Special report-s3

CIRED 20th International Conference on Electricity Distribution Prague, 8-11 June 2009

Special Report - Session 3
OPERATION, CONTROL AND PROTECTION
Theodor CONNOR
Chairman - Germany
theodor.connor@siemens.com

Markus ZDRALLEK
Special Rapporteur - Germany
markus.zdrallek@rwe.com

Ignaz HÜBL
Special Rapporteur - Austria
ignaz.huebl@kelagnetz.at

Block 1 Operation
Introduction
− Condition Assessment
The interest in Session 3 -like the interest in Cired at all- is
− Distribution Management
still and constantly growing. The number of 261 abstracts
received for Session 3 underlines this growing interest Block 2 Control
impressively. Since the number of different countries
submitting papers is increasing, too, Session 3 is even − Distribution Management Systems / SCADA
getting more international as it already was. Due to the − Distribution Automation
extreme high number of abstracts received for Session 3
Chairman and Rapporteurs had to be once again quite strict − Communication/ IEC 61850
in rejecting papers in order to keep quality and a − Cyber Security
manageable number of papers during the conference.
Block 3 Protection
Therefore 142 abstracts were accepted by National
Committees and Technical Committee (TC) and the authors − Fault Location
were called to submit a full paper. Finally 124 full papers
− Neutral Grounding
have been accepted for Session 3. An overview of the
review process gives Figure 1. − Distributed Generation / Simulation

Abstracts received
− Practical Implementation
In the area of grid operation lots of papers have been
Abstracts accepted
received dealing with the problem how to derive the
Full papers accepted
technical condition of grid components correctly. This task
still seems not solved sufficiently enough, although it is a
Poster Session major problem since many maintenance and renewal
strategies are fundamentally based on a correct assessment
Main Session of the equipment condition. All papers dealing with this
matter are discussed in a separate block.
RIF
In the area of grid control two trends can still and clearly be
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 observed: Firstly –in most cases driven by the quality
standards of grid regulators- more and more automation of
Fig. 1: Overview of the review process MV-grids or even of LV-grids can be considered. This
All authors are asked for a poster presentation, 28 of them comes along with a higher demand on communication and
will be additionally present their paper in the Main Session corresponding techniques and infrastructure. Since there is a
and 16 more academic papers are allocated to two Research lot of work spent on this tasks it was addressed especially in
and Innovation Forums (RIF). the call for papers and 14 papers covering communication
matters are finally accepted.
Traditionally and according to the topics of the papers
submitted Session 3 is still structured into three blocks: Secondly grid control is increasing its efficiency due to
more and more powerful SCADA-Systems. These systems
can handle much larger grids than in the past and offer

CIRED2009 Session 3: Operation, Control and Protection Page 1 / 20


additional possibilities. Furthermore systems which in the Paper 403 from the U.S. focuses especially on the condition
past have been solely used for SCADA-purposes develop assessment of XLPE-insulated Cables. The proposed
towards integrated Distribution Management Systems method is based on the analyses of radio frequency pulses.
(DMS).
Paper 234 shows a very practical application of a special
New in the control part is cyber security task. Including inspection program in Brazil for the condition assessment of
SCADA-systems more into the office IT-infrastructure of MV porcelain pin insulators in order to replace the bad
grid operators leads to an increasing risk for cyber threats. ones. Due to this program the number of outages could be
reduced significantly. In contrast to this the theoretical
The main focus of protection is the location of several
paper 466 (Russia) confirms a life time model of technical
types of faults and the neutral grounding in MV networks.
components to answer the still unsolved question of the
Both theoretical examination and practical application are
ageing of grid components. Unfortunately only the theory is
shown. A lot of papers being a part of protection are
presented without showing any calculation results.
examining the location of earth faults in isolated and
compensated networks. Of course there exists no universal Another practical application is given in paper 525 (U.K.)
method which would be applicable to all types of networks about condition assessment of the foundation of steal
and ground faults and would be able to localize the ground towers. As an enhancement to the measurement of
faults in MV network safely. polarisation current a transient dynamic response method is
used.
Practical experiments try to attest the function of new
algorithm and fault detectors implemented in protecting Still on experimental stage is a laser based scanning system
systems. for high voltage power lines from Italy presented in paper
784. The measuring system given in Figure 3 is adequate to
An overview of the number of papers related to the different
monitor the ice accretion on conductors as well as
blocks and sub blocks is given in Figure 2.
conductors’ sags.
25

20
Number of papers

15

10

5

0
DM-Systems / SCADA
Condition Assessment

Cyber security
Distribution

Fault Location

Neutral Grounding

Generation/Simulation
Management

Practical
Communication / IEC
Automation
Distribution

Distributed

Fig. 3: Schematic description of the measuring system
61850

Paper 540 from Italy introduces a condition based
maintenance strategy of MV circuit breakers. Depending on
Operation Control Protection several failure models from different concrete
measurements like opening/closing duration condition
Fig. 2: Overview of the accepted papers information of the circuit breaker is derived.
The majority of papers is prepared by groups of authors. In Paper 448 (Italy) touches a security problem faced by many
some cases these groups are composed of authors from grid operators that is protection against housebreaking and
different countries and even continents. The authors are vandalism. A video monitoring application developed and
from grid operating companies, vendors, universities and installed in many 110-kV-substations of Enel Distribuzione
other research associations. So Session 3 of Cired 2009 is presented.
truly reflects the ‘state of art’ of the grid operation
community in case of Operation, Control and Protection. A concrete and practically used condition assessment
method of MV-transformes is given in paper 686 from
Malaysia. Different diagnostic techniques as well as their
Operation
influence on the calculation of the overall condition index
are presented.
Condition Assessment
All papers of this sub-block describe methods or case
studies to determine the condition of the grid–equipment as
exact as possible. Some methods are more theoretical or in
experimental stage, while others are well used and
implemented in grid operating companies.
The papers 146, 530 (both U.K.) and 195 (Netherlands)
present the experiences with different condition assessment
systems based on partial discharge monitoring systems.

CIRED2009 Session 3 : Operation, Control and Protection Page 2 / 20


Paper 874 from the Netherlands is about organizational
changes which are necessary since the lifecycles of
substation automation systems are getting and shorter and
shorter and the systems themselves are getting more and
more integrated.
Two papers deal with risk assessment in distribution grids:
A technical assessment management systems developed at
EDP in Portugal based on risk assessment and condition
assessment is presented in paper 914, while paper 171
(Norway) shows maintenance strategies based on
qualitative and quantitative risk assessment.
Beside the papers presented in the condition assessment
Fig. 4: Transformer health index according to age
block two more papers deal with new, more sophisticated
maintenance or refurbishment strategies: Paper 611 gives
Figure 4 actually shows the condition assessment results for the experience of replacing Static Var compensators (SVC)
a population of about 700 transformers and Figure 5 gives feeding a coal train haulage grid in Australia before they
the according mitigation decisions for transformers in bad reach the end of their service lifetime. Paper 472 presents a
condition. practical approach of an Austrian Grid operator to support
the decision of maintaining MV- and LV- Overhead lines or
replacing them by cables.

Fig. 5: Mitigating actions on problematic transformers
Fig. 6: Cost drivers of low voltage overhead lines
Distribution Management The different cost drivers of overhead line maintenance are
Paper 45 from a Romanian grid operator discusses the
analyzed in detail (Figure 6) and aerial views showing for
reliability of substation equipment during its lifetime
example the vegetation (Figure 7) are used to support the
focused on transmission level. The goal is to take sufficient
concrete planning decisions.
decisions for operation and modernisation of substations
Paper 65 from U.K. proposes to use lithium-ion batteries for
the back up power of substations in order to overcome the
drawbacks of conventional lead-aced batteries. These are to
big and require to much regular maintenance according to
the paper.
In Cired 2009 only three papers deal with introduction of
workforce management (WFM) systems although this is a
major task for many grid operating companies worldwide.
Paper 691 presents the implementation of a WFM-system at
a large German grid operating company. An overview of the
project and the new WFM-processes as well as the principal Fig. 7: Visualized result for the low voltage grid
IT-architecture, the central and mobile equipment is given.
Paper 326 from Sweden gives the results of a study about Paper 1036 gives details of an interruption reporting system
structure and robustness of the IT-architecture of WFM- developed and implemented in a Malaysian grid operating
systems. The last WFM-paper (559, Portugal) describes a company.
system configured specially to optimize grid management
The quit impressive paper 119 is about the icing catastrophy
and operation in the very dense distribution grid of Lisbon.



in China in the beginning of 2008, causing a lot of large Paper 697 (U.K.) describes the features of modern reclosers
blackouts (see Figures 8 und 9). designed for self-controlled switching of load and fault
current.
Paper 331 from China presents an analysis of switching
time and capacities to compensate the reactive power of
substations in a 35-kV-grid more accurate. Another analysis
of reactive power compensation is given in paper 179 from
Brazil.
In Paper 68 a method to plan and optimise own resources of
a grid operating company (field service personnel, agency
staff, tools etc.) and to define an optimal outsourcing
strategy is introduced. An example of the optimisation of
Fig. 8: 110kV central conductor icing scene the operation of a high voltage grid is given. A similar
model is presented in paper 818 in Session 6.
It is shown, how the weather conditions could damage the
grid so much and therefore affect the power supply so Paper 408 from Austria deals with the problem of stable
extensive. Finally countermeasures to prevent such black island operation of grids. Grid restoration strategies in a
outs in the future are given. 110-kV-grid are proved with dynamic simulations taking
grid and feeding power stations into account.

Potential scope of discussion
− Condition assessment of grid components: Why is it so
difficult to solve the problem? Is there a general solution
trend? How about the ageing phenomenon?
− WFM-systems: Are they well introduced in the
companies or are they still an experiment? How do they
affect the whole processes of a grid operation company?
− Maintenance strategies: To simple or to sophisticated?
How to manage the balance between data collection
Fig. 9: Icing phenomena on a pole of distribution line afford benefits?
Many customers facing longer lasting interruptions of − Can large blackouts due to extreme weather conditions
supply complain about a lack of information about the re- be prevented? Will the frequency increase in the future?
supply process. To overcome this problem in Finland (paper
478) and Germany (paper 919) information platforms for
3rd-parties like police and fire-service and of course for the
customers concerned have been developed.

Table 1: Papers of Block 1 Operation assigned to Session 3

Paper No. Title MS MS RIF PS
a.m. p.m.
No.: 0045 Use of Information Generated by Remotely Controlled Medium-Voltage X
Distribution System Components
No.: 0065 The Utilisation of Lithium-Ion Batteries in Substations X
No.: 0068 Reducing Network Operation Costs by Optimal Resource Planning X X
No.: 0119 Analysis of Icing Accident in South China Power Grids in 2008 and Its X X
Countermeasures
No.: 0146 Experience of Mobile Web-Based Condition-Monitoring Technology for X
Partial Discharge Detection and Analysis
No.: 0171 Experiences Using Quantitative Risk Assessment in Distribution System X
Maintenance Management



a.m. p.m.
No.: 0179 Determination of Optimal Point for Reactive Power Compensation in X X
Distribution Systems
No.: 0195 Partial Discharge On-Line Measurements with Continuous Monitoring as X
Invaluable Tool for Assessing Insulation Quality and Maintenance Planning
No.: 0234 The Influence of the Weather Parameters on the Results of the Inspection of X
Pin Insulators in Distribution Medium Voltage Lines
No.: 0326 Assessing the Quality of Service of Workforce Management Tools X X
No.: 0331 The Reactive Power Compensation Analysis System of Substation Based on X X
Typical Day Load Curve
No.: 0403 Condition Based Maintenance Strategy Tools for Power Cable Systems X
No.: 0408 Dynamic Simulation of a 110-kV-Network During Grid Restoration X X
No.: 0448 Video Monitoring Application to Primary Power Stations X X
No.: 0466 Operation of Electrical Equipment in Distribution Networks on the Basis of X
its Technical Life Assessment
No.: 0472 Developing a Maintenance and Replacement Cabling Strategy for Medium X X
and Low Voltage Overhead Lines - A Practical Approach
No.: 0478 Innovative System Integration for Outage Communication X X
No.: 0525 Non Intrusive Assessment of Steel Tower Foundations X
No.: 0530 Use of Web Based Partial Discharge Monitoring to Extend Asset Life X
No.: 0540 Condition Based Maintenance on MV Circuit Breakers X
No.: 0559 Optimizing Management and Operation in very High Density Distribution X X
Networks
No.: 0611 SVC Refurbishment Experience for Critical Coal Train Haulage Network X
No.: 0686 TNB Experience in Condition Assessment and Life Management of X X
Distribution Power Transformers
No.: 0691 Benefits of Highly Integrated Workforce Management Concepts X
No.: 0697 Application of Recloser for Reliable Supply in Rural Overhead Distribution X X
Networks
No.: 0784 Laser Based Scanning System for Voltage Power Lines Conductors X
Monitoring
No.: 0874 Challenge of Managing the change Imposed on the Organisation by Digital X
Secondary Technology
No.: 0914 M2M - Developing and Implementing a Technical Asset Management X
System in EDP Distribuição (Portugal)
No.: 0919 Information and Communication Platform for Crisis Management (IKK) X
No.: 1036 Development of Distribution Outage and Interruption Reporting System on X
the Intranet to Facilitate Asset Management

Block 2 Control

Distribution Management Systems / SCADA
All eight papers of this sub-block deal with the



improvement or refurbishment of existing Distribution Paper 328 from China promotes a new state estimation
Management Systems (DMS). Paper 142 presents the method for distribution grids which combines historical
(long) way from a stand alone HV-SCADA-System in and remote data using six data rules to improve data
Serbia to an enhanced and integrated DMS for HV- and quality.
MV-grids. A similar project is given Paper 519 from
Four more prospective papers deal with future
Slovenia ending up in the system configuration shown in
requirements for DMS of all voltage levels which have to
Figure 10.
manage more and more ‘smart’ components. In paper 76
(U.K.) the idea of a ‘third generation DMS’ is introduced
to cover these future requirements including the
management of Smart Grids. Likewise papers 722 and 841
both from Germany focus on the growing needs for new,
more intelligent DMS caused by more and more smart
components connected to the grid. Paper 770 gives a 3-
phases path (see Fig. 12) from today’s DMS towards future
‘Smart Grid’-DMS.

Fig. 10: SCADA/DMS system configuration
Even more management and control information is
aggregated in the ‘vision’ of new control centres in
Switzerland (paper 587) and Italy. In paper 365 a so called
‘supervision dashboard’ is presented which gives an
overview of the supply situation of the whole Enel-
distribution grid. As shown in Figure 11 the user can zoom
into each local control system to see its daily operation
activities.
Fig. 12: Path towards DMS for Smart Grids
Paper 636 from Sweden is about integration of the different
IT-system which are used in an grid operating company
which special regard to the SCADA-systems

Distribution Automation
Several papers in this block deal with more or less
automatic re-supply switching actions carried through in
MV-grids. While the goal is always the same –to reduce
customers' duration of supply interruptions- the methods to
achieve this goal are different. First papers 453 (Denmark)
and 635 (France) introduce the ‘self healing MV-
distribution grid’. In case of a MV-fault, several main
switching and re-supply actions are carried though
automatically by local automated MV-substations (Figure
13) before field staff arrives.

Fig. 11: Local and national ‘supervision dashboard’
Paper 73 from Egypt is abaut a practical project to increase
the life time of the DMS of the city of Alexandria while
paper 687 (Finland) presents Helsinki’s new DMS for the
MV grid and in paper 699 an existing DMS in Serbia is
improved by including optimal voltage control. Paper 396
gives another SCADA-application to control the 110-kV-
grid for railway power grid in Germany.



to compare various levels of automation for distribution
grids relating the improvements in customers reliability of
supply and the corresponding costs.
Paper 681 from the Czech Republic deals with the
advantages of Phasor Measurement Units (PMU) to
improve power systems performance and reliability.

Fig. 13: Local automated MV-substation – general architecture
A similar target is presented by French grid operator ERDF
in paper 496, who decided to add a set of advanced
distribution management functions to its MV-remote Fig. 15: Coupling of MV-grids
control system with the ultimate aim to achieve an
automatic network restoration. Paper 558 presents Paper 739 (the Netherlands) handles the problem of safe
comparable ideas developed in the U.S. Paper 744 (Czech coupling of MV-grids fed by different 110-kV/MV-
Republic) deals with several methods of utilization of data substations (Figure 15). It discusses several aspects of
transmitted from remote-controlled components to the equalizing currents and describes the system that has been
control centre. built for predicting these currents reliable.

Communication/ IEC 61850
In this sub-block several papers deal with the utilisation of
modern communication methods or standards for
distribution grids.
Three papers propose Ethernet communication: Paper 47
compares four ways of implementing an Ethernet/IP WAN
network, with the aim of assuring the delivery of all the
new generation services with Ethernet interfaces, with
adequate quality of service and bandwidth, using the
existing fibre optic network of EDP, the distribution
company in Portugal. In paper 242 (Canada) key issues and
Fig. 14: ‘Pulse closer’ for overheadline protection considerations when designing hybrid networks involving
serial and Ethernet Networks are defined and the
Finally paper 1028 from the U.S. introduces ‘pulse closing’ characteristics of an environmentally robust hybrid
as a new technology for overhead distribution system network for substation automation applications are
protection. It uses a new method for verifying that a power described. Paper 244 (Canada) looks at considerations
line has cleared a fault before initiating a closing operation. when designing an Ethernet network for substation
The authors state that pulse closing is an alternative to automation applications which may include IEC61850
conventional re-closing. It is expected to significantly station or process bus or a combination of both, with focus
reduce stress on system components as well as improve on redundancy.
power quality experienced by customers upstream of a
Three papers investigate how wireless communication can
fault (equipment see Figure 14).
be used in distribution grids: Paper 619 from Spain
In some countries automation of LV-grids is in the scope discusses the state of art as well as advantages and
of the grid operators, too. For example paper 439 from disadvantages of using wireless communication. Paper 856
Italy presents a pilot project of Enel Distibuzione for the (U.K.) proposes the ‘WiMax-technology’ to deliver a
remote control of LV-grids. The goal is to reduce the wireless internet protocol service for distribution grids
duration of customer supply interruptions and number of automation. A coverage study for Northern Ireland and
workmen interventions in case of LV-faults. About 1000 border countries of Republic of Ireland is presented. In
remote controlled LV-circuit breakers have already been paper 174 (U.K.) the influence of characteristic radio
installed successfully. frequency impulsive noises with a view to assess its impact
Paper 942 (Canada) describes a simulation tool that allows on wireless network technologies is investigated. Therefore
the measurement equipment shown in Figure 16 is installed



in a typical HV-substation. to intrude a substation’ and of course gives answers how to
establish a practical and secure IT-architecture in grid
operating companies protecting all principal domains given
in Figure 17.

Fig. 16: Measurement of radio frequency impulse noises
And many papers deal with the implementation of the
(new) communication standards IEC 60870-5 (for
SCADA-systems) and IEC 61850 (for substation
communication): Paper 322 from Portugal states, that
Engineering of substation automation systems according to Fig. 17: Logical domains dealing with information security
IEC 61850 is a non-trivial task and describes different
approaches to overcome the difficulties. Paper 372 presents Paper 650 (Italy) presents results from real experimental
the new design of the communication network of a Belgian cyber attacks on grid control systems. Attack processes are
grid operating company implemented to improve control simulated and deployed in a laboratory test bed given in
and protection stepping into the new generation protocols Figure 18. and their impact is evaluated by observing the
IEC 60870-5-104 and IEC 61850. Paper 356 describes how application behaviour during ordinary maintenance and
the communication standard IEC 60870-5-104, which operation activities, as well as during the execution of
covers transmission over TCP/IP, is implemented at EDP highly critical defence actions.
Distribution a Portuguese distribution grid operator. In
paper 421 from Sweden the use of a waveguide for
IEC61850 communication with particular attention on the
communication latency is studied. Paper 741 (Finland)
looks in particular at how horizontal communication within
IEC 61850, commonly known as GOOSE communication,
between protection and control devices can be used to
improve the reliability and performance of the system.
Paper 843 from Germany gives requirements and accuracy
definitions for a digital interface according to IEC 61850.
The goal of paper 368 (Spain) is to define and build a new
communication architecture, in parallel to the electrical
grid especially to support the demand management.
Finally Paper 641 (Spain) presents some general rules and
criteria necessary to design a communication network over
distributions grids correctly. The paper also collects main
communication requirements needed for Smart Grids.
Fig. 18: Attacked SCADA-system configuration
Cyber Security
The lack of cyber security resilience endangers the Paper 838 defines zoning principles for electricity
reliability of the overall energy supply which is part of the distribution and energy production environments based on
critical infrastructure. So the protection of the IT-systems a Zone model given in Figure 19 designed to mitigate the
but in particular of the SCADA-systems against cyber risk of cyber attacks and to enable the secure integration
attacks becomes more and more important for grid
operators.
Paper 247 (Germany) describes the new cyber security
challenges for energy automation systems from the vendors
point of view and proposes solutions on how to resolve
them. Fig. 19: Zone model for protection against cyber attacks
Paper 473 from Austria asks the provocative question ‘how
Paper 917 explores the evolution of SCADA-systems and



of critical infrastructures management under the − More MV and even LV-equipment means more
perspective of the growing concerns with information secondary equipment to be maintained in the grids. Are
assurance, security and reliability at EDP in Portugal. the pros and cons really balanced?
Paper 969 (Sweden) tries to understand the weaknesses of − How much and which kind of communication is
SCADA-systems by analyses based on appropriate required by Smart Grids?
graphical models of the system architecture. − Are cyber attacks on SCADA-systems a real danger or
Potential scope of discussion just a hip subject?
− SCADA-systems are getting larger and larger and more
complicated. Is their a natural dead end for the systems
and their operators?

Table 2: Papers of Block 2 Control assigned to Session 3
a.m. p.m.
No.: 0047 Implementation Models of an IP/Ethernet Network to Allow the Delivery of X
New Generation Services in Substations
No.: 0073 Strategy and Planning to Improve Distribution Automation Assets X
Performance
No.: 0076 Third Generation Monitoring Systems for Electric Power Distribution X
Networks Lay the Foundation for Future Smartgrids
No.: 0142 Evolutions in the Elektrovojvodina Scada System for MV Network X
No.: 0144 Process of Simulating Novel Control Room Scenarios for Future Active X
Networks
No.: 0174 Detection of Ultra-Wide-Band Impulsive Noise in 400 kV Air Insulated X
Substation
No.: 0242 The Migration of Serial to Ethernet Communications – Why bother? X
No.: 0244 Ethernet Networks Redundancy with Focus on IEC 61850 Applications X X
No.: 0247 Cyber Security for Energy Automation Systems - New Challenges for X
Vendors
No.: 0322 Advanced Engineering Tools for Next Generation Substation Automation X
Systems – The Added Value of IEC 61850 and the Inpact Project
No.: 0328 A Novel State Estimation Method Based on Quality Tag for Distribution X
Networks
No.: 0356 IEC 60870-5-104 as a Driver to Evolution of Substation and Distribution X
Automation at EDP
No.: 0365 Supervision Dashboards to Monitor System and Network Performances at X
Local and National Level
No.: 0368 Demand Management Communications Architecture X
No.: 0372 Belgian Walloon Electricity Distribution Network : Turning Control and X
Protection into the Future
No.: 0396 New Technological Challenges Operating the 110 kV, 16.7 Hz Grid for X
Railway Power Supply in Germany
No.: 0421 Evaluation of a Waveguide System for IEC61850 Communication X
No.: 0439 Reduction of Supply Interruptions Duration by Means of Low Voltage X X
Network Remote Control: First Results of Enel Distribuzione
Experimentation
No.: 0453 A Real Case of Self Healing Distribution Network X X



a.m. p.m.
No.: 0473 Intruding a Substation? - IT Network Security in Power Systems / Guide for X
Practical IT Based Architectures
No.: 0496 Towards MV Networks Automation X X
No.: 0519 Revitalization of Remote Control Centre at Elektro Primorska (Slovenia) X
No.: 0558 Distribution Automation for Back-Feed Network Power Restoration X
No.: 0587 Facing Challenges for Energy & Network Control Center X
No.: 0619 Applicability of Wireless Communication Technologies to Measurement on X
DENISE Electrical Distribution Network
No.: 0635 On the Field Autonomous Automatism: A Complementary Way for Network X
Automation
No.: 0636 Analysis of Asset Management System Integration Maturity at Distribution X X
System Operators
No.: 0641 How to Design a Communication Network over Distribution Networks X X
No.: 0650 Assessment of Power Control Systems Communications through Testbed X X
Experiments
No.: 0681 The Monitoring of Power System Events on Transmission and Distribution X
Level by the use of Phasor Measurement Units (PMU)
No.: 0687 A Comprehensive Secondary Substation Monitoring System X
No.: 0699 Real-Time Voltage Control Integrated in DMS X X
No.: 0722 Smart Substation and Feeder Automation for a Smart Distribution Grid X
No.: 0739 Safe Sitching in the Medium Voltage Grid between Substations X
No.: 0741 Utilizing Possibilities of IEC 61850 and Goose X
No.: 0744 Use of Information Generated by Remotely Controlled Medium-Voltage X
Distribution System Components
No.: 0770 From DA to SmartGrids - Evolution or Revolution? A Path to Improve the X
Utility Efficiency
No.: 0838 Zoning Principles in Distribution and Energy Production Enviroments X
No.: 0841 New Principles of Operating Electrical Distribution Networks with a High X
Degree of Decentralized Generation
No.: 0843 Digital Interface for IEC 61850. Requirements and Accuracy Definitions X X
No.: 0856 Wireless Telecoms for Distribution Networks based on WiMax X X
No.: 0912 Electric Grid Versus Data Network Architectures and Standards – Smartgrid X
as Plug&Play
No.: 0917 Security and Reliability over Critical Utility Infrastructures X
No.: 0942 Justifying Distribution Automation X X
No.: 0969 Issues of Cyber Security in Scada-Systems - On the Importance of X X
Awareness
No.: 1028 Applications Assessment of Pulse Closing Technology X

The submitted papers deal with the fault location in case of
Block 3 Protection short circuit as well as in case of earth fault. There exists
no universal method which would be applicable to all types
Fault Location of networks and ground faults and would be able to
localize the ground faults in MV network safely.



In Paper 161 from France a new generation of directional
fault indicators used in MV underground networks is
presented. The upgrade of the neutral point system in the
MV system of ERDF demands a new detection algorithm.
Paper 293 from Spain describes a PLC Fault Location
System used in underground cables of a MV network. The
Communication is supported by a narrow Band PLC built
in modems that couples the signal to the ground shield of
the power cable. In case of short circuit and trip by the
protective relay the master detector send the status of each
detector in the system to the SCADA System.
Paper 299 from CZ discusses the detection of individual
types of ground faults according to the analysis of
electromagnetic fields of MV Lines using statical and
dynamical methods. By using the telecommunication it will
read out the data from individual indicators automatically
and collect them into a database according to the
requirements of the operator. When a complex data base
will be available, it will be possible to evaluate the places
with the most frequent occurrence of failures.
Paper 398 from Italy presents new developments in
outdoor fault detectors.
Fig. 21: Installation of cable fault detector

Paper 464 from China describes transient current based
earth fault locations in non-effectively earthed distribution
networks. It is based on comparing the similarities of zero
mode transient currents of faulty feeder, which is measured
by the correlation coefficient.
It does not require the measurement of zero mode voltage.
The algorithm was tested in simulation using field data
from an artificial fault with DAS of a 10 kV railway
distribution network in Ganzhou, Jiangxi province, China.

Paper 527 from The Netherlands derives from practical
experience with fault location in MV networks. The Dutch
Fig. 20: Fault detector complete equipment grid operator Alliander puts effort in faster location of
faults in this network. A fault location system was
This detector for outdoor applications has been tested and implemented in 10 substations equipped with the SASensor
is showing excellent results applied to both isolated and protection and control system. The search algorithm uses
compensated distribution networks. the momentary samples instead of FFT signals. Preliminary
In Paper 447 from Italy another outdoor fault detector with tests of this algorithm show promising results as is shown
integrated current and voltage sensor is described. in Figure 22.
Including Overcurrent, cross country faults detection
beside a directional phase to earth fault detection for
insulated MV networks. Many thousands have been
purchased by ENEL and are being installed, both in Italy
and in Romania.



Fig. 22: Calculation of the fault impedance Paper 973 from USA provides an update on the work
performed to date with various utilities and fault location
Another way of detecting low- and high ohmic faults is
systems. Several different systems were evaluated. The
presented in Paper 631 from Germany. The basics of the
Hydro Quebec system results indicate that the voltage-only
qu-algorithm where presented at CIRED 2003. There are
fault location is also possible.
some disadvantages of the standard qu-algorithm therefore
the new qu2-algorithm was developed. The sensitivity Paper 193 from China describes the simulation of a new
against phase-splitting and the crosstalk from parallel method of single phase grounding fault location of
systems are general problems of all protection relay. Field distribution networks which are proven through lots of
results show the effectiveness of this new concept for simulation results.
transient relays based on the qu2-algorithm.
In Paper 642 from Norway an efficient fault management
Neutral Grounding
using remote fault indicators is shown. The review in both
traditional Fault Passage Indicators (FPIs) and the new
This part starts with paper 132 from China. Determining
methods supports the advantages by going from local
the 10 kV power grid developed rapidly in Shanghai
indication to a remote indication. The interpretation of
Shinan. Based on the actual grid situation and the
results is moved to the system operator who gets the
measured capacitive current of nine substations, a basic
complete overview during the fault situation.
criterion has been concluded for adjusting the neutral point
grounding mode from grounding through arc suppression
coil to grounding through low resistance after having it
analyzed technically. The criterion is instructive for
selecting the neutral point grounding mode of newly built
substations and the rebuilt ones.
Paper 305 from Austria describes a new improved
algorithm which has been developed. Earth fault distance
protection with distance protection relays is common
practice in solidly grounded networks. The simulation
shows, that this improved distance calculation provides
very good accuracy up to earth fault transitions impedances
of 1 kOhm and can be used in 2-phase networks as well. In
Paper 345 from Austria the effects of the capacitive and
inductive interference between parallel high voltage power
lines depending on the neural point treatment of this grid is
presented. Examples are given, practical investigations and
Fig. 23: Downed conductor detection an approach for optimization in a typical 220/110 kV grid
Paper 675 from Croatia with the theme “Determination of is shown.
earth faulted line with transient method” is a proven Paper 375 from Finland has studied earth fault protection
method based on the qu-algorithm. This paper shows based on neutral admittance. The results show that Y0
examples based on earth fault tests that have been protection is a respectable alternative to traditional earth
conducted in resonant grounded networks. This method fault protection functions.
can detect lowohmic earth faults selectively without any
special demands on measuring transducers but its not
reliable for highohmic and restriking earth faults.

Fig. 24: Evaluation of the I0 cos(φ) criterion



Based on the theory and field tests, the admittance
calculation should be based on changes in the zero-
sequence quantities due to a fault, the novel Y0
characteristic should be used and the parallel resistor
should be permanently connected.
Paper 397 from China describes an experimental study on
extinguishing arc performance in different types of Arc
Suppression Coils (ASC). The experiments show that the
four kinds of ASC have are better able to extinct the
grounding arc compared to that of electric network without
ASC. In Paper 554 from Italy the neutral compensation and
network monitoring is discussed. The latest experiences in
the test application of the pulse injection techniques for
determining the tuning conditioning compensated
networks. This technique allows very simple and
performing implementation for Petersen coil systems, Fig. 26: 15 kV zigzag reactor with straight tank walls
independent from the coil type. The last paper in this sub block paper 1034 from Czech
Paper 620 from Croatia evaluates a system on protection Republic, the influence of fault type on fault current in MV
performance in resonantly earthed MV networks. An compensated network is discussed. There were damaged
overview of the procedure implemented before putting concrete towers in E.ON Czech Republic distribution
Peterson coils in operation is given, with emphasis on the network; the aim of an experiment was to measure
earthing system evaluation, which has proved to be rather electrical values during the fault. The first results of fault
important. current and voltage analysis show that the longer operation
of earth fault on unearthed console of concrete tower is
very dangerous for the lifecycle of the towers.

Distributed Generation / Simulation

This sub block contains four papers. Paper 649 from
Finland describes the effects of the distributed generation
on the earth fault protection of a MV feeder and protection
coordination. Neutral isolated and compensated systems
were considered.

Fig. 25: Recorded transmission lines and transformer
phase currents during single phase earth fault test
Paper 1004 from Portugal shows Artificial Neutral Points
(ANPs) made by oil-immersed reactors which can be
overstressed both mechanically and thermally. A number
of failures have been reported, particularly in overhead line
networks.
Fig. 27: Model of MV system and DG unit

The behaviour of the generator during the high speed
automatic reclosing of the feeder is an important matter
relating to electrical safety and protection coordination. In
the second Paper 759 from Finland applications of modern
communication technology to loss-of-mains (LOM)
protection are discussed. In applications where the
communication infrastructure and primary circuit lay-out
supports the use of line differential protection of the
interconnecting feeder, LOM protection can be realised in



a fast, reliable and selective way by utilizing the
communication link of the line differential protection
scheme for binary signal transfer signalling. The
conventional passive techniques for LOM protection can
be utilized as back-up or stand-by protection in case any
abnormalities should be detected in the communication
chain.
In Paper 257 from UK the impact of wind farms on
electromagnetic transients in 132 kV network, with
particular reference to fault detection, was simulated in a Fig. 29: Current Transformer Connection to Relays
number of cases. Results show that adaptive autoreclosing
schemes may need particular attention when designed for
DFIG connected lines, although the traditional approach of
signal processing and AI is validated since the effect of
fault parameters have far more significance then the
generating technology concerned. In Paper 746 from UK
the Prony method for the estimation of dominant inter-area
oscillations modes in large power systems is presented.
The main goal of this paper is to compare the dominant
oscillations modes extracted by the Prony method with
those obtained by Eigen-value analysis.

Fig. 30: Rogowski Coil Connections to Relays
Paper 56 from Egypt assesses the performance of over-
current protective relays when a decaying DC component
exists in the current signal. The Paper depicts how the
characteristics of the relay can deviate more than expected.
From those characteristics, three new performance indices
are proposed. The method used for the assessment could be
used in an analysis of protective system performance
during system faults and also for selecting the proper relay
for a specific application that requires the relay operation
to be more independent of decaying DC components.
Paper 100 from India presents a fiber optics based sensing
network applicable for fault detection in power system
Fig. 28: Inter-area oscillation modes in a large system with using PLC/SCADA technology. Paper 104 from Portugal
a FSWF presents a distributed generation protection scheme to
permit “ride-through fault”.

Practical Implementation

The sub block practical implementation contains 23 Papers
and show a big variety of practical experience.
Paper 36 from the USA compares operating characteristics
of non-conventional current sensors, Rogowski Coils, and
conventional iron-core current transformers for protective
relaying applications.

Fig. 31: Voltage versus time profile



Autonomous Demand Area Power System (ADAPS). In
this paper an uninterrupted power supply method of 6,6 kV
non-fault section using the LPC targeting 6,6 kV
distribution line is proposed and demonstrates the fault
operation method of the protection system for ADAPS.

Fig. 32: Phase-to-Phase Voltage recorded

The main conclusions are that Distribution Utilities have to
reduce their fault clearance time under 500 milliseconds at
least when phase-to-phase voltage drops to 20% of the
nominal voltage. This ride-through fault voltage profile has Fig. 34: Expected future power system
to substitute the current under voltage relay settings. In Paper 360 from Italy describes the integration of DSO
order to be user friendly the ride-through fault voltage control system and TSO automatic load shedding system to
profile must be included onto the digital protective relay. improve the security of the national grid.
Paper 168 from Czech Republic describes protection
structures in MV networks, mainly the connection of
instrument transformers (both inductive and electronic) and
the measuring equipment used to analyze their signals. It
summarizes the current situation and explains the way in
which this structure could be optimized and the design of
its components simplified.
Paper 199 from Brazil shows a protection system for the
Co-Generation of methane gas connected to COPEL´s
Distribution grid.

Fig. 35: Integrated remote and control system

Fig. 33: Phase-Ground short-circuit test The maximal delay time between a critical event on the
national grid and the real load reduction is lower than 800
After lab test results were approved, a panel with milliseconds. The positive results of the pilot project lead
protection equipment was installed at Granja Colombari to an application plan to extend the application over the
and short-circuit tests as real simulations were done on whole Italian territory.
COPEL´s distribution system at the point of connection, as
shown in Figure 33. Paper 504 from Austria describes the measurement of line
impedance and mutual coupling of parallel lines to improve
Paper 320 from France describes a modern SF6 RMU with the protection system. Power lines are far from being
circuit-breakers and integral self powered electronic relays. symmetrical. The logical consequence of this seems to be
The main advantage for using RMU with fixed integral CB that upcoming generations of protective relays will have
function is that it allows improved transformer protection. individual impedance setting for all possible fault loops.
Paper 347 from Japan shows a protection system for In Paper 623 from Czech Republic the interaction of



transmission and distribution systems is presented. The
discussion points are protection settings and voltage
control. The comparison between measurement and
simulation shows the correctness of the used dynamic
models.
Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) covers all
power distribution lines in Korea. In Paper 629 from Korea
the distribution protection coordination program using GIS
schematics diagram is presented.
Paper 728 from Germany presents a network protection
security assessment. This becomes particular necessary in
case of networks with DG infeeds. The systematic
protection security assessment includes variants of network
and protection configuration and is feasible with restricted
operating expenses.
Paper 729 from China describes an application of an in
service setting of Micro-Processor based relays in China.
The supporting system of in service settings for different Fig. 37: Overview of weather station measurements
kinds of substations is introduced. The technical and
A protection relay has been developed which co-ordinates
management measures to ensure the security of in service
with E.ON Central Networks´ control system and provides
setting are presented.
backup in case the latter fails.
Paper 733 from the UK describes how dynamic line rating
Paper 743 from Norway deals with the localization of
is applied for load management and protection of the
phase-to-phase short circuits on a medium voltage feeder
132kV double-circuit line Skegness and Boston (North
with distributed generation (DG). The methods are not
East of England) thereby enabling a larger penetration of
meant for protection, only for fault localization. Thus,
wind generation. The rating of the line is calculated
communication speed is not critical. Only current and
dynamically from local weather measurements.
voltage magnitudes need to be communicated.
Measurements from the DG-node during fault can be
utilized for deciding the most probable fault location when
more than one candidate location is found.

Fig. 36: Measuring the conductor temperature Fig. 38: Two fault locations 20 km from the substation
Paper 764 from Finland describes the increasing cost-
efficiency of substation automation systems by centralized
protection functions. Technology developed and
prototyped by ABB facilitates new centralized protection
and control functionality for substations.
Paper 769 from Germany gives the criteria to operate the
20 kV networks of East Bavaria (Germany) with arc
suppression coils according to standards. The investigation
showed that for the tolerable touch voltage as well as for
the earthing conditions at the sites, the decisive current has
to be considered.



Paper 774 from the UK describes a new, economic and determination of protection settings and help to improve
modernized version of the well known Cleveland the documentation quality in the complete project.
protection / Time Limited Fuse (TLF) principle. The
The Paper 993 from Brazil presents performance analyses
protection diagram has been redesigned and can now be
of distance protection and differential protection applied on
used on all modern types of Medium Voltage Ring Main
4 short transmission lines of ISA CTEEP, a Brazilian
Unit switchgears with far less energy needed compared to
power transmission utility. The use of the Real Time
the conventional TLF scheme.
Digital Simulation to evaluate the performance of distance
protection and differential protection applied to short
transmission lines demonstrates to be a very powerful tool,
making the simulation of several situations on the power
transmission system possible.
Paper 1064 from the USA presents the testing of
multifunctional distribution protection relays. Testing of
these devices requires good understanding of their
functionality, the available tools and the purpose of the
test.

Fig. 39: The new TLF protection scheme

Fig. 41: Distribution protection block diagram
IEC 61850 introduces new requirements for the testing
tools – ability to simulate GOOSE messages from IEDs in
a distribution protection scheme and to subscribe and
monitor GOOSE messages published by the tested devises.

Fig. 40: TLF protection accessible behind the front cover

Utility customers in the UK are working with TLF
protection for several technical and economical reasons
and are having good experience with this principle since
the 1970´s. A modern version based on state-of-the-art
components has been developed to improve the TLF
protection.
Paper 903 from Germany describes a practical
determination of protection settings for the utility Hof. In
this paper the steps to perform a full revision of the
protection settings of all protection devices in the medium Fig. 42: IEC 61850 GSSE based IED functional testing
voltage network from the utility Hof are detailed. This
Paper 1065 from India examines the process of replacing
revision was caused by the change of the neutral treatment.
the conventional high impedance (HiZ) busbar protection
Because of the complexity of the problem it is illustrated
systems in substations with modern low impedance (LI)
how software tools can support the planners during the
numeric busbar protection schemes. The study draws on



IEEE and CIGRE reports on deployment of numeric busbar − Protection systems are interconnected with operation
protection, manufacturers´ literature, and National Grid´s and control systems. How do the protection devices
own reliability studies, assessment of their policy for depend on the other systems?
deployment of numeric busbar protection and operational
experience of the operating personal. The paper also − Combining protection, control and communication is a
highlights some of the key issues, resulting from this study, very powerful technique. What happens if one of these
which should be considered by National Grid before full units is faulty?
commissioning of the modern busbar protection. − Distributed generation become more important in the
future. How must DG and protection system work
Potential scope of discussion together?
− New algorithms and new generations of fault detectors
are designed. Is a new generation of protection systems
required?

Table 3: Papers of Block 3 Protection assigned to Session 3

a.m. p.m.
No.: 36 Comparative Performance Characteristics of Current X
Transformers and Non-Conventional Current Sensors
No.: 56 Impact of Decaying DC Component on the Characteristics of Over- X X
Current Protective Relays
No.: 100 Detection and Signalling System of High Impedance Faults in X
Transmission Lines Using Fiber Optic Sensing Network and
PLC/SCADA Technology
No.: 104 Wind Park Protection Scheme to Permit “Ride-Through Fault” X X
No.: 132 Neutral Point Grounding Modes for 10 kV Grids in Shanghai X X
Shinnan Area
No.: 161 A New Generation of Directional Fault Passage Indicators for the X
ERDF Distribution Network
No.: 168 Protection of MV Networks Using Electronic Instrument X
Transformers
No.: 193 A New Method about Location for Line-to-Ground Fault in Small X
Current Neutral Grounding System
No.: 199 Protection System for the Co-Generation of Methane Gas X X
Connected to Copel’s Distribution System Network – Tests and
Procedures
No.: 257 Impact of Wind Farms on Electro-Magnetic Transients on 132kV X
Network, with Particular Reference to Fault Detection
No.: 293 Underground Network Fault Location System Through Narrow X
Band PLC Technology
No.: 299 Identification of Ground Faults According to the Analysis of X
Electromagnetic Fields of MV Lines
No.: 305 Earth Fault Distance Protection X
No.: 320 Circuit-Breaker RMU Improves MV/LV Transformer Protection X
No.: 345 Displacement Voltages in Resonant Grounded Grids Caused by X
Capacitive Coupling
No.: 347 Development of Protection System for Autonomous Demand Area X
Power System - Demonstration Test of Isolated Operation Methods
for Non-fault Section in Distribution Line Fault



a.m. p.m.
No.: 360 Integration of DSO Control Systems and TSO Automatic Load X X
Shedding System to Improve the Security of the National Grid
No.: 375 Performance of Novel Neutral Admittance Criterion in MV-Feeder X
Earth Fault Protection
No.: 397 Experimental Study on Extinguishing Arc Performance in Different X X
Types of Arc Suppressing Coil
No.: 398 Fault Isolation in Overhead Distribution Networks: New X
Developments in Outdoor Fault Detectors
No.: 447 An Innovative Integrated Current/Voltage Sensor for Outdoor Fault X X
Detectors
No.: 464 Earth Fault Location for Distribution Automation X X
Based on Zero Mode Transient Current Correlation
No.: 504 Measurement of Line Impedance and Mutual Coupling of Parallel X
Lines to Improve the Protection System
No.: 527 Practical Experience with Fault Location in MV Cable Networks X
No.: 554 Neutral Compensation and Network Monitoring – Test Field X
Experience in Determining Resonant Point and Homopolar
Parameters with Active and Passive Pulse Injection
No.: 620 Earthing System Evaluation and Influence on Protection X X
Performance in Resonantly Earthed MV Networks
No.: 623 Interaction of Transmission and Distribution Systems from Voltage X
Control and Protection Settings Point of View
No.: 629 Distribution Protection Coordination Program using GIS X X
No.: 631 New Adaptive Algorithm for Detecting Low- and High Ohmic X X
Faults in Meshed Networks
No.: 642 Efficient Fault Management using Remote Fault Indicators X X
No.: 649 Improving the Operational Reliability of MV Distribution Network X X
including DG Units applying different Protection Applications
No.: 675 Determination of Earth Faulted Line with Transient Method X
No.: 728 Network Security Assessment – An important task in Distribution X X
Systems with Dispersed Generation
No.: 729 Application of in Service Setting of Micro-Processor Based Relays X
in China
No.: 733 Dynamic Line Rating Protection for Wind Farm Connections X X
No.: 743 Location of Short-Circuit Faults on a Medium Voltage Feeder with X X
Distributed Generation
No.: 746 Monitoring of Inter-Area Oscillations in Power Systems with X X
Renewable Energy Resources Using Prony Method
No.: 759 Applying Modern Communication Technology on the Loss-of- X
Mains Protection
No.: 764 Increasing Cost-Efficiency of Substation Automation Systems by X
Centralised Protection Functions
No.: 769 Definition of Criteria to Operate 20kv-Networks with Arc X X
Suppression Coils According to Standards



a.m. p.m.
No.: 774 Modern Redesigned Time limit Fuse Protection for Medium X
Voltage Distribution Circuit-Breakers in Ring Main Units
No.: 903 Protection Setting Simuation and Documentation within the X
Network Planning Tool PSS(R)Sincal
No.: 973 Update on Distribution System Fault Location Technologies and X X
Effectiveness
No.: 993 The use of Real Time Digital Simulation for Performance Analysis X
of Distance Protection and Differential Protection in Short
Transmission Lines
No.: 1004 Neutral Earthing Through Reactors in Aerial Distribution Networks X X
No.: 1034 The Influence of Affected Phase on Fault Current in MV X X
Compensated Networks
No.: 1064 Testing of Multifunctional Distribution Protection Relays X
No.: 1065 A Survey on Performance Evaluation of Low Impedance Numeric X X
and High Impedance Busbar Protection Schemes


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