Fracking and the use of oil shale for energy is explained and discussed in detail. Society must consider using this bountiful energy supply. But, is it an acceptable risk to do so? We compare

1. FRACKING: OIL SHALE GAS VS BIOGAS
CONSIDERING THE USE OF THE OIL SHALE ENERGY BOUNTY
Steve
Last
info@anaerobic-digestion.com
http://anaerobic-digestion.com

2. FI LR HAL ECG A S V S NI OGA S
O S A
K I B G :
Special Fracking Report: Oil further shall be deemed to have read and
accepted the following terms.
Shale Gas vs Biogas for
Renewable Energy Terms of Use: No Liability: this book is
supplied “as is” and without liability. All
With much of the world once again (May warranties, express or implied, are hereby
2012) teetering on recession, and a potential disclaimed. The information provided does
energy bonanza sitting beneath our feet in not constitute advice of any kind.
the form of vast oil shale gas reserves, dare
we use them, or not? Let’s make no mistake © 2012 by IPPTS Associates.
about it a new era of cheap energy would get
world economies off the hook, and allow
many nations to claw their way back out of
Introduction
austerity like nothing else can do on earth.
Inside this report, you will learn:
The engineering and technically minded
community owes it to the poor of the world to What Is Fracking And Should
consider oil shale use very carefully. Can it
be used without disastrous effects on the
We Be Nervous About It: What
is fracking? It probably is a term new to
environment or not?
many people but it's definitely becoming a
popular topic in the media. Fracking is a
In this special report we have set out to use
controversial process used to extract gas
resources available on the web to compile a
from shale rock formations found
report with contributions from a number of
thousands of feet below the earth's crust.
authors on this subject. We then sum up our
The process involves drilling into the
view, and in the final special report section
surface of the earth and then triggering
we have some further information about our
small explosions to crack and shatter the
preferred natural gas source.
hard shale rock in order to release the gas
contained inside.
Disclaimer
Fracking and Tar Sands :
Reasonable care has been taken by the
authors to ensure that the information
Fracking is not a good thing if we're trying
presented in this book is accurate.
to reduce global warming causes and
However, the reader by reading on any
Cover Image by InlandWest 2

3. impacts, unless all the carbon dioxide is stating it "may cause earthquakes" - well
captured and stored by sequestration. We like I said, not a revelation here.
provide a background on hydraulic
fracturing and its likely environmental Fracking - Is It Worth Risking Our
impacts.
Water Supply:
The Bottom Line – Water is our most precious resource.
Is Fracking Really Safe? Without it, we would cease to exist. Out of
all the water on earth, only 2.5% is fresh
In the last few years, with the increasing water and less than 1% is available for your
demand for unique resources of energy, human consumption (since much of it is in
scientists and big companies are turning glacier form).
their heads and money on shale reserves,
sedimentary formations that seem tom hold Now let’s get started with the reported articles
the future of energy: natural gas. With and the body of this report:
recent turn of events and with the major
networks and independent film makers, **********************
they take like on the technology called
fracking for oil. Don't be misled, this is not What
the song. It has been highlighted in a
controversial documentary and now a lot of Is Fracking And Should We
buzz is directed towards this technology. Be Nervous About It
How is it good? What makes it ideal for
extraction? The biggest question would
What is fracking? It probably is a term new
have to be: is fracking for oil a safe
to many people but it's definitely becoming
practice?
a popular topic in the media. Fracking is a
controversial process used to extract gas
More Fracking Earthquakes - from shale rock formations found
New Report and Research on Oil thousands of feet below the earth's crust.
The process involves drilling into the
and Gas Fracking from UK
surface of the earth and then triggering
small explosions to crack and shatter the
Our Think Tank has previously mentioned
hard shale rock in order to release the gas
the challenges with fracking and ground
contained inside. Sand, water and many
water, and the potential earthquake issues.
highly corrosive chemicals are forced into
Most of the problems can be easily
the rock at high pressure allowing the gas
mitigated depending on the geological
and crude oil to flow out before being
make-up of the regions where such
extracted by energy companies. The
resources are. There was a heavy hitting
process can be used to create new sources
article recently in the UK about fracking
of oil and gas or to enlarge existing
3

4. operations. The drilling can be carried out With current technology it's impossible for
vertically but horizontal drilling is more alternatives to become the primary source
common. of energy. Additionally, no one ever talks
about the toxic ingredients that go into
The name fracking comes from a longer manufacturing solar panels and the
name for the process, hydraulic fracturing. batteries used to power electric cars
The rock is theoretically fractured and this (another inconvenient truth).
is often referred to as a 'frac job'.
Fracking is causing many heated debates
The process is highly controversial mostly between concerned individuals and energy
due to the "unknown" as experts cannot companies. Currently energy companies are
agree on just how dangerous the technique looking into ways of creating longer and
is. A primary concern is that fracking uses deeper cracks in the earth allowing more
many carcinogenic chemicals and the fear gas to be extracted. This will obviously
is that these chemicals may potentially find lower the extraction cost of the gas, this
their way into natural water sources and has caused uproar among opponents and
pose a major threat to the users. Industry environmentalists. In general the idea of
experts however point out that drinking using these aggressive techniques will
water is generally found within a few always cause fear mongering and hand
hundred feet of the surface whereas most wringing because of the unknown long-term
fracking is taking place several thousand consequences.
feet below the surface.
Fracking is not likely to go away any time
Left wing geologists have recently stated soon as energy companies see it as a
that the fracking process was a probable cost-effective way of extracting more and
cause in the triggering of two minor more natural gas. As new processes
earthquakes off the English coast. The continue to evolve concerns will continue to
energy industry obviously denies the linger and even grow. As we have said there
process is at fault and blames bad are always concerns over any new process
practices as opposed to a bad technique. and they will either eventually diminish or
The extraction of shale gas using fracking there will be a major disaster like the
is also being seen as a potential cause of opponents are predicting. Only time will
further global warming as shale gas is tell and as it is with most things we are
found in many locations and is often seen bound to continue to push the boundaries
as a cheaper alternative to renewable until someone finds an issue.
energy sources. The truth is that natural
gas has a much smaller carbon foot print Fracking has created a tremendous
than either coal or oil so it's a great resurgence in drilling activity in the U. S.
solution for reducing pollution. Those who in areas such as the Bakken Oil Field which
fantasize about wind and solar replacing has billions of barrels of oil which were
fossil fuels have never done their research. unrecoverable without it. These
4

5. developments along with the creation of the the fracture opens, other materials are
Oil ETF has made oil investing a popular sometimes added to prevent the fractures
trend in this past decade. from closing - especially when the injection
processed has ended.
Article Source:
http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Michael Not all wells are the same; some are very
_R_Peterson permeable whereas others are low volume
wells, depending on the type of rock and
B. Fracking and Tar Sands geologic structures. And example might be
shale for low permeability and sandstone
Introduction for high permeability; the former uses
20,000 to 80,000 gallons of fluid while
Fracking is not a good thing if we're trying the latter can use up to 2-3 million gallons
to reduce global warming causes and of fluid per well. There can be
impacts. I provide a background on environmental issues in the disposal of this
hydraulic fracturing and environmental fluid.
impacts.
Examples in Nature
What is Hydraulic Fracturing or "Fracking"?
"Veins" can be caused by seismic activity
Hydraulic fracturing is the process of which leads to variations in stress levels of
creating fractures in rock with the purpose the rock. Differing volumes of fluids can be
of releasing a fluid under pressure. This pumped into fractures during earthquakes.
"fluid" is usually gas or petroleum as far as The fluids (usually containing minerals)
the fossil fuel industry is concerned. These can create a vein when pushed up through
fractures also occur naturally as in the case rock and then can harden and crystallize;
of "veins" or "dikes", where magma from sometimes a rock will appear one color and
deep within the earth flowed towards the there will be a stripe of some other material
surface. in the rock.
Oil and gas companies create their own The formation of a "dike" is similar to that
fracturing of a rock layer with the sole of a vein. The difference is that the fluid
purpose of extracting fuel. A bore hole is filled cracks are molten rock, or magma.
drilled into the geologic formation which Sometimes in sedimentary rock with a lot
contains the oil/gas. Then a highly of water content steam will be found at the
pressurized fracking fluid is pumped into leading edge of the magma. Obviously this
the hole leading to new channels in the feature would be more common in active
rock and hence, allows for extraction of geologic regions such as areas near the
fossil fuels. boundaries of the continental plates or
along the "ring of fire".
As the fluid is injected down the hole and
5

6. Fracking to Release Fossil Fuels carbon dioxide) added to the mixture. In
addition to the fluids and equipment to
As mentioned earlier "fracking" or propel the fluid, there is transportation and
"hydraulic fracturing" is using pressurized storage of the fluid and the resulting fuel.
fluid to expand cracks in rock to release oil
or gas from underground reservoirs. These The Marcellus Shale formation is one of the
reservoirs are typically found in porous latest targets for fracking. This formation
sandstones, limestones, or dolomite rocks. extending from West Virginia and Ohio
Sometimes the deposit can be found in eastward through Pennsylvania into New
shale or coal beds. The oil/gas formations York State has had its share of news worthy
can be retrieved from as deep as 1.5 - 6.1 stories, from estimated economic impacts
km (5,000-20,000 feet). Sometimes the and jobs, to taxation, to environmental
formation just needs to be tapped and the concerns.
pressure alone will allow it to shoot to the
surface. Other times a conduit needs to be Environmental Concerns
formed to draw the fossil fuels to the
surface. There are plenty of environmental concerns
when it comes to hydraulic fracturing, from
The fracture is created when pumping the contamination of ground water, pollution of
fracking fluid at sufficient rates to exceed the air and global warming impacts, to
the fracture gradient of the rock. As the spills and mishandling of waste in the well
fracture grows, permeable material (like location and health effects.
sand) is added to the hole to stabilize the
well. The fuel can then be drawn upwards While the EPA has been aware of some
through the porous material. possible contamination issues, there was
doubt among officials (from testimony at
Most hydraulic fracturing is performed in Senate Hearing Committees) that the
vertical wells. But the latest technology fracking process itself has affected ground
allows for horizontal wells also. The lateral water. The EPA studies were criticized for
drill hole can extend up to nearly 3 km (2 being too narrow in scope, such as
mi) in some cases. Vertical wells usually concerns about water quality contaminated
are only 15-90 meters (50-300 ft) deep. from transporting fracking fluids, some fish
Hydraulic fracturing is employed by 90% of kills and even documented acid burns.
natural gas wells in the United States. Private well owners have complained about
contamination. In 2005 hydraulic
The fracturing fluid is a combination of fracturing was exempted by the U. S.
water, chemical additives, and proppants Congress from any regulation under the
(granular substances such as pellets or Safe Drinking Water Act!
sand that help the fluid do its work). In
addition there are sometimes gels, foams The reports of contamination of water
and compressed gases (i.e., nitrogen or began to increase as fracking heated up.
6

7. One amazing example took place in the Tar Sands
town of Dimrock, PA with a report of 13
private wells found to be contaminated with The Canadian Tar Sands, the Keystone
methane. And one of them actually blew Pipeline controversy, and the basics of
up. The local gas company was ordered to environment preservation are covered here.
compensate the homeowners although they
continued to deny responsibility. There What Are Tar (Oil) Sands Anyway?
have even been reports of radiation in
fracking fluids that were released into These geological features are not the
nearby rivers. typical fossil fuel deposit that you usually
think of. Most are familiar with coal, oil,
Beyond ground water and possible surface and gas. Tar sands are a naturally occurring
pollution, there are the emissions of mixture of sand, clay, water, and a dense or
greenhouse gases which are the leading viscous form of petroleum. This mixture
causes of global warming and air pollution has the appearance, odor, and color of
at the surface. The emissions from the "tar", hence the common name. These oil
natural gas development and production sands are found in extremely large amounts
include particulates, nitrogen oxides, sulfur in Canada and Venezuela.
oxide, carbon dioxide, and carbon
monoxide. Other emissions linked to The tar sands are then mined and
development include methane, ethane and processed to extract the oil-rich material
volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The and then refined into oil. Extracting the oil
VOCs have been implicated in causing a is more complex than typical recovery as
range of health issues - from respiratory the process not only requires extraction and
illness to neurological problems, birth separation systems to remove the oil sludge
defects and cancer. from the clay, sand, and water, but also
requires special dilution with lighter
Although natural gas burns cleaner than oil hydrocarbons (since so thick) to make it
or coal and it is supposed to help lessen transportable by pipelines.
global warming, an amount of methane is
typically released by these wells. And the A lot of the world's oil is in the form of tar
methane over short time periods is actually sands, this is estimated to amount to 2
worse than coal or oil due to how potent trillion barrels! However not all of this oil is
this greenhouse gas is (20-25 times more recoverable. Tar sands are found in many
potent than CO2). The methane gradually areas of the world (such as the Middle
breaks down and has a lifetime in the East), however by far the largest deposits
atmosphere of around 8-9 years (CO2 lasts are in Alberta Canada and Venezuela. There
around 100 years). So even if natural gas is are even some tar sand deposits in the
burned efficiently, its carbon footprint is state of Utah.
still worse than coal or oil for timescales
less than 50 years. A Little Industry Background
7

8. At this time oil is not produced from tar trucks carry up to 320 tons of tar sand per
sands on a significant commercial level in load.
the United States. Only Canada has a
large-scale commercial oil sands industry. After the sands are transported to a facility,
The industry, centered in Alberta, produces hot water extraction is used to separate the
more than one million barrels of synthetic oil sludge from the sand, water, and
oil per day, or approximately 40% of minerals. The resulting mixture is fed into
Canada's oil production. The output from an extraction plant where 'agitation' occurs.
the Alberta-centered tar sands industry is This releases oil and causes air bubbles
growing rapidly. Around 20% of U. S. that attach to the oil droplets. These
crude oil comes from Canada, with a large droplets that float to the surface are then
amount of this coming from the tar sands. skimmed off. Further processing leads to
synthetic crude oil.
Recently prices for oil have risen to
sufficient levels and technologies to extract Around two tons of oil sands are needed to
the oil from sands have improved to the produce one barrel of oil. After the oil is
point to make production from oil sands extracted, the used sand and other material
commercially attractive. are then returned to the mine, which is
eventually reclaimed.
The oil sands reserves have only recently
gotten the headlines due to this Other methods exist beyond strip mining
combination of oil price and improved such as: steam injection, solvent injection,
technologies. As long as these factors line and "fire floods" - in which oxygen is
up in a favorable way for industry we will injected and part of the resource is burned.
continue to see oils sands remaining front Steam injection is the favored method.
page news.
One of the latest current projects is the
As alluded to earlier getting the oil from the Keystone Pipeline. This pipeline is to
raw form to the usable form is no small transport synthetic crude oil from the oil
undertaking. There is a lot involved in the sands of northeastern Alberta, Canada to
process as will be covered next. several locations in the United States. The
locations include refineries in Illinois,
Extraction & Processing Overview distribution hubs in Oklahoma and
proposed refineries along the Gulf Coast of
The oil sands can be extracted using open Texas. Basically there is an operational XL
mining at the surface. New methods of the pipeline and possible expansion segments
1990's improved the efficiency of the to the pipeline.
mining which reduces the cost. The
systems use large hydraulic and electrically The Keystone pipeline has faced lawsuits
powered shovels to dig the sands up and from oil refineries, environmental
load them into gigantic dump trucks. The organizations, and members of United
8

9. States Congress. The latest clash was wikipedia)
between some members of Congress and
President Obama over legislation that If you'd like to learn more please check out
would put approval of the expansion XL my site: SurviveClimateChange
pipeline on the fast track to development.
The President pushed back a decision until I'm a meteorologist with a Masters in
2013. Of course environmental Meteorology. Besides weather, I also have a
organizations have their own concerns and passion for climate change and
this will be covered in the next section. environmental issues. I hope to share my
enthusiasm in my writing on these subjects
Environmental Concerns & Conclusions and offer suggestions on how to live in a
more "earth friendly" way. If you have any
Mining and processing the oil sands wreaks questions or comments, I can be reached
havoc on the environment. The strip mining at jon@surviveclimatechange.com:)
negatively affects wildlife and ecosystems
and leftover by products and pollution from Article Source:
the strip mining can soak into the ground http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Jon
water supply and run off into rivers and _M_Flatley
streams. There is a large amount of dirty
water that is produced from the process; The Bottom Line –
only some can be recycled.
Is Fracking Really Safe?
Some of the worst impacts are on the air
however. Getting the oil from the oil sands In the last few years, with the increasing
with steam injection and refining leads to demand for unique resources of energy,
major global warming impacts. In fact this scientists and big companies are turning
process leads to two to four times the their heads and money on shale reserves,
amount of greenhouse gases per barrel of sedimentary formations that seem tom hold
the end-product of refined oil as that the future of energy: natural gas. With
produced when extracting conventional oil. recent turn of events and with the major
networks and independent film makers,
If you include the final numbers, from oil they take like on the technology called
sands extraction to combustion you can see fracking for oil. Don't be misled, this is not
that this is one of the major causes of the song. It has been highlighted in a
global warming; the emission is 10 to 45% controversial documentary and now a lot of
more greenhouse gases than regular oil! buzz is directed towards this technology.
How is it good? What makes it ideal for
Obviously, as far environmental awareness extraction? The biggest question would
is concerned, this is not the way to go if we have to be: is fracking for oil a safe
are serious in reducing the causes of global practice?
warming. (Sources: ostseis.anl.gov and
9

10. Fracking is a technology that has been water supply. However, with the increasing
around for more than 60 years already and demand for natural gas, more and more
basically, it is a method of extracting wells are being made using this technology
natural gas and oil from various cracks or and because of the demand, the main
vents deep underground by channeling a problem is defective construction. This
reinforced well strategically on the ground, means that at the end of the day, any
an d pumping in water, chemicals and sand structure that has not been made with
under very high pressure, causing the gases precision and does not follow standards for
to become released, driving them upwards creating proper wells will end up
for extraction. As said, water, sand and contaminating any underground water
chemicals are used. Chemicals are used to source in the area.
prevent corrosion on the well surface,
preventing the equipment from getting Is it safe? Fracking for oil can be started as
contaminated. a common technology. With anything that
requires utilizing natural resources, there
In the last few years, companies will always be risks. Fracking for oil in the
implementing this procedure to their Marcellus Shale is becoming an important
extraction plants or oil wells have seen no aspect for the energy industry but it is
records of any form of gas emissions and necessary to be careful and safe with the
chemical release into the immediate water utilization if chemicals and creation of
systems outside the well. There are risks wells to prevent risks at the end of the day.
with the implementation of the wells, and
that is a fact. The well should be perfectly For more information on Marcellus Shale,
implemented from every step of the way in you can visit Marcellus Shale Fracking
order for the gases to prevent from mixing
up with clean water but that aspect is not Article Source:
limited only to fracking for oil. The fact is http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Paul
that any methodology that requires digging _Mike_John
past the water source is subject to risk if
not implemented properly. The technology More Fracking Earthquakes -
itself is not the cause why leakage could
happen that could eventually contaminate
New Report and Research on Oil
the waters. and Gas Fracking from UK
The process of fracking or hydraulic Our Think Tank has previously mentioned
fracturing has been around for a long time the challenges with fracking and ground
already but it was a used mainly in water, and the potential earthquake issues.
marginal economies where natural gas is Most of the problems can be easily
not as profitable but the manner of mitigated depending on the geological
extracting gas did not cause drastic make-up of the regions where such
damage or any form of problems to the resources are. There was a heavy hitting
10

11. article recently in the UK about fracking in the past show that, a few larger than
stating it "may cause earthquakes" - well small quakes too. We've had some fracking
like I said, not a revelation here. Still, quakes in the US already not major ones,
perhaps we might discuss this for a just small stuff and of course, we must use
moment? our science to do it right and study the
areas we do this very carefully first. I have
There was an interesting article recently on no doubt that the oil and gas industry is
the Forbes Blog on June 1, 2011 titled well on top of this issue.
"British Fracking Causes Earthquake - What
Now?" which was posted in the energy Indeed, Chris' comments are correct in
category "Energy Source - How We Power citing the public's concern, conspiracy
the World" by Chris Rhodes. In the article theories, and shades of what will be called;
Chris makes some great points; "a cover-up" of information on the subject,
and no doubt used by environmentalists as
"Hydraulic fracturing has made another another tool to attack Big Oil. There are
unwelcome appearance in the media, with risks and rewards in anything we do when it
reports in the U. K. that the procedure may comes to energy, whether for our
cause earthquakes. Fracking involves the transportation needs or powering up our
injection of water containing a surfactant civilization
and various other chemicals under high
pressure into a source rock e.g. shale, Nuclear has seen recent challenges in the
causing the latter to fracture and release Japanese quake and Tsunami double
natural gas (principally methane). It is whammy. Oil has terrorist issues, pipeline
hoped that fracking will provide 45% of U. problems, and terrorists after refineries, not
S. gas by 2035, although the jury remains to mention dealing with less than stellar
"out" on its safety aspects." ethical nations around the world. Natural
Gas is not without worry either, for instance
Indeed, I think we've all instinctively known the pipeline explosion and fire in the bay
all along that Fracking can in some area recently. Giant wind turbines create
instances cause Earthquakes merely ultrasound and mess up aviation radars.
because it is loosening up rock, most likely Solar Power manufacturing uses an etching
not large ones if the industry is careful solution which is 17,000 times worse than
where they work and exercises caution, CO2 for the atmosphere. Hydro is
which of course is in their best interests challenged by droughts, damns, floods, etc.
thus, you can consider it to be the norm,
safety first. So, I do not think this will be We are going to have to deal with the cards
such a huge issue. we have until the research available helps
improve these problems and challenges.
We've also known that drilling oil without Please consider all this.
putting something back in can be
problematic, numerous smaller earthquakes Lance Winslow is the Founder of the Online
11

12. Think Tank, a diverse group of achievers, photographs, Dr. Emoto has found that
experts, innovators, entrepreneurs, water exposed to positive influences
thinkers, futurists, academics, dreamers, produces beautiful, perfectly formed
leaders, and general all around brilliant crystals, while water exposed to negativity
minds. Lance Winslow hopes you've produces ugly, malformed crystals. Dr.
enjoyed today's discussion and topic. Emoto's study suggested that because
http://www. WorldThinkTank.net - Have an humans are primarily composed of water
important subject to discuss, contact Lance and much of the earths surface is covered
Winslow. in water, the power to change the essence
of water means that humans have the
Article Source: power to evoke change on a global or
http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Lance personal scale, by way of water. If these
_Winslow controversial studies are accurate, than is it
possible that water is (in some fashion at
Fracking - Is It Worth Risking least), alive?
Our Water Supply What if we no longer had access to fresh
drinking water, what would we do? If this
Water is our most precious resource. was the case, we would have to use
Without it, we would cease to exist. Out of advanced filtering methods to convert salt
all the water on earth, only 2.5% is fresh water into drinking water, but many argue
water and less than 1% is available for your that it would not be the same. If we
human consumption (since much of it is in consider fresh water to be in some way
glacier form). "alive" would the converse be true by saying
that filtrated salt water would be
With the world’s population hitting almost considered "dead"? If so, what affect would
7 billion in 2011 and our bodies drinking "dead" water have on our bodies?
themselves containing 70% water, it would Would filtrated salt water lose the waters
seem that the most critical of all valuable nutrients?
environmental concerns should be to
ensure the safety and protection of our There are an exhaustive variety of factors
most critical and life sustaining resource, and contaminants that threaten our water
WATER. supplies and "fracking" is one of them!
Since 1947, when the process of
Water is so priceless and unique that its "fracking", "hydraulic fracturing" or
topic has been studied by Japanese "hydrofracking was first introduced
scientist Dr. Masaru Emoto who has been commercially, (to stimulate gas and oil
researching this new field of science by wells) by companies like Halliburton, it has
freezing samples of water that have been been used extensively worldwide ever since.
exposed to either positive or negative The process of fracking sped up the
words, emotions and music. Through extraction process making both oil and gas
12

13. more readily accessible and profitable. leak out during the fracturing process,
making natural gas leave more of a
There is a wealth of natural gas trapped greenhouse gas footprint on the earth than
underground, but what depths are we the traditional offender, coal.
willing to go to extract it?
Whether you are a proponent for or against
Fracking is a process by which sand, water fracking, the use of natural gas over coal or
and chemicals are injected into dense rock believe that fracking can be hazardous to
layers and shale creating cracks that allow human and animal health, is really
natural gas trapped inside to flow to the irrelevant. What is important is how far are
earths surface. There are a number of we willing to go to extract the natural gas or
environmental and human health concerns oil for human use? Is it worth risking
associated with "fracking"such as: contaminating our water supply?
contamination of ground water, risks to air
quality, the risk of gases and hydraulic Written by Suzanne Edwards "Making the
fracturing chemicals reaching the surface, world greener one reader at a time"
and the potential for the mishandling of
waiste. Article Source:
http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Suzanne
A number of chemicals identified in _A_Edwards
fracturing fluid are hazardous chemicals
(such as ethylene glycol and toluene which Wrapping up...
are toxic to humans) that may cause health
risks that range from rashes to cancer. In this report, we've shown you:
Some people living near fracking sites have
reported abnormalities in their water (such What Is Fracking And Should We Be
as dark colored grease, sediment and Nervous About It
floating debris) as well as attempting to Fracking and Tar Sands
link their health concerns to tap water that The Bottom Line – Is Fracking Really
has been contaminated from the fracking Safe?
process. More Fracking Earthquakes - New Report
and Research on Oil and Gas Fracking
Although natural gas is known as being a from UK
clean burning fuel and according to the Fracking - Is It Worth Risking Our Water
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Supply
generates only about half as much
greenhouse gas as coal, Cornel University
On balance, we consider that fracking is
Ecology and Environmental Biology
too high a risk to take and despite the
Professor, Robert Howarth argues that
limitations on the amount of biogas which
methane which is 20 times more effective
can currently be generated, based upon
at trapping heat than carbon dioxide,can
13

14. currently available biomass, and waste them today from an ever increasing range
production of organic waste materials, of biogas plant technology providers...
However, that does not mean that there is "Prospective AD Plant buyers, particularly
no solution to the current problem of in the agricultural sector, but also
energy needs as biogas can produce much commercial clients in the growing food
more of our energy needs, and should be waste digestion sector, fear that their
seen as being the better option, and it can project will cost them far too much and run
be made in much larger quantities than is out of their control, with fancy control
produced today, in the UK. equipment and over specified and complex
systems."
In the rest of this special report we will
discuss biogas methane production. Steve Last has set out to conquer
this perception with a unique
SPECIAL REPORT:
approach
Is It Possible To Produce "We tell intelligent clients who don’t mind
Biogas, Without Losing a bit of technical reading, how to operate
their biogas plant before we start. If they
Precious Earnings on Process start out by knowing “what they need to
Downtime? do”, then remaining in control over
“how they do it”, is much easier.
According to Steve last, an environmental Unlike some other Anaerobic Digestion
process engineer and owner of the popular plant partners and turnkey
website www.anaerobic-digestion.com, the contractors", Steve Last tells us that all
answer is yes! the technical detail is “on the table”, from
the start. That way, the buyer can assess,
“Many biogas plant operators tell us that a accept, or reject the technical details from
biogas plant is much more like owning a a point of knowledge.
cow than a tractor, and a badly behaved
cow at that", Steve tells us. Steve Last focuses on the unique approach
of providing accessible information first,
Why most people struggle and if you like it; “bringing the client up to
speed in the technology, from the
According to Steve Last , there's a reason start”, firstly to give the client the
why so many people struggle with the idea confidence that he will be knowledgeable
that if done right an anaerobic digestion enough about the product he is buying to
plant will deliver fuel bill remain in firm control of his technical
busting power, despite so much evidence advisors from start to finish , and secondly
to the contrary, and help being offered to so that he gets a feel for what operating an
14

15. AD plant is like, because it isn’t like
“buying a tractor”, and if the AD and Biogas
industry sells on that proposition,
unsatisfied clients may well be the
result.
To learn more about Steve Last’s solution,
and his story,
visit http://anaerobic-digestion.com .
What others are saying about
Steve’s IPPTS Associates web
site…
KT: “Great site, well done, lots of good info
for anyone looking at Anaerobic Digestion
to perform a number of services. I have
also studied AD … and it is very
interesting.
Witchaya K: I’m come from Thailand and To download Steve’s free report on how to
finding the information about anaerobic operate a biogas plant go
digestion in the rural village. I'm studying to,
in master degree and making the project http://anaerobic-digestion.com/downloads/h
about the anaerobic digestion. Thank you. ow-to-operate-an-anaerobic-digestion-plant
– it’s all there!
A. G: Biogas production from any viable
source is an obvious path in a petro-energy ----------------------------
stressed economy. My field of interest is
on-site wastewater treatment, given GHG Are you receiving your
concerns carbon sequestering and energy
production potential is subject to scrutiny
Anaerobic Digestion News?
right now. Comment: Relevant, well
presented and thus good.
15

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