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10 Creating Triggers
1.
Copyright © 2004,
Oracle. All rights reserved. Creating Triggers
2.
10-2 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Types of Triggers A trigger: • Is a PL/SQL block or a PL/SQL procedure associated with a table, view, schema, or database • Executes implicitly whenever a particular event takes place • Can be either of the following: – Application trigger: Fires whenever an event occurs with a particular application – Database trigger: Fires whenever a data event (such as DML) or system event (such as logon or shutdown) occurs on a schema or database
3.
10-3 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Guidelines for Designing Triggers • You can design triggers to: – Perform related actions – Centralize global operations • You must not design triggers: – Where functionality is already built into the Oracle server – That duplicate other triggers • You can create stored procedures and invoke them in a trigger, if the PL/SQL code is very lengthy. • The excessive use of triggers can result in complex interdependencies, which may be difficult to maintain in large applications.
4.
10-4 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Creating DML Triggers Create DML statement or row type triggers by using: • A statement trigger fires once for a DML statement. • A row trigger fires once for each row affected. Note: Trigger names must be unique with respect to other triggers in the same schema. CREATE [OR REPLACE] TRIGGER trigger_name timing event1 [OR event2 OR event3] ON object_name [[REFERENCING OLD AS old | NEW AS new] FOR EACH ROW [WHEN (condition)]] trigger_body
5.
10-5 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Types of DML Triggers The trigger type determines if the body executes for each row or only once for the triggering statement. • A statement trigger: – Executes once for the triggering event – Is the default type of trigger – Fires once even if no rows are affected at all • A row trigger: – Executes once for each row affected by the triggering event – Is not executed if the triggering event does not affect any rows – Is indicated by specifying the FOR EACH ROW clause
6.
10-6 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Trigger Timing When should the trigger fire? • BEFORE: Execute the trigger body before the triggering DML event on a table. • AFTER: Execute the trigger body after the triggering DML event on a table. • INSTEAD OF: Execute the trigger body instead of the triggering statement. This is used for views that are not otherwise modifiable. Note: If multiple triggers are defined for the same object, then the order of firing triggers is arbitrary.
7.
10-7 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. … Trigger-Firing Sequence Use the following firing sequence for a trigger on a table when a single row is manipulated: BEFORE statement trigger BEFORE row trigger AFTER row trigger AFTER statement trigger DML statement INSERT INTO departments (department_id,department_name, location_id) VALUES (400, 'CONSULTING', 2400); Triggering action
8.
10-8 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. UPDATE employees SET salary = salary * 1.1 WHERE department_id = 30; Trigger-Firing Sequence Use the following firing sequence for a trigger on a table when many rows are manipulated: BEFORE statement trigger BEFORE row trigger AFTER row trigger ... BEFORE row trigger AFTER row trigger... AFTER statement trigger
9.
10-9 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Trigger Event Types and Body A trigger event: • Determines which DML statement causes the trigger to execute • Types are: – INSERT – UPDATE [OF column] – DELETE A trigger body: • Determines what action is performed • Is a PL/SQL block or a CALL to a procedure
10.
10-10 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Application INSERT INTO EMPLOYEES...; EMPLOYEES table SECURE_EMP trigger Creating a DML Statement Trigger CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER secure_emp BEFORE INSERT ON employees BEGIN IF (TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DY') IN ('SAT','SUN')) OR (TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'HH24:MI') NOT BETWEEN '08:00' AND '18:00') THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20500, 'You may insert' ||' into EMPLOYEES table only during ' ||' business hours.'); END IF; END;
11.
10-11 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Testing SECURE_EMP INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, last_name, first_name, email, hire_date, job_id, salary, department_id) VALUES (300, 'Smith', 'Rob', 'RSMITH', SYSDATE, 'IT_PROG', 4500, 60);
12.
10-12 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Using Conditional Predicates CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER secure_emp BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON employees BEGIN IF (TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'DY') IN ('SAT','SUN')) OR (TO_CHAR(SYSDATE,'HH24') NOT BETWEEN '08' AND '18') THEN IF DELETING THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR( -20502,'You may delete from EMPLOYEES table'|| 'only during business hours.'); ELSIF INSERTING THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR( -20500,'You may insert into EMPLOYEES table'|| 'only during business hours.'); ELSIF UPDATING('SALARY') THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20503, 'You may '|| 'update SALARY only during business hours.'); ELSE RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20504,'You may'|| ' update EMPLOYEES table only during'|| ' normal hours.'); END IF; END IF; END;
13.
10-13 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Creating a DML Row Trigger CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER restrict_salary BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OF salary ON employees FOR EACH ROW BEGIN IF NOT (:NEW.job_id IN ('AD_PRES', 'AD_VP')) AND :NEW.salary > 15000 THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR (-20202, 'Employee cannot earn more than $15,000.'); END IF; END; /
14.
10-14 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Using OLD and NEW Qualifiers CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER audit_emp_values AFTER DELETE OR INSERT OR UPDATE ON employees FOR EACH ROW BEGIN INSERT INTO audit_emp(user_name, time_stamp, id, old_last_name, new_last_name, old_title, new_title, old_salary, new_salary) VALUES (USER, SYSDATE, :OLD.employee_id, :OLD.last_name, :NEW.last_name, :OLD.job_id, :NEW.job_id, :OLD.salary, :NEW.salary); END; /
15.
10-15 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Using OLD and NEW Qualifiers: Example Using audit_emp INSERT INTO employees (employee_id, last_name, job_id, salary, ...) VALUES (999, 'Temp emp', 'SA_REP', 6000,...); UPDATE employees SET salary = 7000, last_name = 'Smith' WHERE employee_id = 999; SELECT user_name, timestamp, ... FROM audit_emp;
16.
10-16 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Restricting a Row Trigger: Example CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER derive_commission_pct BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OF salary ON employees FOR EACH ROW WHEN (NEW.job_id = 'SA_REP') BEGIN IF INSERTING THEN :NEW.commission_pct := 0; ELSIF :OLD.commission_pct IS NULL THEN :NEW.commission_pct := 0; ELSE :NEW.commission_pct := :OLD.commission_pct+0.05; END IF; END; /
17.
10-17 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Summary of Trigger Execution Model 1. Execute all BEFORE STATEMENT triggers. 2. Loop for each row affected: a. Execute all BEFORE ROW triggers. b. Execute the DML statement and perform integrity constraint checking. c. Execute all AFTER ROW triggers. 3. Execute all AFTER STATEMENT triggers. Note: Integrity checking can be deferred until the COMMIT operation is performed.
18.
10-18 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Implementing an Integrity Constraint with a Trigger CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER employee_dept_fk_trg AFTER UPDATE OF department_id ON employees FOR EACH ROW BEGIN INSERT INTO departments VALUES(:new.department_id, 'Dept '||:new.department_id, NULL, NULL); EXCEPTION WHEN DUP_VAL_ON_INDEX THEN NULL; -- mask exception if department exists END; / UPDATE employees SET department_id = 999 WHERE employee_id = 170; -- Successful after trigger is fired UPDATE employees SET department_id = 999 WHERE employee_id = 170; -- Integrity constraint violation error
19.
10-19 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. INSTEAD OF Triggers Application INSERT INTO my_view . . .; MY_VIEW INSTEAD OF trigger INSERT TABLE1 UPDATE TABLE2
20.
10-20 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Creating an INSTEAD OF Trigger Perform the INSERT into EMP_DETAILS that is based on EMPLOYEES and DEPARTMENTS tables: INSTEAD OF INSERT into EMP_DETAILS INSERT into NEW_EMPS UPDATE NEW_DEPTS … … 1 2 3 INSERT INTO emp_details VALUES (9001,'ABBOTT',3000, 10, 'Administration');
21.
10-21 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Creating an INSTEAD OF Trigger Use INSTEAD OF to perform DML on complex views: CREATE TABLE new_emps AS SELECT employee_id,last_name,salary,department_id FROM employees; CREATE TABLE new_depts AS SELECT d.department_id,d.department_name, sum(e.salary) dept_sal FROM employees e, departments d WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id; CREATE VIEW emp_details AS SELECT e.employee_id, e.last_name, e.salary, e.department_id, d.department_name FROM employees e, departments d WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id GROUP BY d.department_id,d.department_name;
22.
10-22 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Comparison of Database Triggers and Stored Procedures Triggers Defined with CREATE TRIGGER Data dictionary contains source code in USER_TRIGGERS. Implicitly invoked by DML COMMIT, SAVEPOINT, and ROLLBACK are not allowed. Procedures Defined with CREATE PROCEDURE Data dictionary contains source code in USER_SOURCE. Explicitly invoked COMMIT, SAVEPOINT, and ROLLBACK are allowed.
23.
10-23 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Comparison of Database Triggers and Oracle Forms Triggers INSERT INTO EMPLOYEES . . .; EMPLOYEES table CHECK_SAL trigger BEFORE INSERT row…
24.
10-24 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Managing Triggers • Disable or reenable a database trigger: • Disable or reenable all triggers for a table: • Recompile a trigger for a table: ALTER TRIGGER trigger_name DISABLE | ENABLE ALTER TABLE table_name DISABLE | ENABLE ALL TRIGGERS ALTER TRIGGER trigger_name COMPILE
25.
10-25 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Removing Triggers To remove a trigger from the database, use the DROP TRIGGER statement: Example: Note: All triggers on a table are removed when the table is removed. DROP TRIGGER secure_emp; DROP TRIGGER trigger_name;
26.
10-26 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Testing Triggers • Test each triggering data operation, as well as nontriggering data operations. • Test each case of the WHEN clause. • Cause the trigger to fire directly from a basic data operation, as well as indirectly from a procedure. • Test the effect of the trigger on other triggers. • Test the effect of other triggers on the trigger.
27.
Copyright © 2004,
Oracle. All rights reserved. Applications for Triggers
28.
10-28 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Creating Database Triggers • Triggering a user event: – CREATE, ALTER, or DROP – Logging on or off • Triggering database or system event: – Shutting down or starting up the database – A specific error (or any error) being raised
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10-29 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Creating Triggers on DDL Statements Syntax: CREATE [OR REPLACE] TRIGGER trigger_name Timing [ddl_event1 [OR ddl_event2 OR ...]] ON {DATABASE|SCHEMA} trigger_body
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10-30 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Creating Triggers on System Events Syntax: CREATE [OR REPLACE] TRIGGER trigger_name timing [database_event1 [OR database_event2 OR ...]] ON {DATABASE|SCHEMA} trigger_body
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10-31 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. LOGON and LOGOFF Triggers: Example CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER logon_trig AFTER LOGON ON SCHEMA BEGIN INSERT INTO log_trig_table(user_id,log_date,action) VALUES (USER, SYSDATE, 'Logging on'); END; / CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER logoff_trig BEFORE LOGOFF ON SCHEMA BEGIN INSERT INTO log_trig_table(user_id,log_date,action) VALUES (USER, SYSDATE, 'Logging off'); END; /
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10-32 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. CALL Statements Note: There is no semicolon at the end of the CALL statement. CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER log_employee BEFORE INSERT ON EMPLOYEES CALL log_execution / CREATE [OR REPLACE] TRIGGER trigger_name timing event1 [OR event2 OR event3] ON table_name [REFERENCING OLD AS old | NEW AS new] [FOR EACH ROW] [WHEN condition] CALL procedure_name /
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10-33 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Trigger event UPDATE employees SET salary = 3400 WHERE last_name = 'Stiles'; EMPLOYEES table Failure Triggered table/ mutating table BEFORE UPDATE row CHECK_SALARY trigger Reading Data from a Mutating Table … … 3400
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10-34 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Mutating Table: Example CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER check_salary BEFORE INSERT OR UPDATE OF salary, job_id ON employees FOR EACH ROW WHEN (NEW.job_id <> 'AD_PRES') DECLARE minsalary employees.salary%TYPE; maxsalary employees.salary%TYPE; BEGIN SELECT MIN(salary), MAX(salary) INTO minsalary, maxsalary FROM employees WHERE job_id = :NEW.job_id; IF :NEW.salary < minsalary OR :NEW.salary > maxsalary THEN RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR(-20505,'Out of range'); END IF; END; /
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10-35 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Mutating Table: Example UPDATE employees SET salary = 3400 WHERE last_name = 'Stiles';
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10-36 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Benefits of Database Triggers • Improved data security: – Provide enhanced and complex security checks – Provide enhanced and complex auditing • Improved data integrity: – Enforce dynamic data integrity constraints – Enforce complex referential integrity constraints – Ensure that related operations are performed together implicitly
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10-37 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Managing Triggers The following system privileges are required to manage triggers: • CREATE/ALTER/DROP (ANY) TRIGGER privilege: enables you to create a trigger in any schema • ADMINISTER DATABASE TRIGGER privilege: enables you to create a trigger on DATABASE • EXECUTE privilege (if your trigger refers to any objects that are not in your schema) Note: Statements in the trigger body use the privileges of the trigger owner, not the privileges of the user executing the operation that fires the trigger.
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10-38 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Business Application Scenarios for Implementing Triggers You can use triggers for: • Security • Auditing • Data integrity • Referential integrity • Table replication • Computing derived data automatically • Event logging Note: Appendix C covers each of these examples in more detail.
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10-39 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Viewing Trigger Information You can view the following trigger information: • USER_OBJECTS data dictionary view: object information • USER_TRIGGERS data dictionary view: text of the trigger • USER_ERRORS data dictionary view: PL/SQL syntax errors (compilation errors) of the trigger
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10-40 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Column TRIGGER_NAME TRIGGER_TYPE TRIGGERING_EVENT TABLE_NAME REFERENCING_NAMES WHEN_CLAUSE STATUS TRIGGER_BODY Column Description Name of the trigger The type is BEFORE, AFTER, INSTEAD OF The DML operation firing the trigger Name of the database table Name used for :OLD and :NEW The when_clause used The status of the trigger The action to take Using USER_TRIGGERS Abridged column list*
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10-41 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. SELECT trigger_name, trigger_type, triggering_event, table_name, referencing_names, status, trigger_body FROM user_triggers WHERE trigger_name = 'RESTRICT_SALARY'; Listing the Code of Triggers
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10-42 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Practice 11: Overview This practice covers the following topics: • Creating advanced triggers to manage data integrity rules • Creating triggers that cause a mutating table exception • Creating triggers that use package state to solve the mutating table problem
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10-43 Copyright ©
2004, Oracle. All rights reserved. Class 10: Overview This practice covers the following topics: • Creating row triggers • Creating a statement trigger • Calling procedures from a trigger • Creating advanced triggers to manage data integrity rules • Creating triggers that cause a mutating table exception • Creating triggers that use package state to solve the mutating table problem
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