1. WORD ORDER:
ADVERBS AND VERBS
Using adverbs expressing certainty and
frequency with verbs

2. Using adverbs with verbs
 Adverbs with the verbs:
 Expressing frequency
 Daily
 Weekly
 Yearly
 Expressing certainty
 Definitely
 Certainly
 Probably
 Undoubtedly
 Surely
Always
Usually
Frequently
Often
Sometimes
Occasionally
Rarely
Seldom
Hardly ever
Never
100%
50%
0%

3. Using adverbs of certainty with
verbs
 Adverbs of certainty go before the main verb
but after the verb „to be‟:
 He definitely left the house this morning.
 He is probably in the park.
 With other auxiliary verb, these adverbs go
between the auxiliary and the main verb:
 He has certainly forgotten the meeting.
 He will probably remember tomorrow.

4. Using adverbs of certainty with
verbs
 Sometimes these adverbs can be placed at
the beginning of the sentence:
 Undoubtedly, Winston Churchill was a great
politician.
 Surely. When it is placed at the beginning of
the sentence, it means the speaker thinks
something is true, but is looking for
confirmation:
 Surely you've got a car?
 In negation clauses adverbs of certainty come
before the auxiliary verb:

5. Using adverbs of certainty with
verbs
 But what if we had uncontracted negation?
 He certainly will not lose his job.
 He will certainly not lose his job?
Both are possible. But the 2nd is much more
common:
 He certainly will not lose his job.
 He will certainly not lose his job.
it shows more stress on the certainty of
the fact

6. Using adverbs of certainty with
verbs
 Exercise: put the adverb of frequency on the
right place.
1. Her boyfriend will buy her some flowers.
(probably)
2. My uncle is moving to Stockholm soon. (definitely)
3. Pete got angry with you. (undoubtedly)
4. Ramon will not go with us. (certainly)
5. John fell off the bike. (surely)
1. Her boyfriend will probably buy her some
flowers.
2. My uncle is definitely moving to Stockholm
soon.
3. Pete undoubtedly got angry with you.
4. Ramon will certainly not go with us.
5. Surely John fell off the bike.

7. Using adverbs of frequency with
verbs
 Adverbs of frequency are put directly before
the main verb. If the verb „to be‟ is the main
verb and there is no auxiliary verb, adverbs of
frequency are put behind the verb „to be‟. Is
there an auxiliary verb, however, adverbs of
frequency are put before the verb „to be‟.
SUBJECT
AUXILIARY /
BE
ADVERB MAIN VERB
OBJECT,
PLACE OR
TIME
I often go swimming in the
evenings.
He doesn‟t always play tennis.
We are usually here in

8. Using adverbs of frequency with
verbs
 Exercise: put the adverb of frequency on the
right place.
1. He listens to the radio. (often)
2. They read a book. (sometimes)
3. Pete gets angry. (never)
4. Tom is very friendly. (usually)
5. I take sugar in my coffee. (sometimes)
6. Ramon is hungry. (often)
7. My grandmother goes for a walk in the evening.
(always)
1. He often listens to the radio.
2. They sometimes read a book.
3. Pete never gets angry.
4. Tom is usually very friendly.
5. I sometimes take sugar in my coffee.
6. Ramon is often hungry.
7. My grandmother always goes for a walk in the
evening.

9. THE USE OF „BE‟
Using „be‟ to talk about physycal characteristics
and conditions.

10. The use of „be‟
 We use „be‟ to talk about physycal
characteristics and conditions:
 Age
 Height
 Weight
 Size
 Physical conditions
We don‟t “have” some
age, height, weight, size or physical
condition... we “ARE” all of these!

11. The use of „be‟
 Exercise: make sentences using those
physical characteristics and conditions.
1. Tall
2. Thirsty
3. Cold
4. Afraid
5. Wrong
6. Kilos
 considered a physical condition.
 right, lucky, ashamed... we “ARE”
also.

12. MODAL AUXILIARY
VERBS
Using should have, could have and other modal
auxiliary verbs

13.  At first, what modals are? Can, could, may, might,
must, ought to, shall, should, will, would and
need („need‟ can be a full verb, too).
 We can swim.  We are able to swim.
 We could swim.  We have/had the possibility to swim.
 We may swim.  We are allowed to swim.
 We might swim.  We are supposed to swim.
 We must swim.  We have to swim.
 We mustn't swim.  We are not allowed to swim.
 We needn't swim.  We don‟t have to swim.
 We ought to swim.  We are to swim.
 We shall swim.  We are supposed to swim.
 We should swim.  We are expected to swim.
 We will swim.  We are going to swim.
 We would swim.  We were going to swim.
Using modal auxiliary verbs

14.  Note:
1. Do not use modals for things which happen definitely
(The sun rises in the East.)
2. They do not have an -s in the 3rd person singular (He
can play football)
3. Questions are formed without do/does/did (Can he
speak Spanish?)
4. It follows a full verb in the infinitive (They must read
the book)
5. There are no past forms, except could and would (He
was allowed to watch the film)
6. When you use the past particple, you tell about things
which did not happen in the past (You should have
told me)
Using modal auxiliary verbs

15. Using modal auxiliary verbs
 Lets focus in what „could‟ and „should‟ mean:
USE of COULD EXAMPLES
Ability to do something in the past
(substitute form: to be able to)
I could speak English.
Permission to do something in the
past (substitute form: to be allowed
to)
I could go to the cinema.
Polite question Could I go to the cinema, please?
Polite request Could you wait a moment, please?
Polite offer I could lend you my car till tomorrow.
Polite suggestion
Could we visit Grandma at the
weekend?
Possibility It could get very hot in Brasília.
USE of SHOULD EXAMPLES
Advice
You should drive carefully in bad
weather.

16. Using modal auxiliary verbs
 When we use them with the auxiliary „have‟ +
„past participle‟, we are talking about “unreal”
past situations that are the opposite of what
really happened:
 I could have spoken English.
 I could have went to the cinema.
 Could I have gone to the cinema?
 Could you have waited a moment?
 I could have lent you my car till tomorrow.
 Could we have visited Grandma at the
weekend?
 You should have driven carefully in bad

17. Using modal auxiliary verbs
 We can use should have to talk about past
events that did not happen.
 I should have let her know what was happening but I
forgot.
 We can also use should have to speculate about
events that may or may not have happened.
 She should have got the letter this morning. I expect
she'll give us a call about it later.
 We can use should not have to speculate
negatively about what may or may not have
happened.
 She shouldn't have left work yet. I'll call her office.
 We can also use should not have to regret past
actions.

18. Using modal auxiliary verbs
 Exercise: put the sentences in right order.
1. should/I/you/told/have
2. explained/have/better/should/he/it
3. have/it/we/bought/should
4. everybody/reminder/should/a/he/sent
5. here/been/they/ten/have/at/should
6. should/there/I/been/have
1. I should have told you.
2. He should have explained it better
3. We should have bought it.
4. He should have sent everybody a reminder.
5. They should have been here at ten.
6. I should have been there.

19. Using modal auxiliary verbs
 We can use could have to talk about something
somebody was capable of doing but didn't do.
 I could have gone to Oxford University but I preferred
Harvard.
 Often, there is a sense of criticism.
 You could have phoned me to let me know.
 We can use couldn't have to talk about
something we were not capable of doing.
 I couldn't have managed without you.
 We can use could have to speculate about what
has happened. (We can also use „may have‟ or
„might have‟ in these situations.)
 She could have taken the earlier train.

20. Using modal auxiliary verbs
 We can also use could have to speculate about what
has happened but only in questions and negative
sentences and with words such as „hardly‟, „never‟
and „only‟.
 Could she have forgotten about our meeting?
 He couldn't have seen us.
 We can also use could have to speculate about
something that didn't happen.
 You could have broken your neck, jumping out the window
like that.
 You can also use could have to talk about possible
present situations that have not happened.
 I could have been earning a lot as an accountant but the
work was just too boring.

21. Using modal auxiliary verbs
 Exercise: put the sentences in the right order.
1. could/it/you/better/have/done
2. called/have/tell/could/me/to/you
3. have/he/apologised/could
4. hand/given/could/a/they/me/have
5. the/taken/you/bus/have/could
6. could/more/I/helped/have/him
1. You could have done it better.
2. You could have called to tell me.
3. He could have apologised.
4. They could have given me a hand.
5. You could have taken the bus.
6. I could have helped him more.

22. FUTURE WITH „GOING
TO‟
Expressing future using „going to‟

23. Using going to to express future
 There is no „future tense‟ in English. But, there
are 4 forms, all to express future.
Past Present Future
 Differences:
WILL
predictions,
assumptions, promises,
and when we do
something
spontaneously, without
GOING TO
planned actions.

24. Using going to to express future
 We use going to when we want to talk about a
plan for the future.
 I'm going to see him later today.
Note: this plan does not have
to be for the near future.
 When I retire I'm going to go back to Barbados to live.
 We use going to when we want to make a
prediction based on evidence we can see now.
 Look out! That cup is going to fall off.
 We can replace going to go by just going.
 I'm going out later.
 She's going to the exhibition tomorrow.

25. Using going to to express future
 Exercise: complete the sentences using going
to/going with the verbs in brackets. Watch the
punctuation and do not forget to put in the subject
in each sentence.
1. We are not going to buy sweets. (we/not/to buy)
2. Aren't the boys going to check the computer? (the
boys/not/to check)
3. The teacher isn‟t going to use a pencil. (the
teacher/not/to use)
4. Are you going to water the flowers? (you/to water)
5. Jane is going to go / is going to the office. (Jane/to
go)

26. PAST PERFECT TENSE
Using past perfect tense to talk about the
“past”

27. Using past perfect tense
Attention:
Past Perfect - Simple Past
 The match had started when he arrived.
Simple Past - Simple Past
 The match started when he arrived.
AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE QUESTIONS
I had played hockey.
I'd played hockey.
I had not played hockey.
I'd not played hockey.
I hadn't played hockey.
Had you played hockey?

28. Using past perfect tense
 We use the past perfect to talk about what
happened before a point in the past. It looks back
from a point in the past to further in the past.
 I hadn't known the bad news when I spoke to him.
 I checked with the supplier and they still hadn't
received the contract.
 She had already told him before I got a chance to give
him my version.
action which was completed before
a special point of time in the past
Past Present Future

29. Using past perfect tense
 The past perfect is often used when we report
what people had said/thought/believed.
 He told me they had already paid the bill.
 He said he believed that John had moved to Italy.
 We often use the Past Perfect together with
the Simple Past. The action which was
completed before the other action began is put
into Past Perfect.
Past Present Future

30. Using going to to express future
 Exercise: complete the sentences using Past
Perfect Tense with the verbs in brackets. Watch
the punctuation.
1. When I arrived at the restaurant, Victoria had already
ordered a glass of water. (already/to order)
2. He noticed that Peter hadn‟t painted the old chair.
(not/to paint)
3. Before Emma laid the table, she had had a talk with
her mother. (to have)
4. It hadn‟t rained for three weeks, so the land was dry.
(not/to rain)
5. Linda had never been to a magic show before
yesterday evening. (never/to be)
6. She told me that Frank hadn‟t tidied his room. (not/to
tidy)

31. “ESPECIAL” USE OF
GERUND
Using to + verbs with ...ing form

32. Using to + verb + ...ing
 General rule:
verb+…ing is called gerund if it serves as a
noun:
 “run” / “running”  I like cats, I like dogs, I like
running.
 Our focus here:
There are a few cases where you us
to+verb+…ing:
 If the to is part of a phrasal verb or verb + preposition
combination:
 "look forward to“
 "confess to”
In this case, the "to" is part of the verb itself. Some
examples are:
I am looking forward to attending the party

33. Using to + verb + ...ing
 General rule: verb+…ing is called gerund if it
serves as a noun: I like cats, I like dogs, I like
running.
 Verbs with prepositions followed by the gerund:
feel like
forgive for
give up
insist on
keep on
look forward
to
warn against
carry on
complain
about
use for
congratulate on
consist of
cope with
decide against
decide for
depend on
die of
dream about /
of
get used to
accuse of
adjust to
agree with
apologize
for
approve of
ask about
get round
to
ask for
begin by
pay for
prevent sb.
from
protect from
put off
object to
rely on
spend money
on
spend time on
take part in
blame for
care for
succeed in
suspect of
escape from
talk about / of
thank for
be used to
concentrate
on
worry about

34. Using to + verb + ...ing
Look forward to
Get used to
Adjust to
Object to
Be used to
 When to is a preposition, it can be followed
either by a noun or by the -ing form of the
verb.
Cases where you use to
TO can be an infinitive
marker, but it can also
be a preposition.

35. Using to + verb + ...ing
 If the to is part of a phrasal verb or
verb+preposition combination: in this case, the
to is part of the verb itself.
 I am looking forward to attending the party.
 I am committed to supporting the classes at
Senac.
Compare: what is the difference?
 I look forward to hearing from you.
 I hope to hear from you.
Remember : use the verb as a noun is the key
to undestand this case of gerund.

36. Using to + verb + ...ing
 If the to is part of an adjective+preposition
combination:
 A lot of women aren‟t accustomed to being
treated so well!
 I am opposed to increasing taxes.
Note:
The word accustomed can be considered as
an adjective in this case, because there is a
form of the verb „to be‟, so you “are” an
adjective.

37. Using to + verb + ...ing
 If the to is part of a noun+preposition
combination:
 His addiction to gambling has caused a lot of
stress for his family.
 Her great dedication to teaching inspires her
students.

38. Using to + verb + ...ing
 Exercise: choose the best explanation of each
expression.
1. I look forward to seeing you.
a) It gives me pleasure to think that I will see you.
b) I know I will see you.
c) I hope I will see you.
2. I‟m used to driving in Brasília.
a) I drive in Brasília regularly.
b) In the past, I drove in Brasília regularly.
c) I have driven in Brasília so often that it seems easy and
natural.
3. I object to paying good money for badly made
products.
a) This often happens to me.
b) I am not pleased when this happens.
c) I try to stop this happening.