1. 1. Draw a schematic diagram of a closed water cooling system with tower for a Diesel Electric
Plant.
a. Raw water Basin – collects the cooled raw water in the tower
b. By-pass valves – by-passes the flow of water when necessary
c. Lubricating oil cooler – cools the hot lubricant from engine
d. Cooling tower – cools the raw water using the atmospheric air
e. Raw water make-up – replenishes the water that is absorbed by the air in the cooling water
f. Surge tank – keeps jacket water being exposed to atmospheric pressure; it is also where make-up
jacket water is added.
g. Heat exchanger – cools the jacket water using raw water in the tower
h. Jacket water pump – circulates raw water in the jacket water
i. Raw water pump – circulate raw water in the cooling tower
j. Drain valves – used to drain out water for replacement or for analysis
k. Thermometers – indicate the temperatures of entering and leaving jacket water
2. Enumerate at least seven principal data that will be required in the specification of pumps for
transportation of liquid
a. Nature of liquid handled
b. Discharge, gpm or cubic meter per hour
c. Total dynamic head, m or ft
d. Suction conditions
e. Discharge conditions
f. Type of service: continuous or intermittent
g. Type of drive: electric motor or engine
3. Name at least three functions of insulations
a. To reduce heat loss (or heat gain)
b. To prevent injury in case of accidental contact
c. To protect surface against corrosion
4. In Power Plant operations define the following:
a. Run-of-river station
A hydro-electric generating station which utilizes the stream of river without water storage.
b. Steam flow
Quantity of water passing a given point

2. c. Spinning reserve
Part of the generating capacity that can be activated on decision of the system operator
d. Hot reserve
Reserve generating capacity that is in operation but not in service
e. Cold reserve
Reserve generating capacity that is available for service but not in operation
f. Prime power
Maximum potential power constantly available for transformation into electrical power
g. Firm power
Power intended always to be available under emergency conditions
5. Define the following:
a. Maintenance chart
A typical time schedule chart indicating the equipment and the maintenance activities to be
accomplished such as lubrication or replacement of parts.
b. Preventive maintenance
Periodic, time-scheduled inspections to detect wear and tear in advance of actual equipment
breakdown with subsequent replacement of worn-out parts before they fail in order to
minimize interference in operations.
c. Corrective maintenance
Improvements or minor changes in design and substitution of more suitable components or
improve materials of construction to eliminate a problem.
d. Routine maintenance
Consists of the regular maintenance activities like lubrication, recharging of batteries and
replacement of certain parts.
e. Inspection schedule
A typical weekly schedule of servicing an equipment to detect possible defect.
6. Define the following:
a. Fossil Fuel Plants
In fossil fuel plants, the main source of energy is heat energy from the combustion of fossil
fuels such as coal, petroleum products or natural gas. The neat energy is converted to
mechanical energy by the use of internal combustion engines or steam turbine which drives
generators.
b. Pressurized Water Reactors
A pressurized water reactor is a type of nuclear power plant in which the heat generated
from fission of Uranium is absorbed by the pressurized water coolant. The coolant in turn
heats the circulating feed water in a heat exchanger, generating steam in the process. The
generated steam proceeds to release its energy to the turbine which drives the generator.

3. c. Terrestrial Heat Plants
Terrestrial heat, which is another term for geothermal energy, makes use of steam or hot
water harnessed from the earth to drive steam turbines. Wells are dug into the steam or hot
water reservoir and the steam (or flashed steam) is fed into the steam turbine-generator to
generate electricity.
d. Magneto Hydro Dynamic Plants
In a magneto hydro dynamic generator, combustion gasses produced in a combustion
chamber at high pressure and temperature and seeded with metal vapor to increase its
electrical conductivity, is passed through an expansion tube lined with a strong magnetic
field. This induces an electric voltage in the gas conductor and affects the flow of electrons
through the electrodes along the magnetic field, thereby generating electricity.
e. Low Thermal Head Plants
Low thermal head plant, otherwise known as Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion, makes use
of the temperature difference between the ocean surface water and the water at the sea
bottom. Surface water which is at relatively high temperature is pumped to an evaporator
where the water evaporates into saturated steam. This steam drives a single stage turbine
thereby producing electricity, and exhaust to a jet condenser maintained at the saturation
pressure of the subsurface water temperature pumped from the sea bottom.
7. Give four (4) sources of air pollution, briefly explain each, and give example for each.
a. Exhaust gases from combustion
Exhaust gases from engines or boilers which results from the combustion of fuel and which
contains dust, fumes and carbon monoxide.
b. Chemical Industries
Dust, mist, fumes and chemical spray which result from chemical processes
c. Mineral Processes
Principally dust and sometimes fumes which result from crushers and mills such as in ore
milling and cement industry.
d. Food Processing
Dust and mist and other odorous material resulting from food production.
8. Some equipment normally used now for pollution control are as follows:
a. Chimney or smoke stack
Provides effective atmospheric dispersion of gaseous and particulate pollutants with
acceptable ground level concentrations. Stacks or chimneys are high enough to produce
sufficient draft to dispose gases at safe heights.
b. Cyclone dust collector
In this type of industrial dust collector, the gas is passed tangentially into a vertical cylinder
with a conical bottom. The gas follows a spiral path, with most of the separation taking
place in the smaller sections.
c. Spray Scrubbers
Tower type, the gas passing upward concurrently as the descending liquid. Sets of sprays
are placed in the top zone, with various materials used in the layers to channel and mix the
gas and water.
d. Electrostatic Precipitator
Dust particles are electrically charged and are attracted to the electric field of the
electrostatic precipitator.

4. 9. With an aid of a diagram, describe briefly how an ice is manufactured.
In the Can System of ice manufacture, standard size ice cans are immersed in a brine solution,
which is cooled by the refrigerant in the evaporator coils, and which in turn freezes the water in the
ice cans. The common refrigerant used in ice plants is ammonia.
10. Three principal types of evaporator according to construction:
a. Horizontal tube evaporator
Consists of vertical cylindrical body; two rectangular steam chests in the lower section
contain tube sheets; primarily suitable for non-viscous liquids that do not deposit salt or
scale during evaporation.
b. Standard vertical tube evaporator
Consists of vertical cylindrical shell with flat, dished or conical bottom, most widely used
type, can be used for liquids that deposit salt or scale during evaporation.
c. Long-tube, natural-circulation vertical evaporator
Consists of long tubes so that the liquor passes through the evaporator but once; used with
non-salting or non-scaling liquids; can be used with high viscosities; one of the cheapest
types.
11.Enumerate principal points to consider when designing a chimney.
• Minimum height of chimney
• Flue gas temperature
• Chimney should be located with reference to nearby higher buildings.
• Gas flue should be as straight as possible from base to top outlet and should have no
opening except boiler smoke pipe.
• Outlet must not be capped so that its area is less than the flue gas
• Best location for a chimney is near the center of a building, as all walls then are kept warm.
• The best practices uses fireclay linings for small and medium-sized flues.