1. Intellectual Transformations

2. Intellectual Transformations
 Christendom
 Middle Ages (Dark Ages)
Depopulation
◦ Social Change
◦ Lack of emphasis on cultural
achievements

3. Renaissance… The best of times
/ the worst of times
 “…as if on a given signal, splendid
talents are stirring.” 1517
 “This is the worst age of history.” 1536
 Erasmus – Humanist Scholar

4. Renaissance (1300 – 1600)
 “Rebirth”
 Italy
 Revival of interest in ancient arts
◦ Rome
◦ Greece

5. Renaissance Art
 Leonardo Da Vinci

6. Renaissance Art
 Michelangelo

7. Renaissance Art
 Raphael

8. Renaissance Art
 Donatello

9. Renaissance Literature
 Shakespeare
◦ Romeo and Juliet
◦ Hamlet
◦ King Lear
◦ Othello

10. Renaissance Literature
 Cervantes
◦ Don Quixote

11. Renaissance Literature
 Machiavelli
◦ The Prince

12. Renaissance (1300 – 1600)
 Humanism
 Secularism
 Impact of printing
◦ Johannes Gutenburg
Gutenburg and his press

13. Protestant Reformation
 Martin Luther
 Indulgences
 Ninety - five Thesis
◦ Wittenburg
◦ 1517
 Salvation by Faith Alone
 “Priesthood of all believers.”
 Edict of Worms
 Peace of Augsburg

14. Protestant Reformation
 John Calvin
◦ Predestination
◦ Hard work
 Catholic Reformation
◦ Counter – Reformation

15. Reform in England
 Henry VIII
 Catherine of Aragon
 Anne Boleyn
◦ YouTube
 Anglican Church
 Act of Supremacy, 1534
 Edward VI
 Bloody Mary
 Elizabeth I

16. Reformation in France
 Huguenots
 Henry of Navarre
 Edict of Nantes
 Thirty Years War 1618 – 1648
 Treaty of Westphalia
Henry of
Navarre

17. Results of the Reformation
 Increased literacy
 Rise of capitalism
 Religious division
 End of Catholic church’s monolithic
power
 Warfare
 Religious intolerance
 State centralization and secularization

18. Rise of Modern States
 Decline of Church
 Secular character of society
 Rise of nationalism
 Absolutism
◦ Propaganda
◦ Divine Right of Kings Theory

19. France: The Model of
Absolutism
 Divine Right
 Marie de’ Medici
 Louis XIII
 Cardinal Richelieu
 Louis XIV
◦ Versailles
 Cardinal Mazarin
◦ The Fronde

20. England: Constitutional
Monarchy
 Magna Carta
 The Tudors
 Parliament
 The Stuarts
◦ James I
◦ Charles I
 Civil War
◦ Oliver Cromwell
 The Restoration
◦ Charles II
◦ James II
 Glorious Revolution
◦ William and Mary of Orange

21. The Scientific Revolution
 Ptolemy
◦ Geocentric Theory
 Copernicus
◦ On the Revolutions of the Heavenly
Spheres
 Heliocentric Theory
 Johaness Kepler
◦ On the Motion of Mars
 Galileo
 Sir Isaac Newton

23. The Enlightenment
 Philosophes
 Voltaire
◦ Candide
 John Locke
◦ Second Treatise on Civil Government
 Baron de Montesquieu
 Diderot
 Adam Smith
◦ Wealth of Nations
◦ Laissez – faire