202, Life of Christ, Section 10b Passion Crucifixion Resurrection

Passion, cruciﬁxion
and resurrection
Section 10b
Saturday, 12 October 13

The ﬁnal hours of Jesus
Thursday
After sundown
Last supper
Prayer in garden
Betrayal and arrest
Thursday-Friday
Nighttime
Custody
Hearing before Annas
Trial before Caiaphas
Peter’s denial

Friday
Early morning
Sanhedrin completes
deliberation
Jesus sent to Pilate for
hearing
Jesus sent to Herod
Jesus returns to Pilate
Late morning / noon
Jesus nailed to the
cross
Mid-afternoon Jesus dies
Near sundown Jesus buried

Friday: the trials and cruciﬁxion
of Jesus Mk 14:53-15:1
Jesus has been arrested
- he is brought before the Jewish
leaders in 3 phases
- informal hearing before Annas
- more formal trial before
Caiaphas and the Sanhedrin
(whilst it is still dark)
- a brief approval of the night
time verdict by the same court -
possibly making the whole thing
look more legal

Before Annas Jn 18:12-14, 19-23
Annas was the father in law of Caiaphas
and his predecessor as high priest
(6-15AD)
- Jews would have believed this position
was held for life and so Annas was still
rightfully the HP
- so taking Jesus to Annas was a sign of
respect for him
- Jesus is blunt in his answers, nothing
new is revealed to Annas
- Jesus is struck and points out the
injustice of this
- Blomberg suggests we see in John that
Jesus is not on trial but the Jewish
authorities are on trial before him
12 Then the detachment of soldiers with its
commander and the Jewish ofﬁcials arrested
Jesus.They bound him 13 and brought him
ﬁrst to Annas, who was the father-in-law of
Caiaphas, the high priest that year.
14 Caiaphas was the one who had advised
the Jewish leaders that it would be good if
one man died for the people...
19 Meanwhile, the high priest questioned
Jesus about his disciples and his teaching.
20 ‘I have spoken openly to the world,’ Jesus
replied.‘I always taught in synagogues or at
the temple, where all the Jews come
together. I said nothing in secret.

(6-15AD)
rightfully the HP
respect for him
injustice of this
21 Why question me? Ask those who heard
me. Surely they know what I said.’
22 When Jesus said this, one of the ofﬁcials
near by slapped him in the face.‘Is this the
way you answer the high priest?’ he
demanded.
23 ‘If I said something wrong,’ Jesus
replied,‘testify as to what is wrong. But if I
spoke the truth, why did you strike
me?’24 Then Annas sent him bound to
Caiaphas the high priest.

(6-15AD)
rightfully the HP
respect for him
injustice of this

60 Then the high priest stood up before them and asked Jesus,
‘Are you not going to answer?What is this testimony that these
men are bringing against you?’ 61 But Jesus remained silent and
gave no answer.
Again the high priest asked him,‘Are you the Messiah, the Son of
the Blessed One?’
62 ‘I am,’ said Jesus.‘And you will see the Son of Man sitting at the
right hand of the Mighty One and coming on the clouds of
heaven.’
63 The high priest tore his clothes.‘Why do we need any more
witnesses?’ he asked. 64 ‘You have heard the blasphemy.What do
you think?’
They all condemned him as worthy of death. 65 Then some began
to spit at him; they blindfolded him, struck him with their fists, and
said,‘Prophesy!’And the guards took him and beat him.
Before the Sanhedrin at night - the scene inside
- Jesus’ confession Mk 14:53-65
They took Jesus to the high priest, and all the chief priests, the
elders and the teachers of the law came together. 54 Peter
followed him at a distance, right into the courtyard of the high
priest.There he sat with the guards and warmed himself at the
fire.
55 The chief priests and the whole Sanhedrin were looking for
evidence against Jesus so that they could put him to death, but
they did not find any.56 Many testified falsely against him, but
their statements did not agree.
57 Then some stood up and gave this false testimony against
him: 58 ‘We heard him say,“I will destroy this temple made with
human hands and in three days will build another, not made
with hands.”’ 59 Yet even then their testimony did not agree.

60 Then the high priest stood up before them and asked Jesus,
‘Are you not going to answer?What is this testimony that these
men are bringing against you?’ 61 But Jesus remained silent and
gave no answer.
Again the high priest asked him,‘Are you the Messiah, the Son of
the Blessed One?’
62 ‘I am,’ said Jesus.‘And you will see the Son of Man sitting at the
right hand of the Mighty One and coming on the clouds of
heaven.’
63 The high priest tore his clothes.‘Why do we need any more
witnesses?’ he asked. 64 ‘You have heard the blasphemy.What do
you think?’
They all condemned him as worthy of death. 65 Then some began
to spit at him; they blindfolded him, struck him with their ﬁsts, and
said,‘Prophesy!’And the guards took him and beat him.

Jesus now appears before Caiaphas
- this is reported in all 3 synoptics
and implied in Jn (18:24, 28a)
- it is made clear that there was no
legitimate charge against Jesus, in fact
even the false witnesses could not
agree Mk 14:56
- Caiaphas asks Jesus directly,“Are
you the Messiah?”
- such a question reveals that publicly
Jesus had not previously said anything
of that nature
- Mark then reports Jesus saying “I
am”
- Matt and Luke have more evasive
replies 26:64, 22:67

Jesus now appears before Caiaphas
- this is reported in all 3 synoptics
and implied in Jn (18:24, 28a)
- it is made clear that there was no
legitimate charge against Jesus, in fact
even the false witnesses could not
agree Mk 14:56
- Caiaphas asks Jesus directly,“Are
you the Messiah?”
- such a question reveals that publicly
Jesus had not previously said anything
of that nature
- Mark then reports Jesus saying “I
am”
- Matt and Luke have more evasive
replies 26:64, 22:67
- he then goes further and says they
will see him seated at the RHS of the
Mighty One in heaven
- son of man here is not a human idea
but from Daniel 7:13, one like a son of
man...
- this appears to be the point of
blasphemy, Jesus has too closely
associated himself with God!
- sitting at the RHS is a quote of Ps
110:1
- the Sanhedrin passed the death
sentence and those present started
to condemn and attack him
- they ask him to prophesy who
struck him

Before the Sanhedrin at night
- the scene outside - Peters’
denial Mk 14:66-72
- Jesus has just admitted his identity,
though he will face death for that
- Peter fears to admit his identity as a
disciple to even the lowest of servants
- thus Peter fulﬁlls the earlier
prophecy
- the cock crows and he remembers
the words of Christ
- tears ﬂow from Peter
- Matt here speaks of Judas’ suicide
and his sorrow over what he has
done, though he appeals not to Christ
for forgiveness but to his enemies

Before the Sanhedrin in
the morning - Jesus is
taken away Mk 15:1
Luke makes it look like the
trial takes place after daybreak
but Matt and Mk show the last
act of a ﬁnal consultation takes
place before Jesus is taken off
to Pilate
- probably legal verdicts could
not have been taken at night,
so the proceedings are brieﬂy
repeated

Before the Sanhedrin in
the morning - Jesus is
taken away Mk 15:1
Luke makes it look like the
trial takes place after daybreak
but Matt and Mk show the last
act of a ﬁnal consultation takes
place before Jesus is taken off
to Pilate
- probably legal verdicts could
not have been taken at night,
so the proceedings are brieﬂy
repeated
RT France,
“when blasphemy has
been proven using
euphemisms in open
court, the chief witness is
asked to repeat the
offending words verbatim
in a closed session so the
people as a whole do not
hear them, and then ‘the
judges stand up on their
feet and rend their
garments, and they may
not mend them again’”

There appear to be some
illegalities about the trial of
Jesus (at least according to
Mishnaic Law)
- could not be tried for a
capital offence on the eve of
the Sabbath
- on a feast day night
- without a witness speaking
on behalf of the accused
However,
- we do not know if these laws
which apply from 2nd century
onwards, applied in the time of
Jesus

There appear to be some
illegalities about the trial of
Jesus (at least according to
Mishnaic Law)
- could not be tried for a
capital offence on the eve of
the Sabbath
- on a feast day night
- without a witness speaking
on behalf of the accused
However,
- we do not know if these laws
which apply from 2nd century
onwards, applied in the time of
Jesus
- if they were current they
would not have been supported
by the majority Sadducees
- there is some allowance for
trials during a feast if the person
is accused of seducing to
idolatry or false prophecy
- the people concerned were
more ﬂexible in their approach
to the law as they saw a higher
cause at stake
In conclusion, it does not appear
the irregularities in this trial
were normal for Jewish
authorities at the time.

An age old issue arising from
these events is the need to
ask whether the Gospels are
anti-Semitic (against jews) in
assigning blame for the
execution of Jesus to Jewish
hands?
How is Matt 27:25 to be
understood?
- is it all Jews for all time
- is it those who were directly
involved at the time of Jesus’
trail and cruciﬁxion

- does it include those who
got caught up in the frenzy of
the events of that day
- we should remember that
some of these people were
probably saved later through
this same death Acts 2:37,
6:7...
- and Pilate, representing
Rome, must take a good deal
of responsibility
- and of course, what of us,
wasn’t it for our sin he died?

Jesus before the Roman
authorities Mk 15:2-20a
Jn 18:31 - under Roman law the
Sanhedrin could not inﬂict capital
punishment
- so Jewish authorities have to
convince the Roman authorities
that cruciﬁxion is right here
- the obvious ploy is to talk of
Messiah in terms of what Jews had
expected, a ruler or deliverer -
Rome could not ignore this

Jesus before the Roman
authorities Mk 15:2-20a
- in no Gospel does Pilate appear
convinced that Jesus is guilty of
anything deserving death
- Luke 23:6ff explains how Pilate
sent him to Herod (in Jerusalem for
the feast), hoping he would declare
the verdict and get Pilate off the
hook
- Matt 27:19 adds the detail of
Pilates wife dreaming of an
“innocent man”

John paints the picture in 7
scenes - 18:28-19:16
- Pilate, looking for a way out,
offers the customary pardoning
of a prisoner
- Jesus or Barabbas (a notorious
terrorist), his name might actually
have been Jesus Barabbas as
Barabbas (bar-abba) simply means
‘son of the father’
- so the true Son of the Father is
given over and a murderer
released
- Pilate does not want to alienate
the Jews for fear of how Rome
might view it

John paints the picture in 7
scenes - 18:28-19:16
- Pilate, looking for a way out,
offers the customary pardoning
of a prisoner
- Jesus or Barabbas (a notorious
terrorist), his name might actually
have been Jesus Barabbas as
Barabbas (bar-abba) simply means
‘son of the father’
- so the true Son of the Father is
given over and a murderer
released
- Pilate does not want to alienate
the Jews for fear of how Rome
might view it
- Jesus is flogged using the
verberatio, an unspecified number
of lashes with a metal tipped rope
- sometimes this in itself was
enough to kill the prisoner as it
tore into the skin and muscles of
the back
- Jesus is mocked as they place a
robe, crown and sceptre on him
Mk 15:17ff
- Jesus is then delivered off to be
crucified

Crucifixion Mk 15:20b-47
General observations:
Crucifixion is believed to be one of
the cruelest forms of death ever
devised
- full of shame and pain
- usually reserved for the worst
slaves and criminals
- the cross bar was carried to the
place of execution then arms tied
to it and /or nails driven through
the wrists
- ankles were also fixed in that way

- a footrest was there in some, but
only to make the pain and torture
last longer
- crosses were either X or t shaped
- there is no deﬁnitive evidence to
suggest which was used for Jesus
though as time wore on the latter
was favoured
- death was by suffocation and
could take a couple of days
- birds etc. could attack the body
and waste would ﬂow freely from it

- Jesus died quickly - was this the
result of the ﬂogging?
- the Gospels testify that Jesus
chose the time to die, crying out in
a loud voice and entrusting himself
to God
- by Jews cruciﬁxion was considered
the same as hanging on a tree, and
therefore Jesus was thought cursed
Dt 21:22, 1 Cor 1:23

Looking at Jesus
- between midmorning and noon
Jesus is delivered to be cruciﬁed
- he is led through jerusalem on the
via dolorosa (sorrowful way)
- already weak and close to death
Jesus is unable to carry the
crossbeam all the way and Simon of
Cyrene is forced to carry it the rest
of the way
- Golgotha was probably a busy
road junction and thus acted as a
warning to people who passed by
- Blomberg says he was cruciﬁed
between two insurrectionists (not
thieves)

- Jesus hung on the cross for 3 hours
- as he was hanging there and
interacting with people, 7 sayings from
the cross have been pieced together
- he is offered exotic perfumed wine
Mk 15:23 - which would not have
really affected the pain but was part of
the mockery
- they gamble for his clothes -
arguably he would have been naked
on the cross
- Jn 19:20 refers to the titulus above
the cross and which declared his
crime in 3 languages

- passers by taunt him as do the
others being cruciﬁed, though
one of them seems to have a
change of heart as he sees how
Jesus dies Lk 23:39-42
The 7 words reveal Jesus’
ongoing love and concern even as
he faces death, they are:
1. Father forgive them...
2.Truly I tell you, today you will
be with me in paradise - (the
descent of Jesus into Hell is not
taught directly here)

- passers by taunt him as do the
others being cruciﬁed, though
one of them seems to have a
change of heart as he sees how
Jesus dies Lk 23:39-42
The 7 words reveal Jesus’
ongoing love and concern even as
he faces death, they are:
1. Father forgive them...
2.Truly I tell you, today you will
be with me in paradise - (the
descent of Jesus into Hell is not
taught directly here)
3.Woman here is your son...here
is your mother
4. My God, my God why have you
forsaken me - abandoned by the
God he had fellowshipped with
throughout his earthly life - he
bore sin and took the wrath of
God
5. I am thirsty Jn 19:28
6. It is ﬁnished Jn 19:30
7. Father into your hands I
commit my spirit Lk 23:46 - in
contrast to the abandonment felt
earlier

Events immediately after
Jesus’ death
From noon until 3pm there was
darkness 15:33
- the veil of the temple was torn
in two Mk 15:38
- the centurion standing guard,
sees how Christ died and is
convinced of his innocence
- earthquake Matt 27:51
- tombs are opened and the
dead raised to life Matt
27:52-53 - why, who, for how
long, what happened next?

Events immediately after
Jesus’ death
From noon until 3pm there was
darkness 15:33
- the veil of the temple was torn
in two Mk 15:38
- the centurion standing guard,
sees how Christ died and is
convinced of his innocence
- earthquake Matt 27:51
- tombs are opened and the
dead raised to life Matt
27:52-53 - why, who, for how
long, what happened next?
Jesus is buried - Joseph of
Arimathea (Sanhedrin member)
asks Pilate for the body
- Jews would not have wanted a
dead body deﬁling the land
during the Sabbath which would
begin at nightfall
- Joseph is seen as a good man
not approving of the councils
decision and a disciple of Jesus
Lk 23:50f, Matt 27:57
- Nicodemus also appears in Jn
19:39 though nothing is
speciﬁed as to the reason

- Jesus is buried in a newly made
rock tomb
- lots of spices are used
- a group of women who have
been present all day watch in
readiness for the process to
continue after the Sabbath Mk
15:40ff
- only Matt talks of a special
guard requested by the Jews
Matt 27:62ff
- in spite of this on a human
level it appears that at this time
all think Jesus has gone for good

202, Life of Christ, Section 10b Passion Crucifixion Resurrection

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202, Life of Christ, Section 10b Passion Crucifixion Resurrection