphobiaAgoraphobia
Fear of open spacesFear of open spaces
Avoidance of public places or situations in which escapeAvoidance of public places or situations in which escape
may be difficult should the individual developmay be difficult should the individual develop
incapacitating or embarrassing symptoms of panic.incapacitating or embarrassing symptoms of panic.
Most common phobia treatedMost common phobia treated
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Specific phobias are common.Specific phobias are common.
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Cognitive psychologistsCognitive psychologists
Panic attacksPanic attacks
Occur when bodily sensations of anxiety areOccur when bodily sensations of anxiety are
misinterpreted as signs of impending disaster.misinterpreted as signs of impending disaster.
23. Copyright 2004 - Prentice HallCopyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 2323
Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
OCDOCD
CompulsionsCompulsions
Irresistible, repetitiveIrresistible, repetitive
actsacts
Checking that doors areChecking that doors are
lockedlocked
Washing handsWashing hands
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
Behavioral psychologists viewBehavioral psychologists view
compulsionscompulsions
Learned habits that reduce anxiety.Learned habits that reduce anxiety.
Compulsive behaviorCompulsive behavior
Associated with anxiety reduction through operantAssociated with anxiety reduction through operant
conditioning.conditioning.
OCD runs in families; identical twins areOCD runs in families; identical twins are
more likely than fraternal twins to sharemore likely than fraternal twins to share
the disorder.the disorder.
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Anxiety DisordersAnxiety Disorders
5. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD5. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, PTSD
Occurs following a deeply disturbing eventOccurs following a deeply disturbing event
Difficulty concentratingDifficulty concentrating
Emotional numbingEmotional numbing
GuiltGuilt
FlashbacksFlashbacks
NightmaresNightmares
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Mood DisordersMood Disorders
DepressionDepression
Category includesCategory includes
Dysthymic DisorderDysthymic Disorder
Depressive DisorderDepressive Disorder
Bipolar DisorderBipolar Disorder
Cyclothymic DisorderCyclothymic Disorder
Mood disorder due to general medicalMood disorder due to general medical
conditioncondition
Substance-induced mood disorderSubstance-induced mood disorder
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Mood DisordersMood Disorders
Mood disordersMood disorders
Ranging from severe depression to excessiveRanging from severe depression to excessive
euphoria.euphoria.
Symptoms of depression fall into 4Symptoms of depression fall into 4
categories:categories:
EmotionalEmotional
CognitiveCognitive
MotivationalMotivational
Somatic/behavioralSomatic/behavioral
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DSM-IV TRDSM-IV TR Diagnostic CriteriaDiagnostic Criteria
for Dysthymic Disorderfor Dysthymic Disorder
Depressed mood most of the day, for more days thanDepressed mood most of the day, for more days than
not, as indicated either by subjective account ornot, as indicated either by subjective account or
observation by others, for at least 2 years.observation by others, for at least 2 years.
Note:Note: in children and adolescents, mood can be irritablein children and adolescents, mood can be irritable
and duration must be at least 1 year.and duration must be at least 1 year.
Presence, while depressed, of 2 (or more) of thePresence, while depressed, of 2 (or more) of the
following:following:
Poor appetite or overeatingPoor appetite or overeating
Insomnia or hypersomniaInsomnia or hypersomnia
Low energy or fatigueLow energy or fatigue
Low self-esteemLow self-esteem
Poor concentration or difficulty making decisionsPoor concentration or difficulty making decisions
Feelings of hopelessnessFeelings of hopelessness
(Rule-outs not included)(Rule-outs not included)
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Mood DisordersMood Disorders
DepressionDepression
DysthymiaDysthymia
Mild depressionMild depression
Sadness (dysphoria)Sadness (dysphoria)
Describe themselves in unflattering termsDescribe themselves in unflattering terms
Example:Example:
InferiorInferior
UnattractiveUnattractive
Insomnia frequently associated withInsomnia frequently associated with
depression:depression:
Difficulty falling asleep (Difficulty falling asleep ( sleep-onset insomniasleep-onset insomnia ))
Awakening early in the morning with an inability toAwakening early in the morning with an inability to
return to sleep.return to sleep.
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DSM-IV TRDSM-IV TR Diagnostic CriteriaDiagnostic Criteria
for Major Depressive Episodefor Major Depressive Episode
5 (or more) of the following symptoms5 (or more) of the following symptoms
have been present during the same 2-have been present during the same 2-
week period & represent a change fromweek period & represent a change from
previous functioningprevious functioning
At least 1 of the symptoms is either (1)At least 1 of the symptoms is either (1)
depressed mood or (2) loss of interest ordepressed mood or (2) loss of interest or
pleasure.pleasure.
Depressed mood most of the dayDepressed mood most of the day
Markedly diminished interest or pleasure inMarkedly diminished interest or pleasure in
all, or almost all, activities most of the dayall, or almost all, activities most of the day
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DSM-IV TRDSM-IV TR Diagnostic CriteriaDiagnostic Criteria
for Major Depressive Episodefor Major Depressive Episode
Cont.Cont.
Significant weight loss when not dieting orSignificant weight loss when not dieting or
weight gainweight gain
Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearlyPsychomotor agitation or retardation nearly
every dayevery day
Fatigue or loss of energyFatigue or loss of energy
Feelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guiltFeelings of worthlessness or inappropriate guilt
Diminished ability to think or concentrate, orDiminished ability to think or concentrate, or
indecisivenessindecisiveness
DeathDeath
Recurrent thoughts of deathRecurrent thoughts of death
Recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific planRecurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan
Suicide attemptSuicide attempt
Specific plan for committing suicideSpecific plan for committing suicide
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Mood DisordersMood Disorders
Major DepressionMajor Depression
Major depressionMajor depression
4th leading cause of worldwide disease4th leading cause of worldwide disease
Responsible for more disability than heart disease.Responsible for more disability than heart disease.
1 of most common identified psychological disorder in1 of most common identified psychological disorder in
U.S.U.S.
Children also effected.Children also effected.
Twice as high among womenTwice as high among women
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Mood DisordersMood Disorders
SuicideSuicide
Often associated with depressionOften associated with depression
1 of the leading causes of death in US1 of the leading causes of death in US
Risk factors for suicideRisk factors for suicide
MaleMale
UnmarriedUnmarried
DepressionDepression
If you suspect that someone you know mightIf you suspect that someone you know might
attempt suicide you should not be afraid toattempt suicide you should not be afraid to
ask, “Are you thinking about suicide?”ask, “Are you thinking about suicide?”
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Mood DisordersMood Disorders
Immediate medical & psychological helpImmediate medical & psychological help
Talk aboutTalk about
Attempt suicideAttempt suicide
Most suicidal people are ambivalent aboutMost suicidal people are ambivalent about
committing suicidecommitting suicide
In painIn pain
HelplessnessHelplessness
HopelessnessHopelessness
Time is important ally to prevent a suicideTime is important ally to prevent a suicide
Most do not remain seriously suicidal for long.Most do not remain seriously suicidal for long.
MedicMedic
Keep them busy until professional helpKeep them busy until professional help
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Mood DisordersMood Disorders
Bipolar disorderBipolar disorder
Bipolar disorderBipolar disorder
Person experiencesPerson experiences
Episodes of mania & depressionEpisodes of mania & depression
Usually alternateUsually alternate
ManiaMania
Excessive activityExcessive activity
Accelerated speechAccelerated speech
ImpulsiveImpulsive
Delusions of grandeurDelusions of grandeur
EuphoriaEuphoria
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Mood DisordersMood Disorders
Biological factorsBiological factors
Role in development of mood disorders.Role in development of mood disorders.
Symptoms of depression cross culturalSymptoms of depression cross cultural
DrugsDrugs
DepressionDepression
Elavil & ProzacElavil & Prozac
ManiaMania
LithiumLithium
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Mood DisordersMood Disorders
MoodMood
disordersdisorders
tend to run intend to run in
familiesfamilies
SuggestsSuggests
geneticgenetic
transmissiontransmission
..
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Mood DisordersMood Disorders
DepressionDepression
Low levels of norepinephrine or serotonin.Low levels of norepinephrine or serotonin.
Psychodynamic modelPsychodynamic model
Emphasizes early childhood experiences asEmphasizes early childhood experiences as
the foundation of adult behavior andthe foundation of adult behavior and
emotional reactions.emotional reactions.
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Mood DisordersMood Disorders
Rate for mood disorders among bothRate for mood disorders among both
identical twins is approximately 65%; theidentical twins is approximately 65%; the
rate among fraternal twins is about 14%.rate among fraternal twins is about 14%.
40. Copyright 2004 - Prentice HallCopyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 4040
Anxiety, Somatoform, andAnxiety, Somatoform, and
Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders
Somatoform disordersSomatoform disorders
Complaints of bodily symptoms that do notComplaints of bodily symptoms that do not
have a known medical cause; insteadhave a known medical cause; instead
psychological factors are involved.psychological factors are involved.
HypochondriasisHypochondriasis
Somatization disorderSomatization disorder
Conversion disorderConversion disorder
41. Copyright 2004 - Prentice HallCopyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 4141
Anxiety, Somatoform, andAnxiety, Somatoform, and
Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders
HypochondriasisHypochondriasis
Believes serious diseaseBelieves serious disease
Despite repeated medical findings to contrary.Despite repeated medical findings to contrary.
Somatization DisorderSomatization Disorder
Vague but complicated & dramatic medical histories.Vague but complicated & dramatic medical histories.
Conversion disorderConversion disorder
Mainly sensory & motor functions that are normallyMainly sensory & motor functions that are normally
under voluntary control.under voluntary control.
Symptoms can be dramatic & include apparentSymptoms can be dramatic & include apparent
blindness, deafness, paralysis, & seizures.blindness, deafness, paralysis, & seizures.
42. Copyright 2004 - Prentice HallCopyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 4242
Anxiety, Somatoform, andAnxiety, Somatoform, and
Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders
Dissociative disordersDissociative disorders
Disruptions in a particular function of theDisruptions in a particular function of the
mind, such as memory for events,mind, such as memory for events,
knowledge of one’s identity, orknowledge of one’s identity, or
consciousness.consciousness.
Dissociative amnesiaDissociative amnesia
Sudden inability to recall importantSudden inability to recall important
personal information; it often occurs inpersonal information; it often occurs in
response to trauma or extreme stress.response to trauma or extreme stress.
43. Copyright 2004 - Prentice HallCopyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 4343
Anxiety, Somatoform, andAnxiety, Somatoform, and
Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders
Dissociative fugueDissociative fugue
Amnesia & flight from workplace or home; itAmnesia & flight from workplace or home; it
may involve establishing a new identity in amay involve establishing a new identity in a
new location.new location.
Dissociative identity disorderDissociative identity disorder
(multiple personality)(multiple personality)
Person has 2 or more separate personalities,Person has 2 or more separate personalities,
which usually alternate.which usually alternate.
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Anxiety, Somatoform, andAnxiety, Somatoform, and
Dissociative DisordersDissociative Disorders
Alters in DID contrast sharply with oneAlters in DID contrast sharply with one
another and have very different personalanother and have very different personal
histories, behavior patterns, friends,histories, behavior patterns, friends,
beliefs, habits, values, and even voicesbeliefs, habits, values, and even voices
and facial expressions.and facial expressions.
45. Copyright 2004 - Prentice HallCopyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 4545
Mood DisordersMood Disorders
Depression may involve low levels ofDepression may involve low levels of
norepinephrine or serotonin.norepinephrine or serotonin.
According to the learned helplessnessAccording to the learned helplessness
model, depression can also be brought onmodel, depression can also be brought on
when people believe that they cannotwhen people believe that they cannot
control outcomes.control outcomes.
46. Copyright 2004 - Prentice HallCopyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 4646
Mood DisordersMood Disorders
Learned helplessnessLearned helplessness
You believe you have no control over theYou believe you have no control over the
reinforcements in your life.reinforcements in your life.
This model of depression explains theThis model of depression explains the
lethargy and lack of motivation seen inlethargy and lack of motivation seen in
depressed individuals.depressed individuals.
47. Copyright 2004 - Prentice HallCopyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 4747
Mood DisordersMood Disorders
Hopelessness modelHopelessness model
Focuses on people’s beliefs about theFocuses on people’s beliefs about the
situations in which they find themselves.situations in which they find themselves.
Some people become depressed notSome people become depressed not
because they lack control over a situationbecause they lack control over a situation
but because of the way they explain thebut because of the way they explain the
situation.situation.
48. Copyright 2004 - Prentice HallCopyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 4848
Mood DisordersMood Disorders
The hopelessness model has much inThe hopelessness model has much in
common with the cognitively orientedcommon with the cognitively oriented
theories of researchers who viewtheories of researchers who view
depression as stemming from problems indepression as stemming from problems in
the way people think.the way people think.
Depressed people may drawDepressed people may draw arbitraryarbitrary
inferences,inferences, conclusions drawn in theconclusions drawn in the
absence of supporting information.absence of supporting information.
49. Copyright 2004 - Prentice HallCopyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 4949
SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Psychotic disorder characterized byPsychotic disorder characterized by
Positive symptoms (excesses)Positive symptoms (excesses)
oror
Negative symptoms (deficits)Negative symptoms (deficits)
PsychosisPsychosis
General term for disorders in which severelyGeneral term for disorders in which severely
disturbed people lose contact with reality &disturbed people lose contact with reality &
may require hospitalization.may require hospitalization.
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Schizophrenia means “split brain”Schizophrenia means “split brain”
Often confused with dissociative identityOften confused with dissociative identity
disorder (MPD)disorder (MPD)
““split”split”
From realityFrom reality
Split between thoughts & emotions.Split between thoughts & emotions.
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
TheThe positive symptomspositive symptoms of schizophrenia areof schizophrenia are
distortions or excesses of normal functions, suchdistortions or excesses of normal functions, such
as fluent but disorganized speech, delusions,as fluent but disorganized speech, delusions,
and hallucinations.and hallucinations.
While listening to the speech of a patient withWhile listening to the speech of a patient with
schizophrenia, you may struggle to follow his orschizophrenia, you may struggle to follow his or
her pattern of thought; the disorganized speechher pattern of thought; the disorganized speech
is thought to reflect disturbances in theis thought to reflect disturbances in the
underlying thought processes.underlying thought processes.
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
The ideas expressed by a person withThe ideas expressed by a person with
schizophrenia can be like a train that hasschizophrenia can be like a train that has
slipped off its track onto another track; thisslipped off its track onto another track; this
pattern of speech is calledpattern of speech is called looseloose
associationsassociations..
Among the most frequently observedAmong the most frequently observed
positive symptoms arepositive symptoms are delusions,delusions, oror
false beliefs that cannot be correctedfalse beliefs that cannot be corrected
despite strong evidence to the contrary.despite strong evidence to the contrary.
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
HallucinationsHallucinations are perceptions that areare perceptions that are
not caused by stimulation of the relevantnot caused by stimulation of the relevant
sensory receptors.sensory receptors.
They can occur in any of the senses,They can occur in any of the senses,
althoughalthough auditory hallucinationsauditory hallucinations are theare the
most common.most common.
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Negative symptoms are reductions orNegative symptoms are reductions or
losses of function.losses of function.
These behavior deficits or defects includeThese behavior deficits or defects include
poverty of speechpoverty of speech as well as disturbancesas well as disturbances
in affect and volition (will).in affect and volition (will).
These symptoms are associated withThese symptoms are associated with
more cognitive impairment and poorermore cognitive impairment and poorer
prognoses than positive symptoms.prognoses than positive symptoms.
55. Copyright 2004 - Prentice HallCopyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 5555
SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
The speech of people with schizophreniaThe speech of people with schizophrenia
may be adequate in amount yet conveymay be adequate in amount yet convey
little information: Language that is vague,little information: Language that is vague,
too abstract, too concrete, or repetitive istoo abstract, too concrete, or repetitive is
termedtermed poverty of contentpoverty of content..
A restriction in the amount of spontaneousA restriction in the amount of spontaneous
speech that is evident in brief andspeech that is evident in brief and
unelaborated replies to questions is calledunelaborated replies to questions is called
poverty of speechpoverty of speech..
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Failure to experience any emotion is calledFailure to experience any emotion is called flatflat
affectaffect; an inability to experience the typical; an inability to experience the typical
range of emotions is calledrange of emotions is called blunted affectblunted affect..
AvolitionAvolition (difficulty making decisions) and(difficulty making decisions) and apathyapathy
are characterized by a lack of energy and driveare characterized by a lack of energy and drive
such that a person is unable to initiate or persistsuch that a person is unable to initiate or persist
in tasks.in tasks.
A number of disturbances in motor movementsA number of disturbances in motor movements
and a lack of self-care also characterize someand a lack of self-care also characterize some
forms of schizophrenia.forms of schizophrenia.
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
5 subtypes of schizophrenia:5 subtypes of schizophrenia:
CatatonicCatatonic
DisorganizedDisorganized
ParanoidParanoid
ResidualResidual
UndifferentiatedUndifferentiated
Undifferentiated subtype Indeed, the is aUndifferentiated subtype Indeed, the is a
category for cases that do not fit into othercategory for cases that do not fit into other
subtypes.subtypes.
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
tends to run intends to run in
families.families.
Risk of developingRisk of developing
the disorderthe disorder
increases with theincreases with the
degree of geneticdegree of genetic
relatednessrelatedness
between anbetween an
individual and aindividual and a
family member whofamily member who
has schizophrenia.has schizophrenia.
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
BiologicalBiological
Various brain abnormalitiesVarious brain abnormalities
Larger ventriclesLarger ventricles
Excess of neurotransmitter dopamineExcess of neurotransmitter dopamine
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SchizophreniaSchizophrenia
Environmental influences onEnvironmental influences on
schizophreniaschizophrenia
StressStress
Hostile family communicationHostile family communication
Neurodevelopmental modelNeurodevelopmental model
Schizophrenia results from a combination ofSchizophrenia results from a combination of
Genetic predispositionGenetic predisposition
Other factorsOther factors
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PersonalityPersonality
Personality disordersPersonality disorders
Long-standing patterns of maladaptive behavior thatLong-standing patterns of maladaptive behavior that
are usually evident during the adolescent years & areare usually evident during the adolescent years & are
resistant to treatment.resistant to treatment.
DSM-IV-TRDSM-IV-TR 10 personality disorders divided into10 personality disorders divided into
3 clusters:3 clusters:
Cluster ACluster A
Odd or eccentric behaviorOdd or eccentric behavior
Cluster BCluster B
Dramatic, emotional, or erratic behaviorDramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior
Cluster CCluster C
Anxious or fearful behaviorAnxious or fearful behavior
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PersonalityPersonality
Antisocial personality disorderAntisocial personality disorder
Characterized by deceitful, impulsive,Characterized by deceitful, impulsive,
reckless actions that violate social norms forreckless actions that violate social norms for
which the individual feels no remorse.which the individual feels no remorse.
PastPast
TermsTerms
PsychopathPsychopath
SociopathSociopath
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PersonalityPersonality
Rarely seek professional helpRarely seek professional help
UnlessUnless
Excuse to be absent from workExcuse to be absent from work
Acquire drugsAcquire drugs
Avoid prisonAvoid prison
Submitting to court-ordered treatmentSubmitting to court-ordered treatment
64. Copyright 2004 - Prentice HallCopyright 2004 - Prentice Hall 6464
PersonalityPersonality
Antisocial individuals do not experience theAntisocial individuals do not experience the
warning signals of anxietywarning signals of anxiety
ImpulsiveImpulsive
No regard for feelings or well-being of others.No regard for feelings or well-being of others.
Immediate gratificationImmediate gratification
Lack emotional attachmentsLack emotional attachments
No remorseNo remorse
Antisocial persons do not develop conditionedAntisocial persons do not develop conditioned
fear responses readily.fear responses readily.