1. The Convergence of Political Activism and Computer Hacking Robert J. Domanski

2. What do we mean by “hacking”? hack · ing : the act of skillfully using technology for purposes other than for which it was originally intended.

3. Typology of Online Activities Goals/Objectives Disruption Destruction Real-space Cyberspace Cyberactivism Cyberterrorism Hacktivism Cracktivism

4. Types of Hacktivism 1) Edit Wars - Wikipedia, Amazon 2) Visibility Wars - Google bombs, Digg mafias, Bury brigades 3) Access Wars - Tor, DeCSS key, Wikileaks

5. What Does All of This Mean? 1) The effectiveness of hacktivist activities lies primarily not in mass mobilization or collective action, but rather in better software application development. 2) Hacktivism has the potential to accelerate the decline of mass mobilization and grassroots organizing. 3) Politically, the Internet, in general, is more likely to result in an increased level of issue awareness than it is in direct participatory action.