Lithium is the first identified treatment for bipolar disorder and is effective at preventing future episodes. It is thought to work by altering sodium transport across cell membranes and the metabolism of neurotransmitters like serotonin and catecholamines. Common side effects include diarrhea, nausea, weight gain, tremors and kidney problems. It can be augmented with other medications like antipsychotics or antidepressants but requires monitoring of kidney and thyroid function due to risks of toxicity.
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