1. Phonetics
Vowels:
Vowels are speech sounds, which are produced freely without any obstruction to
the free passage of air either in the vocal track or in the nasal passage. The 20 vowels are
classified as pure vowels (12) and diphthongs (8)
Sl.No Vowels Initial Position Middle Position Final Position
1
/ i: /
Each, eager, easy, east Lead, seed, feed, read,
feel
Sea, spree, lea, tea,
key
2
/ i /
Is, ink , ill, English,
inside
Lid, middle, pick,
mix, sit
---------
3
/ e /
Emearld, eminent,
empty
Preface, prelate,
credit
---------
4
/ æ /
Act, access, add agile Man, ballet, carat,
fact, fan
---------
5
/ ʌ /
Under, undue, unrest Fund, hurry, knuckle --------
6
/ a : /
Arm,argue,
artery,arson
Father, bath, cart,
guard
Car, bar, war, star,
par
7
/ ɔ/
Occult, oblong, offer Hot, lock, fossil, fox -------
8
/ ɔ:/
All, order, orphan, ox Cause, caught, cork ----------
9
/ u /
------- Put, should, look, pull --------
10
/ u : /
------- Shoot, pool, wool Do, ewe, chew
11
/ ə : /
Earn, earth, early Turn, burn,learn ----------
12
/ ə /
Ago, about, account Cassette, champion Bear, river, hair

2. Consonants:
Consonants are a set of speech sounds that are produced with some kind of
obstruction (total or partial) of the air stream coming to the mouth through the windpipe
from the lungs. There are 24 consonants in the English language.
Sl.
No
Consonant Initial position Middle position Final position
1 / p /
Parrot, parcel,
pencil
Happy, paper, repel,
apply
Cap, trip, map,
tap
2 / b /
Beak, bride, baby,
black
Shabby, baby,
rubber
Grab, robe,
tribe
3 / t /
Two, torn, town,
twin
Writer, letter, waiter
Heart, late,
bought
4 / d /
Do, dune, down,
drink
Rider, loading,
ladder
Hard, side,
broad
5 / k /
Cave, class, card,
kettle
Pocket, weaker,
market
Pick, break,
dock
6 / g /
Give, guard,
glass, good
Digging, target,
angel
Pig, plague,
rogue
7 / tʃ /
Chin, choke,
chain, cheer
Riches, batches,
catching
Search, watch,
rich
8 / dʒ /
Joke, jest, judge,
gin
Ridges, badges,
pigeon
Surge, age,
lodge
9 / f /
Fast, few, first,
free, fat
Suffer, affect, afraid,
defy
Leaf, half, stiff
10 / v /
Vast, view, very,
vote
River, cover, divide,
over
Five, leave, wave
11 / θ /
Thin, thank,
thought
Author, earthy,
nothing
Growth, tooth
12 / ð /
Then, that, those,
though
Other, mother,
worthy
Loathe, clothe

3. 13 / s /
Sink, said, seal,
swim
Fussy, risky, buses,
twist
Mouse, pass,
force
14 / z /
Zinc, zoo, zeal,
zone
Loser, raising, fussy,
lazy
Plays, knees
15 / ʃ /
Show, shy, shock,
shame
Nation, washing,
mission
Ash, wash, leash
16 / ʒ / ---------
Vision, razor,
invasion
Garage, beige
17 / h /
Heart, heat,
heard, hall
Behind, rehearse,
unholy
-------
18 / m /
Man, make,
mood, mat
Permanent,
complaint
Him, game,
warm
19 / n /
Name, neck, note,
noon
Manage, permanent,
mint
Chin, fun, ran,
can
20 / ŋ / ---------
Singer, hanger,
hunger
Wrong, song,
long
21 / l /
Leaf, late, loose,
loud
Feeling, fellow,
believe
Feel, meal, all
22 / j /
Yard, yes, yacht,
you
Beauty, view, value,
few
--------
23 / w /
Watch, win,
word, wool
Sweet, twice, quick,
twin
--------
24 / r /
Run, wrong,
round, ring
Marry, borrow,
arrive
--------

4. Diphthongs:
A diphthongs is a glide from one vowel to another vowel the whole thing acting
as one vowel without a break.
Sl. No Diphthongs Initial position
Middle
position
Final position
1 / ai /
Idea, ice,
eyelid, item
Strike, right,
ride,
Cry, buy, die
2 / ei / Eight, aim, aid
Mail, explain,
rain
Bay, day, pay
3 / ɔɪ /
Oil, ointment,
oilskin
Boil, coin, foil,
join
Toy, boy, joy
4 / əʊ /
Owe, over,
owner
Power,
shoulder, note
-----
5 / aʊ / Out, our, owl
Crowd, crown,
down
How, now
6 / ɪə /
Ear, eardrum,
earlobe
Beard, fierce,
ideas
Clear, bare,
share
7 / eə / Air, aircraft
Stared, rarely,
weary
Hair, bare,
share
8 / ʊə / ----
Insurance,
curiosity
Poor, cure,
pure
Consonants Symbols
Plosives / p, b, t, d, k, t , d/
Frication / f, v, o, , s, z, , , h/
Nasal / m, n, /
Lateral / l /
Trill / r /
Affricative / w, j /