AUDIT NOTES

1. AUDIT WORKING PAPERS
What are Working Papers?
Working Papers are the material that auditors prepare or obtain and retain in
connection with the performance of the audit. It may be in the form of data
stored on paper, film, electronic media, or other media. They can also be used in
court e.g. in case of negligent audit.
REASONS IN PREPARING WORKING PAPERS
Basis for planning the audit
Record the evidence accumulated and the results of the audit tests
Data for determining the proper type of audit report
Basis for review by supervisors and partners
Evidence audit works being performed in accordance with approved
auditing standards
PURPOSE OF AUDIT WORKING PAPER
Working papers are the evidence of work done by the auditor, he should prepare
working papers in order to provide evidence that audit was properly performed
according to ISA standards. Working papers support auditor, in-case he is being
sued in court by the client, for negligence of audit work.
Assist in the planning and performance of the audit.
Assist in the supervision and review of audit work.
Record the audit evidence resulting from the audit work performed to
support the auditor’s opinion.
Purposes Served By Work Papers
1. Audit working papers serve four major purposes:
A. They constitute a permanent record of the objectives and scope of the audit,
as well as the work performed during the audit. Work papers organize and
coordinate all phases of the audit.
B. They contain the back-up material in support of the audit findings

2. conclusions, opinions, and comments.
C. They contain the basic material from which the audit report is prepared.
D. They reflect the quality and reliability of the work performed by the auditor
and substantiates and explain in detail the opinions and findings presented to
University management.
2. Working papers have a number of additional uses both during and after the
audit. These are to control audit progress by showing the auditor what audit
procedures have been completed and what audit procedures have not been
completed. Working papers also provide:
A. A basis for study of patterns and trends.
B. Aid in the internal audit staff's professional development.
C. Detailed supporting material for use in discussion with operating personnel.
D. A source of evidence in litigation and in administrative actions.
E. A basis for supervisory review and evaluation of audit performance.
F. A permanent record for use in planning and carrying out future audits.
G. Demonstrate that auditors have complied with the Standards for the
Professional Practice of Internal Auditors
FUNCTION OF AUDIT WORKING PAPER
Helpful in making genuine audit report
Working papers are used for making genuine audit report. Without knowing the
reality of different facts which are written in working papers, auditor cannot
make audit report which shows accurate view of company's financial
statements.
Uses as evidence.
Sometime, any party may behave like a neglect person, at that time, these
working papers will become the evidence of reported facts.
Direction to auditing procedure.
Working papers are also good guide to direct the audit procedure. If auditor
wants to do audit work step by step, he should collect all working papers which
are required for auditing and set it according to the steps of auditing. Doing this,
auditing work may be easy.

3. Check the weakness of internal control.
With the help of this tool, auditor can check the weak points of internal control
and suggest improving it.
CONTENTS OF AUDIT WORKING PAPERS.
Each audit working paper must be headed with the following information:
 The name of the client.
 The period covered by the audit.
 The subject matter.
 The file reference.
 The initials (signature) of the member of staff who prepared the working
paper, and the date on which it was prepared.
1. CONTRACT LETTER:
The working papers contain the contract letter. This letter gives right to a person
to a start work of audit. It states the terms and conditional of appointment of an
auditor. The nature and amount of work is recorded. This letter becomes a part
of audit working papers.
2. AUDIT PROGRAMME:
An audit programme is a detailed plane of action to be used for audit. It is a
time table of staff duties. The books to be examined are stated in audit
programme. Every audit work requires programme and then master audit
programme is prepared to cover all activities.
3. AUDIT NOTE BOOK:
The audit notebook is a part of audit working papers. It may be bound book or
loose-leaf card form. It contains useful information about the business
enterprise. When audit report is drafted this book provides data for such report.
The weak points like missing vouchers, queries not settle are stated in it.
4. COPIES OF DOCUMENTS:
The copies of various documents are included in audit working papers. The

4. partnership deed, article of association, memorandum of association, trust deed,
lease contract and similar other papers are collected from the management.
These papers are useful to determine the performance of business work.
5. COPIES OF CRRESPONDENCE:
The copies of correspondence become part of audit working papers. The auditor
can write letter to other parties. The replies can be received from debtors and
creditors. The audit staff must keep the exchange of letter between auditor and
other people.
6. SCHEDULE OF DEBTORS:
The client provides the schedule of debtors. This list is compared with the books
of accounts. The auditors can confirm the balance from various debtors. He
collects facts and figures by writing letters to the customers.
7. STOCK CERTIFICATE:
The stock certificate is received from the management. The auditor can watch
the stock taking process. When the stock is lying in public warehouse, the
certificate of warehouse keeper is accepted for audit.
8. COPIES OF PREVIOUS AUDIT:
The auditor can collect copies of previous audit reports. These papers become
part of audit working papers. The auditor can note the weakness stated in the
old report. He can examine that same points are not repeated in the books under
review.
9. RESOLUTION COPIES:
Auditor collects the copies of resolutions. These copies are part of working
papers. These copiers are part of working papers. The decisions made by the
directors and shareholders are implemented in preparing of books of accounts.
The auditor can determine whether such decisions are implemented.
10. DEPRECIATION:
The audit working papers contains the particulars of depreciation. The rate of
depreciation can be applied through out the life of an asset. The reasonable
amount of depreciation can be charged every year. The auditor can determine
the exact amount of depreciation.

5. 11. INVESTMENTS:
The management can buy and sell shares and debentures of different companies.
The investment can be exchanged through brokers. The register of investments
shall the purpose to collect various particulars relating to investments.
12. MANAGEMENT CERTIFICATES:
The management may provide certificates to the auditors. This certificate
becomes a part audit working papers. The certificates may relate to inventory
valuation and similar other matters. The auditor can rely these certificates in
preparing audit report.
13. DETAIL OF QUESTIONS:
The auditor can ask the number of questions to the management. The details of
question asked are recorded in the audit working papers. The questions not
properly answered are included in the audit report. The queries settled may be
dropped from the papers.
Working Paper Format
1. The diversity of audit assignment prevents the establishment of a single
system or design of working papers to be used. Therefore, a uniform working
paper format may not be used but work papers for functional areas such as cash
receipts should display conformity in various types of audits.
2. Work papers may be in the form of paper, tapes, disks, diskettes, films, etc.
There should be backup copies of electronically generated working papers. The
backup copies should not be stored with the original copies.
Indexing the audit working papers essentially means preparing a Table of
Contents. A well-organized set of working papers enables the auditor to
understand the relationships of transactions and how they impact different
accounts. It also enables the reviewers to perform their work more effectively
and efficiently and to devote their attention to the critical audit areas.
There are many different ways that working papers could be indexed. The
important consideration is that the organization and indexing be logical.

6. In the case of audit papers prepared by client staff, the date the working
papers were received, and the initials of the audit team member who carried out
the audit work.
 The initials of the member of staff who reviewed the working papers and the
date which the review was carried out.
Ownership of Working Papers
The working papers prepared during the engagement, including those prepared
by the client for the auditor, are the property of the auditor. The only time
anyone else, including the client, has a legal right to examine the papers is when
they are subpoenaed by a court as legal evidence.
Ordinarily, working papers can be provided to someone else only with the
express permission of the client. This is the case even if a CPA sells his practice
to another CPA firm.
Working papers (confidential information) prepared during audit engagement
are the property of the auditors
Can only be provided to third parties with express permission of the client
DISCOVER THE SYMBOLS USED IN AUDIT WORKING PAPER
Tick marks are symbols used by the auditor to indicate the nature and extent of
procedures applied in specific circumstance. Tick marks are notations directly
on the working papers schedules. Tick marks are generally done by hand with a
pen or pencil alongside a specific item.
Importance of working papers.
Quality control purposes in respect of the audit.
Assurance: that the work delegated by the audit partner has been properly
completed.
Evidence: that effective audit has been carried out.
3Es: increase the economy, efficiency, and effectiveness of the audit.
Support auditor conclusion: contain sufficiently detailed and up to date
facts which justify the reasonableness of the auditor’s conclusions.
Future audits: retain a record of matters of continuing significance to
future audits.

7. Importance of Working Papers
1. Working papers are instruments vital to the successful accomplishment of all
audit assignments performed. The working papers provide documented
evidence of an examination and evaluation and provide a connecting link
between the work which is performed and the final audit report. Hence, their
importance cannot be overly emphasized.
2. To a major extent, every auditor is judged by his skill and ability in preparing
working papers. When working papers are prepared in good form with proper
attention to layout, design, and legibility, with complete headings, explanations
of sources, and verification of work performed, they create a feeling of
confidence in the ability of the staff member. Working papers should always
convey an impression of system and order and conscientious attention to detail,
coupled with a clear distinction between the important and the trivial.
3. Another test of good working papers occurs when it is necessary for one staff
member to leave a partially completed assignment and turn it over to another
staff member. If the latter can proceed without confusion then the working
papers have stood the critical test of being able to stand on their own.
4. Every auditor will be expected to continuously strive for the highest
standards of excellence in the preparation of working papers.
Review of working papers
Hot review: WP prepared by an audit staff is reviewed by a more
experienced staff during the course of the audit.
Post audit review: the audit manager and partner review the audit file
and the FS.
Second partner review: applicable for large and complex audit.
Cold review: a group of experienced staff form a team to review in detail
the work performed by an audit team and ensuring that the audit has been
conducted in accordance with the firm standard procedures.
Confidentiality of working papers.
Should not be made available to third parties without client consent.
Appropriate procedures should be undertaken to maintain confidentiality
and safe custody of working papers.
Should be retained for a sufficient period of time to meet regulatory
requirements.