This document discusses several theories of intelligence including Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, practical intelligence, and emotional intelligence. Gardner's theory proposes that there are eight types of intelligences including linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalist. Practical intelligence relates to common sense and adapting based on experience. Emotional intelligence involves self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills. The document also discusses how culture can impact the development and expression of the different types of intelligences.

1. Nature of Intelligence
Dale Forbes, Chad Cardin, Jim Caufield, Kevin Bidwell &
Ryan Guzman
AET/500
June 15, 2015
Professor Mary Joseph-Martin

2. Introduction
Much study has been done on the nature of
intelligence, especially as it relates to adult
learning and development. The following
concepts submit to the reader the different
existing theories on intelligence and adult
learning and development.

3. Multiple
Intelligences

4. Howard Gardner
Multiple Intelligences
According to this theory, "we are all able to know the world through
language, logical-mathematical analysis, spatial representation, musical
thinking, the use of the body to solve problems or to make things, an
understanding of other individuals, and an understanding of ourselves.
Where individuals differ is in the strength of these intelligences - the so-
called profile of intelligences -and in the ways in which such
intelligences are invoked and combined to carry out different tasks,
solve diverse problems, and progress in various domains."

5. Summaries of eight intelligences
 Visual/Spatial - Involves visual perception of the environment, the ability to create and manipulate
mental images, and the orientation of the body in space.
 Verbal/Linguistic - Involves reading, writing, speaking, and conversing in one's own or foreign
languages.
 Logical/Mathematical - Involves number and computing skills, recognizing patterns and relationships,
timeliness and order, and the ability to solve different kinds of problems through logic.
 Bodily/Kinesthetic - Involves physical coordination and dexterity, using fine and gross motor skills,
and expressing oneself or learning through physical activities.
 Musical - Involves understanding and expressing oneself through music and rhythmic movements or
dance, or composing, playing, or conducting music.
 Interpersonal - Involves understanding how to communicate with and understand other people and
how to work collaboratively.
 Intrapersonal - Involves understanding one's inner world of emotions and thoughts, and growing in the
ability to control them and work with them consciously.
 Naturalist - Involves understanding the natural world of plants and animals, noticing their
characteristics, and categorizing them; it generally involves keen observation and the ability to classify
other things as well

6. Practical
Intelligence

7. Practical Intelligence
 Reaction to environment
 Adaptation
 Builds by experience
 Develops skills for everyday tasks

8. Practical Intelligence
 Is related to/known as:
 “Street Smarts”
 “Common Sense”
 Built over time
 Perfected by experience

9. Emotional
Intelligence

10. Emotional Intelligence
 Self-Awareness – the ability to recognize and understand your moods,
emotions and drives.
 Self-Regulation – the ability to control or redirect disruptive impulses
and moods.
 Motivation – a passion to work for reasons that go beyond money or
status.
 Empathy – the ability to understand the emotional makeup of other
people.
 Social Skill – proficiency in managing relationships and building
networks.

11. Hallmarks
 Self-Awareness
Self confidence, realistic self assessment, self-depreciating sense of humor
 Self-Regulation
Trustworthiness and integrity, comfort with ambiguity, openness to change
 Motivation
Strong drive to achieve, optimism, organizational commitment
 Empathy
Expertise in building and retaining talent, cross-cultural sensitivity, service
to clients and customers
 Social Skill
Effectiveness in leading change, persuasiveness, expertise in building and
leading teams

12. Gender and Cultural Differences
 On average women tend to be more proficient with emotional empathy
and social skills.
 On average men tend to be more proficient with self confidence and
managing emotions.
 In the top ten percent of leaders there are no apparent differences.
 There are cultural differences especially in the area of social skills.

13. Cultural
Impact

14. Cultural Impact on Multiple
Intelligences
 The makeup of intelligences changes over time with age and with experience.
According to Bruce Torff: "The intelligences develop as they grow and change over
time, which allows strengths to be exploited and weaker areas remedied. You
provide the right kinds of support for students, they build the kinds of intellectual
structures that enable them to do things." (Torff, 1996, pg. 31.)
 Culture has a great impact, this can be good or bad depending if all cultures are
understood, what is intelligent in one part of the world may be unintelligent in
another part. Globalization will cause organizations to better understand a vast
amount of cultures as well as for who and how schools educate with diverse
backgrounds.

15. Cultural Impact on Practical
Intelligence
 Practical intelligence is the know how or common sense of ones intelligence and
provides people with the skills to solve everyday problems, it is an ability to
skillfully negotiate multiple communal and professional environments
 Practical intelligence can be similar or very different in all cultures. In "The
Geography of Thought" (Free Press, 2003), Richard Nisbett, argues that East
Asian and Western cultures have developed cognitive styles that differ in
fundamental ways, including in how intelligence is understood. People in Western
cultures, he suggests, tend to view intelligence as a means for individuals to devise
categories and to engage in rational debate, while people in Eastern cultures see it
as a way for members of a community to recognize contradiction and complexity
and to play their social roles successfully

16. Cultural Impact on
Emotional Intelligence
 Emotional Intelligence enhances personal growth and interpersonal relationships
and affects people in all aspects of life and determines quality of life. Every
culture is unique in itself, although there maybe similarities it is important to
understand both to make fair assumptions and judgements.
 Culture impacts the development of emotional intelligence, peoples responses and
expression vary accordingly to their culturally prescribed experiences and values,
therefore culture impacts the development of emotional intelligence. (Kitayama &
Markus, 1994, pg. 29)

17. Conclusion
Again, there are several theories on the nature of
intelligence. It is the job of the adult educator to take all
of these into account when designing and facilitating an
adult learning experience. When this is accomplished,
there will be much success in the classroom not only for
the student, but the educator as well.

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Goleman, D., What Makes a Leader, Harvard Business Review, pg.95, November-
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