1. Chemical Building Blocks of Life

3. Carbon can form up to 4 covalent bonds.

4. Usually large molecules constructed from smaller subunits. - Monomer = single subunit - Polymer = may units

8. Empirical formula (CH2O)n

9. Examples = sugars, glucose, starch

11. Very important in energy storage

13. Used for sugar transport or energy storage.

15. Used for energy storage

16. Plants use starch. Animals use glycogen.

17. Used for sturctural support.

21. Double helix = 2 polynucleotide strands connected by hydrogen bonds.

22. Polynucleotide strands are complementary.

24. Contains uracil instead of thymine.

25. Single polynucleotide strand.

26. Functions: - reads the genetic information in DNA - direct the synthesis of proteins

28. adenosine triphosphate

29. primary energy currency of the cell

30. NAD+ and FAD

31. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

32. flavid adenine dinucleotide

34. Defense

35. Enzyme catalysts

36. Motion

37. Regulation

38. Storage

39. Support

41. Joined by dehydration synthesis

43. Amino group

44. Carboxyl group

45. Single hydrogen

46. Variable R group

48. Primary Structure – sequence of amino acids

50. Quaternary Structure – interactions between multiple polypeptide subunits

52. May involve complete unfolding.

53. Caused by changes in the protein’s environmentpH - temperature - salt concentration

55. A high proportion of nonpolar C-H bonds causes the molecule to be hydrophobic.

56. Two main lipid categories:

57. Fats ( triglycerides)

59. Fatty acids are long hydrocarbon chains that can be saturated, unsaturated, or polyunsaturated.

60. An excellent molecule for energy storage

61. Store twice as much energy as carbohydrates

62. Animal fats are usually saturated fats and are solid at room temperature

64. 1 glycerol - 2 fatty acids - A phosphate group

65. Contain polar “heads” and nonpolar “tails.”

66. Spontaneously form micelles or lipid bilayers.

67. Lipid bilayers are the basis of biological membranes.