How to Add a many2many Relational Field in Odoo 17
A comparision of management system for development cooperation
1. A COMPARISION OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
FOR DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION IN
OECD/DAC MEMBERS (OECD; 1999)
By:- Ph.D. CHANG HYUN SIK, et all
REVIEW OF CHAPTER 1, 2 & 3
PRESENTER: RAI
(NEPAL)
DEPARTMENT OF IDC
2010/10/13
2. OECD OVERVIEW
• Originated in 1948 as Organization for European Economic Co-
operation (OEEC).
• Transferred as OECD in 1961 from OEEC.
• Member countries – 33
• Accession countries – 2 (Estonia, Russia)
• Enhancement engagement countries – 5
(Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, South Africa)
OECD PURPOSE
- To build strong Economies in its member countries
- Improve efficiency , hone market systems
- Expand free trade &
Finally Contribute to DEVELOPMENT in industrialized as well as
developing countries.
(Source; www.oecd.org)
4. INTRODUCTION
THE NEED FOR AID
PROBLEMS:-
• 3 Billion people live on less than $2 a day
• More than 1 Billion live on less than $1
• 1 & half Billion do not have access to Clean Water
• 2 Billion people do not have access to Sewerage
• 130 Million (Estimated) children are not attending school.
• Environmental degradation
• Migration, Drugs and Epidemic Diseases
• World’s population will increase by 50% Over 50 yrs. (6 Billion to 9
Billion) – Developing countries.
5. DAC’s Vision of Development
• Fostering self-reliance in countries where people are ultimately
less in need of Aid.
• Funding Public sectors (Health & Education etc.)
• Funding private sectors (Enable them to develop)
• Build up capacity to create and mobilize domestic resources and
attract private capital flow
6. IMPORTANCE OF AID MANAGEMENT
REASONS
• To maximize aid effectiveness and impact
• Issues at stake and the large sums of public money
involved
• To demonstrate good use of public money
• To support and make aid stable, safe, participatory and
societal
7. AID MANAGEMENT ISSUES
• Public & Political support
• Organizational Framework
• International Context
• Funding (levels, sources)
• Allocation of funds
• Project Implementation
• Relevance, effectiveness, efficiency and Results
• Monitoring & Independent review of Aid Program
8. PUBLIC & POLITICAL SUPPORT FOR AID IN DAC MEMBER COUNTRIES
Public manifestations of OECD in development related issues:-
• Growth in social & environmental-responsible consumption and
investment patterns
• Awareness & concern issues on development cooperation (child
labor, employment, climate change drug trafficking, disasters etc)
• Participation in development related NGOs
• Provision of Direct financial support to NGOs (Approx. $5 Bln each
year)
9. FORMS OF FINANCIAL FLOWS TO DEVELOPING & TRANSITION COUNTRIES
PRIVATE FUNDS
• FDI
• Bank lending
• Bonds
• Portfolio investments & grants (from voluntary agencies or NGOs)
PUBLIC FUNDS
• Official Development Assistance (ODA)
• Official Aid (OA)
• Other Official Flows (OOF)
10. POLICIES & APPROACHES UNDERPINNING DAC MEMBERS’
DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION
Shifts in the intellectual underpinning for development cooperation
1960s
• Donors approached economic development largely in economic terms
• Development cooperation did in some countries that assist to
strengthen their infrastructure, build capacity, create wide range of
institutions and move their economies forward (Korea, Singapore,
Chinese Taipei)
• Development Aid made outstanding achievements in Health (eg.
Preventive Vaccination, maternal and child care, family planning)
• Aid donors focused on eradication of fatal disease (Smallpox)
Through ODA funded programs particularly in Africa.
11. 1970s & Early 1980s
• Development Assistance aimed at Basic Human Needs
(BHN)
• Improvement of Social condition of poorer people (Growth
of Equity)
• Development Cooperation did to assist Economic Reform
(Fiscal management, Free Trade, Market-based
development, Privatisation of state owned enterprises)
12. THE LATE 1980s & 1990s
• Emphasis shifted to the overall Social and Political framework
• Donors focused on Institutional problems
• Poverty Reduction
• Women In Development (WID) / Gender Equality
• Human Rights
• Good Governance
• Environment, Population & Private Sector development
• Less emphasis on infrastructure (More in software and less
hardware)
13. SHAPING THE 21ST CENTURY
• DAC Adopted in May 1996 a people- centered development
partnership strategy
4 Principal elements of strategy’s Framework:
• A Shared Vision
• Concept of Effective Partnership
• Emphasis on Qualitative Foundations
• Need for Coherence Between Aid Policies which Impact in
developing countries
14. GOALS OF DEVELOPMENT PARTNERSHIP STRATEGY
UN conferences held during 1990s have addressed subjects important to
development
• Education (Jomtien, 1990)
• Children (New York, 1990)
• Environment (Rio de Janerio, 1992)
• Human Rights (Vienna, 1993)
• Population (Cairo, 1994)
• Social Development (Copenhagen, 1995)
• Women (Beijing, 1995)
• Human Settlements (Istanbul, 1996)
• Food Security (Rome, 1996)
>>The Principal goal is a reduction extreme poverty by one-half by 2015 <<
15. SUSTAINABLE POVERTY REDUCTION:THE PRINCIPAL GOAL OF
DEVELOPMENT CO-OPERATION
World Bank’s World development Report 1990 proposed a 2
strategies for Poverty Reduction
• Promote the productive use of the poor’s most abundant asset –
labor and ensure that policies harness market incentives, social
and political institutions, infrastructure and technology in support
of that objective, and
• Provide basic services to the poor, especially primary health care,
family planning, nutrition and primary education
>>> Reducing Poverty: Main Goal <<<
16. IMPORTANCE OF COHERENT, PRO-DEVELOPMENT POLICIES FOR
POVERTY REDUCTION
• Development Partnership strategy require fuller participation by
developing countries in the Global economy. (Open Trade)
• Donors play catalytic role by supporting developing countries’ efforts to
build up sustainable economic, social and political systems.
• DAC members development dimension policy include:-
- A common vision for articulating and evaluating policies
- An effective framework of inter-ministerial coordination within capitals
- Research and analytical capacities to support efforts to improve
development coherence of policies
- Mechanism for consultation with CSOs promote consensus in society
EXAMPLES: THE NETHERLANDS, THE UNITED STATES (Coherent)
17. PUBLIC OPINION, INFORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT
EDUCATION
THE PUBLIC: STAKEHOLDERS IN DEVELOPMENT
• Development co-operation is Government function : Seen by
general public
• Stakeholders as “clients” & “Shareholders”
• Some DAC members acknowledge the role of general public their
Aid programs, e. g. Ireland, US (USAID)
18. PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE ABOUT AID
Is it important to have knowledge about Aid by public?
• Example: Denmark – has sustained a ratio of ODA to GNP from 0.7 %
(remained more than 20 years) to 0.97% Of GNP in 1997. It shows that
strong public and political support on development assistance.
INFORMATION DISSEMINATION
• Information on Internet (program, annual reports, ministerial speeches,
press releases, Aid policy statements, information on major recipients,
country strategies, evaluation reports, statistics and details of Aid
program)
• Unpublished information about Aid program can also be obtained through
the National “Freedom of Information” legislation that exists in some DAC
member countries. (Ireland - National Committee for Development
Education 1994, Japan – Plaza for International Co-operation, Tokyo
1993)
19. MONITORING PUBLIC OPINION
Why it is Important ?
• Some DAC member conduct regular public opinion polls
about aid which provide an Indication of Fluctuation in the
level of Public support over time.
• OECD’s Development Centre and the Council of Europe’s
North-South Centre jointly published Public Attitudes and
International Development Co-operation 1998, which inter
alia, presents Information on the findings from Public opinion
polls and Development Education activities in each DAC
members.
20. CONCLUSION
The citizens of Donor and Receiver countries alike want guarantee
that AID make available worth for money and should not be
misused by corrupt governments, and Aid donor countries
should focus on National Development Strategies, Institutions,
Development action policies of the Receiving countries,
However, Government of developing countries should make
Transparent & Accountable roadmap to show their citizens that
Aid is properly being used.
THANK YOU !!
21. References
Chang Hyun Sik etal; A Comparison of Management System For
Development Cooperation in OECD/DAC Members (OECD;
1999), http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/40/28/2094873.pdf
Organization For Economic Co-operation & Development,
www.oecd.org