1. Devising a Risk Index for Priority
Substances Emissions from
WWTP
Fiona Regan

2. Overview

3. Work Package
• Interpreting PS monitoring data from DCU
(Lisa Jones) and CIT: Metals, PAHs,
Pesticides, VOCs
• Identifying major sources and risk factors for
PS occurrence in WW
• Assessing risk of PS occurrence in
catchments, over time
• Understanding sources, prioritising monitoring

4. Priority Substance Monitoring
• EU WFD: Waters must be of “Good” ecological and
chemical status by 2015
• WFD: 33 PS groups, including 20 PHS, plus 11
potential PS
• PS emissions reduced to background concentrations
• PHS emissions eliminated within 20 years
• 2008 EQS Directive: Average annual and maximum
acceptable concentrations specified

5. EQSDirective
Potential Priority Substances
Priority Hazardous Substances
Alachlor Anthracene AMPA
Atrazine Brominated diphenylether Bentazon
Benzene Cadmium and its compounds Bisphenol-A
Chloroalkanes, C10-13 Dicofol
Endosulfan EDTA
Chlorfenvinpos Hexachlorobenzene Free cyanide
Chlorpyrifos (Chlorpyrifos-theyl) Hexachlorobutadiene Glyphosate
1,2-dichloroethane Hexachlorocyclohexane Mercoprop (MCPP)
Dichloromethane Mercury and its compounds Musk xylene
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) Nonylphenol
Diuron (4-nonylphenol)
Fluoranthene Pentachlorobenzene
Isoproturon Polyaromatic hydrocarbons
Lead and its compounds (Benzo(a)pyrene) Dioxins
Napthalene (Benzo(b)fluoranthene) PCB
Nickel and its compounds (Benzo(g,h,i)perylene)
Octylphenol (Benzo(k)fluoranthene)
(Ideno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene)
Tributyltin compounds
Pentachlorophenol (Tributyltin-cation)
Simazine
Trichlorobenzenes
Trichloromethane (chloroform)
Trifluralin
(4-(1,1',3,3'-tetramethylbutyl)-phenol)
Priority Substances
Perflurooctane sulphonic acid
(PFOS)
Quinoxyfen (5,7-dichloro-4(p-
fluorophenoxy)quinoline)
Pentabromodiphenylether (cogener
numbers 28, 47, 99, 100, 153 and
154)

6. Ireland Monitoring
• SERBD PS screening programmes
• Expert Working Group identified 202 (WFD + 161)
candidate substances
• Produced preliminary screening list of 41 PS
• TNO: 47 of the 51 analysed PS found in water
• 18 PS in 10% samples, 3 in >50% of the samples –
naphthalene, fluoranthene, nickel
– Median concentrations ranged from 0.009 µg L-1 for
fluoranthene to 1.4 µg L-1 for Nickel
• Long-term compliance monitoring required

7. Priority Substances in
Wastewater
• Waste water major point-source input to surface
waters
• Responsible for localised EQS exceedance?
• Often upstream of drinking water abstraction!
• Can be controlled
• Combined sewer discharges and “high-risk” runoff
• Few data on waste water PS discharges
• Will complement storm water studies, and inform
targeted PS monitoring (both WW and SW)

8. WWTP
Removal
(to sludge /air)
Diffuse sources
WasteWater Drainage
Storm
overflow
River
Direct sources
Final Effluent
Surfacewater
1. Source magnitude /
type
2. Diffuse loss risk /
conditions
3. Surface water -
sewer connectivity
5.WWTP removal
efficiency
4. Sewer mixing and
overflow

9. Potential High Risk Source Sites
(SWRBD)
• Oil and gasworks sites (IPPC, LA)
• (Hazardous) waste disposal/handling
sites (EPA, LA)
• Mining sites (IPPC)
• Chemical plants (IPPC, LA)
• Airports, railway depots, dockyards,
petroleum import terminals (LA)
• Timber treatment (IPPC, LA)
• Filling stations (LA)
• Building sites (LA)
• Past industrial sites
• Roads
• Industrial estates
• Combined drainage
areas
Connectivity to sewers?

10. Pesticides: High Risk Landuse
• Sports grounds (Incl golf courses)
• Parks and open urban areas
• Intensive animal rearing (IPPC)
• Intensive tillage (potatoes) (CORINE)
• Forestry (Coillte spray data)
• Intensive grassland (CORINE)

11. Source intensity
Connectivity
Households
Commercial
Industry
Roads-traffic
Contaminatedsites
Point sources, continuous input, baseline
loading and concentrations
Diffuse sources,
periodic input, peak
loading and
concentrations

13. WWTP Treatment Agglom. PE Plant PE 2007 compliance Receiving waters
Ballincollig, Cork Secondary 15,000 15,000 F (BOD, COD, TSS) Freshwater-R
Bandon, Cork Secondary 6,200 8,000 F (sample no.s) Freshwater-R
Charleville, Cork Secondary 7,500 6,415 F (sample no.s) Freshwater-R
Clonakilty, Cork Secondary 15,000 15,000 F (TSS) Estuarine
Fermoy, Cork Secondary, NR 12,960 12,960 P Freshwater-R
Mallow, Cork Secondary, NR 12,000 12,000 P Freshwater-R
Ringaskiddy, Cork None 12,000 97,556 F (no 2nd treatment) Estuarine
Rosscarbery, Cork Primary 2,500 2,500 NA Coastal
Ringsend, Dublin Secondary 2,870,000 1,640,000 F (BOD, COD, TSS) Estuarine
Swords, Dublin Secondary, NR 50,000 60,000 F (BOD, TSS) Estuarine
WWTP Treatment Agglom. PE Plant PE 2007 compliance Receiving waters
Ballincollig, Cork Secondary 15,000 15,000 F (BOD, COD, TSS) Freshwater-R
Bandon, Cork Secondary 6,200 8,000 F (sample no.s) Freshwater-R
Charleville, Cork Secondary 7,500 6,415 F (sample no.s) Freshwater-R
Clonakilty, Cork Secondary 15,000 15,000 F (TSS) Estuarine
Fermoy, Cork Secondary, NR 12,960 12,960 P Freshwater-R
Mallow, Cork Secondary, NR 12,000 12,000 P Freshwater-R
Ringaskiddy, Cork None 12,000 97,556 F (no 2nd treatment) Estuarine
Rosscarbery, Cork Primary 2,500 2,500 NA Coastal
Ringsend, Dublin Secondary 2,870,000 1,640,000 F (BOD, COD, TSS) Estuarine
Swords, Dublin Secondary, NR 50,000 60,000 F (BOD, TSS) Estuarine
WWTP Treatment Agglom. PE Plant PE 2007 compliance Receiving waters
Ballincollig, Cork Secondary 15,000 15,000 F (BOD, COD, TSS) Freshwater-R
Bandon, Cork Secondary 6,200 8,000 F (sample no.s) Freshwater-R
Charleville, Cork Secondary 7,500 6,415 F (sample no.s) Freshwater-R
Clonakilty, Cork Secondary 15,000 15,000 F (TSS) Estuarine
Fermoy, Cork Secondary, NR 12,960 12,960 P Freshwater-R
Mallow, Cork Secondary, NR 12,000 12,000 P Freshwater-R
Ringaskiddy, Cork None 12,000 97,556 F (no 2nd treatment) Estuarine
Rosscarbery, Cork Primary 2,500 2,500 NA Coastal
Ringsend, Dublin Secondary 2,870,000 1,640,000 F (BOD, COD, TSS) Estuarine
Swords, Dublin Secondary, NR 50,000 60,000 F (BOD, TSS) Estuarine
Study Approach
WWTP Treatment Agglom. PE Plant PE 2007 compliance Receiving waters
Ballincollig, Cork Secondary 15,000 15,000 F (BOD, COD, TSS) Freshwater-R
Bandon, Cork Secondary 6,200 8,000 F (sample no.s) Freshwater-R
Charleville, Cork Secondary 7,500 6,415 F (sample no.s) Freshwater-R
Clonakilty, Cork Secondary 15,000 15,000 F (TSS) Estuarine
Fermoy, Cork Secondary, NR 12,960 12,960 P Freshwater-R
Mallow, Cork Secondary, NR 12,000 12,000 P Freshwater-R
Ringaskiddy, Cork None 12,000 97,556 F (no 2nd treatment) Estuarine
Rosscarbery, Cork Primary 2,500 2,500 NA Coastal
Ringsend, Dublin Secondary 2,870,000 1,640,000 F (BOD, COD, TSS) Estuarine
Swords, Dublin Secondary, NR 50,000 60,000 F (BOD, TSS) Estuarine
Industry dominated, no final treatment: possible to ID industry input
WWTP Treatment Agglom. PE Plant PE 2007 compliance Receiving waters
Ballincollig, Cork Secondary 15,000 15,000 F (BOD, COD, TSS) Freshwater-R
Bandon, Cork Secondary 6,200 8,000 F (sample no.s) Freshwater-R
Charleville, Cork Secondary 7,500 6,415 F (sample no.s) Freshwater-R
Clonakilty, Cork Secondary 15,000 15,000 F (TSS) Estuarine
Fermoy, Cork Secondary, NR 12,960 12,960 P Freshwater-R
Mallow, Cork Secondary, NR 12,000 12,000 P Freshwater-R
Ringaskiddy, Cork None 12,000 97,556 F (no 2nd treatment) Estuarine
Rosscarbery, Cork Primary 2,500 2,500 NA Coastal
Ringsend, Dublin Secondary 2,870,000 1,640,000 F (BOD, COD, TSS) Estuarine
Swords, Dublin Secondary, NR 50,000 60,000 F (BOD, TSS) Estuarine
Monthly sampling, plus intensive summer + winter sampling periodsMonthly sampling, plus intensive summer + winter sampling periods
WWTP Treatment Agglom. PE Plant PE 2007 compliance Receiving waters
Ballincollig, Cork Secondary 15,000 15,000 F (BOD, COD, TSS) Freshwater-R
Bandon, Cork Secondary 6,200 8,000 F (sample no.s) Freshwater-R
Charleville, Cork Secondary 7,500 6,415 F (sample no.s) Freshwater-R
Clonakilty, Cork Secondary 15,000 15,000 F (TSS) Estuarine
Fermoy, Cork Secondary, NR 12,960 12,960 P Freshwater-R
Mallow, Cork Secondary, NR 12,000 12,000 P Freshwater-R
Ringaskiddy, Cork None 12,000 97,556 F (no 2nd treatment) Estuarine
Rosscarbery, Cork Primary 2,500 2,500 NA Coastal
Ringsend, Dublin Secondary 2,870,000 1,640,000 F (BOD, COD, TSS) Estuarine
Swords, Dublin Secondary, NR 50,000 60,000 F (BOD, TSS) Estuarine
Monthly sampling, plus intensive summer + winter sampling periods
WWTP Treatment Agglom. PE Plant PE 2007 compliance Receiving waters
Ballincollig, Cork Secondary 15,000 15,000 F (BOD, COD, TSS) Freshwater-R
Bandon, Cork Secondary 6,200 8,000 F (sample no.s) Freshwater-R
Charleville, Cork Secondary 7,500 6,415 F (sample no.s) Freshwater-R
Clonakilty, Cork Secondary 15,000 15,000 F (TSS) Estuarine
Fermoy, Cork Secondary, NR 12,960 12,960 P Freshwater-R
Mallow, Cork Secondary, NR 12,000 12,000 P Freshwater-R
Ringaskiddy, Cork None 12,000 97,556 F (no 2nd treatment) Estuarine
Rosscarbery, Cork Primary 2,500 2,500 NA Coastal
Ringsend, Dublin Secondary 2,870,000 1,640,000 F (BOD, COD, TSS) Estuarine
Swords, Dublin Secondary, NR 50,000 60,000 F (BOD, TSS) Estuarine
Monthly sampling, plus intensive summer + winter sampling periods
WWTP Treatment Agglom. PE Plant PE 2007 compliance Receiving waters
Ballincollig, Cork Secondary 15,000 15,000 F (BOD, COD, TSS) Freshwater-R
Bandon, Cork Secondary 6,200 8,000 F (sample no.s) Freshwater-R
Charleville, Cork Secondary 7,500 6,415 F (sample no.s) Freshwater-R
Clonakilty, Cork Secondary 15,000 15,000 F (TSS) Estuarine
Fermoy, Cork Secondary, NR 12,960 12,960 P Freshwater-R
Mallow, Cork Secondary, NR 12,000 12,000 P Freshwater-R
Ringaskiddy, Cork None 12,000 97,556 F (no 2nd treatment) Estuarine
Rosscarbery, Cork Primary 2,500 2,500 NA Coastal
Ringsend, Dublin Secondary 2,870,000 1,640,000 F (BOD, COD, TSS) Estuarine
Swords, Dublin Secondary, NR 50,000 60,000 F (BOD, TSS) Estuarine
WWTP Treatment Agglom. PE Plant PE 2007 compliance Receiving waters
Ballincollig, Cork Secondary 15,000 15,000 F (BOD, COD, TSS) Freshwater-R
Bandon, Cork Secondary 6,200 8,000 F (sample no.s) Freshwater-R
Charleville, Cork Secondary 7,500 6,415 F (sample no.s) Freshwater-R
Clonakilty, Cork Secondary 15,000 15,000 F (TSS) Estuarine
Fermoy, Cork Secondary, NR 12,960 12,960 P Freshwater-R
Mallow, Cork Secondary, NR 12,000 12,000 P Freshwater-R
Ringaskiddy, Cork None 12,000 97,556 F (no 2nd treatment) Estuarine
Rosscarbery, Cork Primary 2,500 2,500 NA Coastal
Ringsend, Dublin Secondary 2,870,000 1,640,000 F (BOD, COD, TSS) Estuarine
Swords, Dublin Secondary, NR 50,000 60,000 F (BOD, TSS) Estuarine
Monthly sampling, plus intensive summer + winter sampling periodsMonthly sampling, plus intensive summer + winter sampling periods

14. Study Approach cont…
Ten catchments, range of sizes, physical
characteristics, industrial contributions, treatment
levels
1. Collate data on potential sources (e.g. industry) and risk
factors (e.g. combined drainage) for each catchment
2. Compile literature data on source magnitudes and WWTP
removal efficiencies
3. Look for associations between meterological or physico-
chem parameters and PS concs / loads
4. Devise risk index for high PS in effluent (across
catchments, over time): compare with mon data

15. Case-study Ringsend
SWORDS
WWTP

16. Licensed industry
License n Risk
IPPC-Chemicals 27 Ms, PAH, VOC
IPPC- Food & Drink 4
IPPC- Metals 4 Ms, PAH, VOC
IPPC-Minerals, Fibre, Glass 3 PAH, VOC
IPPC-Power Stations 5 PAH, VOC
IPPC-Surface Coatings 17 PAH, VOC
IPPC-Wood Paper Textiles 6 PAH, VOC
EPA-Hazardous Waste 13 Ms, VOC, PAH
EPA-Integrated Waste Management 4 Ms, VOC, PAH
EPA-Landfill 2 Ms, VOC, PAH
EPA-Materials Recovery Facility 4 Ms, VOC, PAH
EPA-Waste Transfer Facility 15 Ms, VOC, PAH
License n Risk
LA-Airport 2 PAH, VOC
LA-Chemical 13 Ms, PAH, VOC
LA-College 9 VOC
LA-Construction 28 Ms, PAH
LA-Dentist 1 Ms
LA-Electronics 1 Ms, VOC
LA-Filling Station 67 M, PAH, VOC
LA Food & Drink 63
LA-Garage 33 PAH, VOC
LA-Gym 7
LA-Haulage Depot 51 M, PAH, VOC
LA-Hotel 3
LA-Hospital 19 VOC
LA-Hairdresser 1 VOC
LA-Laundry 5 M, PAH, VOC
LA-Metal 10 Ms, PAH, VOC
LA-Oil Distribution 1 PAH, VOC
LA-Office 6
LA-Printers 16 VOC
LA-Retail 25
LA-Sport 6 Pest
LA-Washing (Outdoors)4 Ms, PAH
LA-Waste 6 Ms, PAH, VOC
Other 10
Separate direct vs diffuse
inputs?
Data from EPA, DCC, SDCC,
FCC. Awaiting DLRCC…

17. Other risk factors
• Traffic volume or road area
• Intensive agriculture and forestry in / near catchment
• Local authority pesticide application
• Extent of combined drainage
• Temporal
– meteorological (heavy rainfall after dry period)
– traffic volume patterns (stats)
Data from Met Eireann and NRA require update and
processing. Awaiting CC pest app data…

18. Ringsend effluent
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 1200000 1400000 1600000
Flow (m3 day-1)
PercentageinfluentTSSremoved
Routine operating variability (random?)
Process failure: Non predictable risk factor
Capacity excedence?
Risk Factor?
On average, less efficient at
higher flows: Risk factor
Stats…

19. 0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1600000
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
Rainfall (mm day-1)
Flow(m3day-1)
High non-meteo variability
Above 800,000 m3 = rain
R2
= 0.55
0
200000
400000
600000
800000
1000000
1200000
1400000
1600000
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
Rainfall (mm day-1)
Flow(m3day-1)
High non-meteo variability
Above 600,000 m3 = rain
Rain, next-day flow
More data and analysis required. New
parameter (e.g. daily-flow increase vs
rainfall?)
Same-day rain and flow

20. 0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
0.0 5.0 10.0 15.0 20.0 25.0 30.0 35.0 40.0
Rainfall (mm day-1)
TSSload(tonnesday-1)
Rain, next day TSS total load
Rainfall threshold for TSS
and PAH loss risk? More
data and analysis required…

21. Owenahincha agglomeration

22. PAH Loading Risk Index
1. Discharge from licensed high-risk industry
2. Frequency of contaminated sites
3. Traffic volume
4. Combined drains x (2 + 3) (+ urban, - rural ?)
5. Normalised according to popn
Effluent PAH conc Risk Index
1. Loading Index x:
i. Meteorological conditions
ii. WWTP removal efficiency
2. Normalised acc to flow per popn

23. Work Plan
• Complete industrial point source database
– Distinguish IPPC direct from diffuse inputs?
• Literature search for magnitude of PS emissions from
various sources
• Find data on past industrial sites?
• Collate NRA traffic volume data for each catchment
• Obtain and collate pesticide use data from CCs
• Obtain Met Eireann data to Nov and compare with
Ringsend / Swords effluent PS concs
• Obtain flow and physico-chem data from Swords and Cork
WWTPs
• Literature search for WWTP PS removal efficiencies

24. Work Overview….
• A review was used to identify the major
factors leading to Priority Pollutant (PP)
loading from WWTPs, integrated and
conceptualised in a basic conceptual
model.
• Available data sources were identified for
the major PP loading risk factors. Then,
through a combination of quantitative
data collation (e.g. number of discharge
licences issued to different types of
operations) and qualitative risk
assessment (risk ranking), risk
databases were compiled for major
sources.

25. ….Work Overview
• Databases were compiled for Local
Authority and EPA licensed
discharges, and agglomeration traffic.
Results from these databases were
integrated into a simple risk model for
agglomeration PP loading, combined
with basic WWTP (e.g. capacity and
treatment level) and agglomeration
(e.g. population and area) data, and
finally expressed as elevated risk in a
national context following
normalisation procedures.

26. Work Overview
• Collate available literature and statistical data that could
be used to inform targeted PP monitoring strategies.
• Focus on readily-available data relevant to major PP risk
factors identified by conceptual modelling, and develop
appropriate indicators.
• Indicators are applied to ten WWTP agglomerations
currently being monitored to predict the relative risk of
elevated PP loading to receiving waters across
agglomerations and over time.

27. List of WWTP
• Cork
– Ballincollig
– Bandon
– Charleville
– Clonakilty
– Fermoy
– Mallow
– Ringaskiddy
– Rosscarbery
• Dublin
– Ringsend
– Swords

28. Collated Data
• Basic information on WWTPs and
the agglomerations they serve in
Ireland is provided in
documentation submitted to the
EPA in application for Urban
Wastewater Discharge Licences
(http://www.epa.ie).

29. From EPA Urban Waste Water
Report

30. • Removal factors applied to
WWTPs in dry- and wet- weather
flow conditions, based on
removal efficiencies derived from
Seriki et al. (2008) and load
factors (agglomeration PE
divided by WWTP PE capacity).
Seriki K., Gasperi J., Castillo L., Scholes L., Eriksson E., Revitt M., Meinhold J., Atanasova N. (2008)
Priority pollutants behaviour in end of pipe wastewater treatment plants. In Source Control Options for
Reducing Emissions of Priority Pollutants (ScorePP)

31. • WWTP load factors were
calculated as a ratio of
agglomeration PE loading to
WWTP PE capacity.

32. • WWTP risk factor = 1-removal fraction (e.g. 80% PAH removal for standard secondary treatment in Dry
Weather Flow = 0.2)
• For CY, because secondary treatment capacity limited to approx half average agglomeration PE, DWF risk
factor based on average of Primary and Secondary treatment
• For Wet Weather Flow, risk factors assume primary treatment removal efficiencies

33. • For WWTPs working in excess
of or close to capacity, WWF
removal factors were based on
the assumption that overall
removal efficiencies under high
loading conditions were
equivalent to primary treatment
removal efficiencies. Removal
factors were inversed into
Effluent Factors (EF) for direct
multiplication with loading
factors.

34. • Industrial installations performing
listed activities above specified
thresholds are licensed under the
EU Integrated Pollution
Prevention and Control (IPPC)
Directive. Licence conditions and
annual reports on emissions from
these installations are made
publicly available by the Irish
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA)

35. • The level of information provided
on PP emissions varies across
installations, and for the initial
purposes of our risk-based model
we define risk factors for each
installation according to activity
class, refined based on some
installation-specific information
provided in licences (whether or not
discharge to sewers, and surface
water management).

36. Risk Scale

37. • ‘Typical’ loading risk factors for
each major PP group, applied to
installations in each IPPC and
Waste activity class.
• Loading risk factors applied to
individual installations may vary
within activity groups, depending
on licence information regarding
processes, sewer discharge, and
surface water management.

38. Licensed Risk

39. Licensed Risk

40. • Traffic-induced loading to
WWTP (PAH, VOCs, HMs)
should be largely proportional to
traffic volume within
agglomeration combined
drainage areas, as measured by
Vehicle km Travelled (VKT).

41. • Relevant available statistics
are traffic flow on national
roads in the vicinty of study
agglomerations (NRA, 2009),
total VKT for different vehicle
types (CSO, 2009) and
national VKT for six major
road types (National Primary,
National Secondary,
Regional, Local Primary,
Local Secondary, Local
Tertiary)

42. Road type
National VKT
(M km a-1
)a
Agglomeration VKM
calculation
Length
restriction
Sewer input
Nat. Prim. (10,665) NA
Nat. Sec. (3,865) NA
Regional 9,051 0.10 x (Popag / Popnat)
Loc. Prim 4,621 0.25 x (Popag / Popnat)
Loc. Sec 2,187 0.75 x (Popag / Popnat)
Loc. Ter 784 1.00 x (Popag / Popnat)
National road VKM travelled not used in calculations
a Cars only. NRA data for 2002 (NRA, 2001) extrapolated to 2009 based on CSO national VKM in 2009 (presentation ref)
LocaltrafficThrough
traffic
2008 NRA traffic flow x
road length in
agglomeration
Peripheral or
central road?
Sum local <
2 x
agglomerat
ion length
Estimated
percentage area
under combined
foul-storm
drainage

43. Ballincollig
• DWF
• Heavy rainfall
• PE/development

44. Ringaskiddy

45. Bandon

46. Charleville
• Designed for a PE of up to
15,000
• The PE and DWF are based on
measured foul flows from 1973
• Incoming flow can be divided
evenly between two oxidation
ditches
– Only one oxidation ditch in use
– PE ~ 7,000

47. Clonakilty
• Designed for a PE of 5,333
• Increased loading during
summer of up to 15,000 PE
• At present two oxidation
ditches
• Application for increased
storage capacity not yet
implemented
• Hydraulic load of 6 DWF

48. Mallow
• Two treatment systems; 50
– 50 split between new and
old plant
• Contract out for private
operation and maintenance
contract
– Could be in place before the
end of the year

50. Rosscarberry/Owenahincha
• Proposed works may
now not take place
• Discharge from chemical
toilets and mobile
homes?

51. Fermoy
• Designed for a PE of
20,000
• System was upgraded,
licence states that 40 % of
flow meant to go to old
plant

52. Ringsend

53. Swords

54. Further Work
• Meteorological data will need to be used to derive a
temporal component to this risk factor.

55. Acknowledgements
This project is funded by the EPA as part of the Science,
Technology, Research and Innovation for the Environment
(STRIVE) Programme 2007–2013. This programme is
financed by the Irish Government under the National
Development Plan 2007–2013. It is administered on behalf of
the Department of the Environment, Heritage and Local
Government by the Environmental Protection Agency, which
has the statutory function of co-ordinating and promoting
environmental research.