2. Appearance Blake Minor The climate of Afghanistan is an intense one. Afghanistan has cold dry winters and hot dry summers. The mountain regions of the northeastern are subarctic. The mountains bordering Pakistan are known for their monsoons, generally coming from the southeast bringing tropical air masses that determine the climate between July and September. At times, these air masses advance into central and southern Afghanistan, bringing increased humidity and some rain. T he Sistan Basin has severe blizzards that occur during the winter in December through February. In the western and southern regions a northerly wind blows known as the "wind of 120 days." It blows during the summer months of June to September. This wind is usually accompanied by intense heat, drought, and sand storms, bringing much hardship to the inhabitants of the desert and steppe lands. Dust and whirlwinds frequently occur during the summer months on the flats in the southern part of the country. Landscape
3. Appearance Blake Minor In Afghanistan there are not many trees so Housing communities are built with mud brick and frequently grouped within a fortified enclosure, to provide protection from marauders. The roofs are flat, with a coating of mixed straw and mud with separate mud brick domes crowning each room. Cement and other modern building materials are widely used in cities and towns. Every town has at least one wide road, but in the cities there are mazes of narrow cross streets and alleys darting between narrow houses of mud brick. Homes
4. Appearance Blake Minor Most women in Afghanistan where a Shalwar Kameez which is a kind of long dress when they are at home or around their family. In Islamic and ultra-orthodox jewish traditions when they are not at home the women must wear a Burqa. A Burqa is a baggy outer garment that gives no shape to a women's body. The face vail has a rectangular peace of see-through fabric so the woman can see. Women's Clothing
5. Appearance Blake Minor Men's Clothing The clothing that the men in Afghanistan where is a mix of traditional and western styles. The majority of the men's clothing about 70%, is bright colors and they wear a Perahan Turban. The Perahan Turban is made from four to eight yards of cotton, silk or any other fabrics. You can tell from what part of Afghanstan a person is from buy the color of his turban and the color and style of his clothes. The other 30% wear western styled clothing. It is dangerous in some areas to wear western clothing.
6. Appearance Blake Minor Wildlife Afghanistan has rich and diverse wildlife. Many of the larger mammals in the country are globally threatened categorized by the IUCN. On this list is the Snow Leopard, the Markhor, the Marco Polo sheap, the Urial, the Asiatic black bear , and the Gray Wolf.
7. Appearance Blake Minor Wildlife A camel spider is really not a spider its classified in the order of Solifugae and the class of Arachnida, which is more like a scorpion. There are 900 species of them and about 240 species are found in Afghanistan. They were nicknamed camel spiders because they are found in the desert. They can catch and kill things up to 3 times their size. They are also known as a: wind scorpion, sun spider, and wind spider. Camel spiders can run up to 10 MPH and can grow up to 5 inches in length. Their diet consist of small rodents, small lizards, insects, spiders, termites, and on occasion they have been know to kill small birds.
8. Appearance Blake Minor Food The food in Afghanistan is a fusion of Pashtuns, Tajiks, and Uzbeks. The modern Afghan cuisine is a blend of these three. There is an obvious hint of India's spices like: saffron, coriander, cardamom, and black pepper. Some popular dishes are: Qorma: Onions fried with meats, fruits and spices. Kababs: Mostly chicken and lamb. Qabli Pulao: Is one of the most poplar dishes with the Afghan people. It is steamed rice with chopped raisins and carrots. Most of the time it's eaten with meat.
11. Structure of Government Kaela Patterson Boarders and Regional Allegiance There is a traditional atmosphere of self-determination at the level of local leadership. Discrimination between ethnic groups is widespread, and attrocities are often carried out by ethnic warlords. There is Brutal fighting between guerrilla groups in the south, and there are nomadic tribes who practice only self-allegiance. The Afghanistan-Pakistan boarder is widely disregarded among many local tribes and families who routinely cross it unhindered by government authority. Many clans maintain ancestral, religious and political ties in Pakistan and other bordering nations. Afghanistan has traditionally been run as a loosely knit federation with central governments having minimal authority. Though Karzai’s democratic government currently presides over Afghanistan, much of the countryside is outside of government control for many reasons. For these reasons the government has been largely unsuccessful in fostering a sense of Afghan nationhood across the multitude of different ethnic, tribal and geographical groups that make up the mosaic called Afghanistan.
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13. Structure of Government Kaela Patterson History of Afghan Rule “ Afghanistan is not a place where you can bring about chance by force, ” says Faiysal Alikhan (Founder of the Foundation for Integrated Development Action) . Geographically and historically, Afghanistan has tended to be a battleground for conflicts of it’s own and of it’s surrounding nations. The country’s turbulent political history tells a story of an endless barrage of foreign conquerors, corrupt monarchs, assassinations, and political upheavals. It was not until 1747 that Afghanistan first achieved sovereignty when Ahmed Shaw Durani, an Afghan, became ruler. Invaded again and again, by nations such as Britain, Persia, India, The Soviet Union, and most recently the United States, the Afghan people always resist boldly and succeed in driving out invaders. Unfortunately, the most recent turbulent cycle of revolution, occupation and civil war have made Afghanistan one of the poorest countries in the world. “ the one thing that unites Afghanistan, is the presence of an enemy.” - Nigel Ryan, former Editor ITN, from Afghanistan: War Without End
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30. History Brandi Andrade No occupying power has ever won Afghanistan. The British tried, the Russians tried, the Greeks tried and the Romans tried. This is the reason Afghanistan is known as The Graveyard of Empires.
32. History Brandi Andrade Alexander The Great It took three years for Alexander the Great to subdue Afghanistan He finds the king of Persia on the side of the road begging for mercy, Alexander has only anger and kills the great Darius To avenge the death of his father, Alexander heads to Persia 330 BC–ca. 150 BC
33. History Brandi Andrade 1219-1221 Invasion of Afghanistan by Genghis Khan Destruction of Irrigation systems by Genghis Khan, which turned fertile soil into permanent deserts. GENGHIS KHAN
34. History Brandi Andrade British attacks Afghanistan. High death toll in their victorious slaughter. Malalai July 1880, Afghan woman named Malalai carries the Afghan flag forward after the soldiers carrying the flag were killed by the British. She becomes a heroine for her show of courage and valour. The British, shortly after the accession of the new Amir, withdraw from Afghanistan, although they retain the right to handle Afghanistan's foreign relations
35. History Brandi Andrade 1919 Third Anglo-Afghan war begins. Once again, the British are defeated Afghanistan regains full control of their foreign affairs Anglo-Afghan War
36. History Brandi Andrade 1959: Women begin to enter the workforce The Purdah is made optional, women begin to enroll in the University which has become co-educational. The Purdah is the practice of preventing women from being seen by men. Women in Afghanistan
37. History Brandi Andrade References http://www.afghan-web.com/history/chron/index3.html http://www.hinduwebsite.com/history/afghan.asp http://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/31/opinion/31iht-edbearden_ed3__3.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan
38. Identity and Power Olga Byer Identities- They are a set of expectations related to ourselves and others. An average afghans identity is composed of 4 separate identities. They are the individual identity, religious identity, ethnic identity and the national identity. Power- Individual power like in any culture is determined by gender, family background and wealth but unlike some other cultures it is also determined by the age of an individual. Family power is determined by things that some other cultures do not think about, such as conformity, public behavior.
39. Identity and Power- Individual identity There are many roles that each individual person must play. They depend on the gender and the age of that individual. The roles change when one is in public opposed to when one is in privet. These roles are set by religion and history, both men and women are foced to conform. If they do not they may be shunned by the people around them.
40. Identity and Power- religues identity Most Afghans are Muslim, which means there religion is Islam. This religion is a strict way of life for the people that follow it. One of the things that they have to do is pray five times a day. It teaches the people who follow it the importance of the everlasting world and the unimportance of the temporal world. Like most religions it tells people how to act so it is like a code, this can unify the people who all practice it and tear apart the people who have another religion. There is great discrimination of those who are not of their religion.
41. Identity and Power- ethnic identity Ethnicity teaches people the values and relations of the social group and its member, it also helps them better understand who they are at the social and local group level. In Afghanistan there are 3 main ethnic groups. They are the Pashtus, Tajiks and Uzbeks The Pashtu’s have been the main ethnic group; they make up more than half of the population. They live in most parts of the county; they consist of mostly of farmers. They all follow and live by a code which is called Pashtunwali, this code teaches them to have courage, personal honor, self-reliance and hospitality.
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43. Identity and Power- national identity There national identity has been at times torn down and has constantly been surrounded by lies, but even with all of that the people of Afghanistan have stuck with their culture and pass it on to their children. It teaches the children the 3 most important rules of there background. And they are that they must consider the country over themselves and others, they must count themselves as a part of the nation and they must balance family, religion and ethnicity.
44. Identity and Power-individual power In Afghanistan a person’s individual power depends on several things. They are the gender of the person, there age, ethnic background and family power. Some of the things like age and ethnic background are given to them from birth but others like age and family power changes threw out their lives. Gender plays a very big role in individual power. Men are considered to be more powerful, most believe that women are untrustworthy and that they should be hidden from society when possible. For women it has always been a struggle to get anything. Even education. it has been less than 50 years since women have been able to receive an education or even work. Before 1959 they weren’t even allowed show their faces, they had to always wear a veil. But both man and woman have very strict standers for behavior .
45. Identity and Power-individual power continued Age also plays a big part in an individual’s power. But these mostly affect the women. The women’s individual power increases as she goes from girl to bride to mother to grandmother. Ethnic background shows people what there position is in there society. This is a thing that people can’t change about themselves and it is really hard to break free of your role in society. Family power also empacts each member of that family's power and vies versa. Family power- next slide.
46. Identity and Power- Family power Family power in Afghanistan depends on things like ethnicity, family background and how well the members of the family conform to the standers that are individually set for them. in afghanistan to gain family power the family members must learn to conform, the women always have to be in place and may never cuase a seen. the mean have a slightly less strict role but no abuse can be shown in public.
51. Male Gender Roles Afghan men should be … leader protector disciplinarian brave providers of economic welfare to the family sexually incontinent A man gains prestige by … A man loses prestige when … having sexual relations with women who are in another man’s care. a woman under his control has sex with another man.
67. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights) Translations of Dari written language: Meredith Crosby
68. Translation of Pashto written language: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. (Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights) Meredith Crosby
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70. Pashto Sample Text A Few Useful Pashto phrases : good evening: (maakhaam mo pa kheyr) ماښام مو په خير (khah maakhaam) ماشام شه good morning: (sahr pikheyr) سحر پخير (sahaar mo pa kheyr) سهار مو په خير welcome: (pikheyr) پخ ير Meredith Crosby
71. Meredith Crosby Minor Languages Spoken in Afghanistan: Other minor languages throughout Afghanistan: Aimaq, Arabic (Tajiki Spoken), Ashkun, Azerbaijani, Balochi, Brahui, Darwazi, Gawar-Bati, Gujari, Hazaragi, Jakati, Kamviri, Karakalpak, Kazakh, Kirghiz, Malakhel, Mogholi, Pashayi, Sanglechi-Ishkashimi, Tangshewi, Tatar, Tirahi, Uyghur, Waigali, Wakhi, Warduji and Wotapuri-Katarqali. Two main minor languages: Turkmen Approximate 500,000 people in Afghanistan speak Turkmen. It is spoken along the border of Turkmenistan, in Faryab and Badghis provinces. Uzbek About 1,400,000 or 9% people in the country speak Uzbek. It is spoken in several places of North Afghanistan, especially Fariab province. Arabic script is used.
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74. Values and Principles Timothy Buskey The values and principles of Afghanistan follow along lines that individuals from more western-industrialized nations typically consider to be traditional. That being the case, many of their values or determined by their commitment to Islam, and since 99% of countries population is Islamic, it makes sense. As with all countries, Afghanistan has an abundance of aspects that the people value and principles that they find important. So, here will highlight five: pride, honor, hospitality, respect, and Islam & morality.
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77. Hospitality is a deeply rooted tradition that has much to do with honor and reputation . How an Afghan displays generosity in the form of welcoming someone into their home will show what kind of character they have. Like many cultures that put a lot of value in hospitality, to deny an offer to come into someone's home can bring damage to the hosts reputation. HOSPITALITY www.communicaid.com/.../Doing%20Business%20in%20 Afghanistan .pdf
78. Respect is vital the Afghan culture as. The that one is respected by their peers, relatives, and allies deeply forms one's existence in this culture. Furthermore, the hierarchical structure is based on respect. A boy is to respect his father and look him in the eyes because if he doesn't he is not communicating the appropriate manliness that is expected within this culture. When a boy learns to stand up for himself, then, he will earn the respect of his peers. r. e. s. p. e. c. t. http://home.honolulu.hawaii.edu/~pine/Phil100/pashtun.htm
79. Islam and Morality With 99 percent of the population claiming to follow the religion of Islam, it could be considered one of the most valuable aspect of the majority of Afghan life. As such, irregardless of the differences between Sunni and Shiite Muslims, both groups hold the Koran to be extremely valuable and thus respect its authority, along with that of the Five Pillars of Islam. http://www.everyculture.com/A-Bo/Afghanistan.html http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_W-3msodIDxI/SbOpwxN... Because Islam is so saturated within the culture their entire moral structure is based on the teachings of the Koran and the Five Pillars of Islam. And as is the case with most other values and principles, their ability to uphold the Islamic moral code is deeply connected to the respect, and honor they get and give.
80. The color green carries a great deal of significance in the Afghan culture. It is thought that the prophet Muhammad wore a green turban, and found green to be his favorite color. Likewise, Muhammad described paradise to be a place where everyone will wear green clothing made of silk. Green is also associated with battlefield banners and the first Islamic flag. And finally, the color green is also significant as it represents nature, which has influenced the green tile on the outside of mosques. http://www.afghansforafghans.com/learn.html
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82. Afghanistan Conflict and Animosity Sabrina Little Afghanistan's instability is due in large part to an extensive illegal narcotics trade. The Afghans cultivate the poppy crop and contribute 87% of the world's opium. In the absence of a stable economy, opium provides the Afghan farmers with a profitable crop. This thriving opium crop has largely contributed to the heroine and hashish problem in the West and acutely in Pakistan. -Drugs-
83. A very violent, Muslim fundamentalist group called The Taliban, took control of Afghanistan in 1996. They have provided safety for Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda. They partake in public executions of criminals and have outlawed the education of women. -The Taliban-
84. Conflict and Animocity Sabrina Little Mohammed "Mullah" Omar was the Taliban leader during the groups rise to power in 1996-2001. He has yet to be captured but lives with a US sponsored bounty on his head. It is unclear who is now running the Taliban. -Taliban Leaders-
85. Since the start of the war, U.S and Nato troops have successfully captured or killed many Taliban leaders. Conflict and Animocity Sabrina Little -Taking Control of the Taliban- * Arrested, 2004- Naqibullah Khan: Chief of Security * Apprehended, October 2005- Latifullah Hakimi: Spokesm an * Killed by U.S air strike,December 2006- Akhtar Husmani: Top Taliban Commander * Killed by coalition forces, May 2007- Mullah Dadullah: Leader of the Taliban Insurgency * Apprehended , April 2008- Mullah Ismail: a key Taliban figure in the Kunar Province
86. Conflict and Animocity Sabrina Little -Religious Conflict- The largest religious conflict is between the Islam,led by the Taliban, and the Muslims. The Taliban believes in establishing a pure Islamic society based on their own interpretation of the teachings of the Qur'an. The Qur'an is the Muslim holy book composed of the words of Allah.
87. Afghanistan Conflict and Animosity Sabrina Little Afghanistan has a long history of foreign occupation which could be a contributing factor to some of their current conflicts. Recently, conflict was raised when the Pashtun tribe was geographically divided in two by the delineation of the Durand line, a British-imposed boundary dividing Afghanistan and British-India.