2. LANGUAGE IN USE
- Number of rules, styles and constraints to rule the
language
- Texting and emailing the shortest way to convey a
message
- Emails contain greater tolerance for spelling errors
and deviant punctuation
- Internet chatting and texting a lot like speaking

4. Form and meaning
Purpose
Appropriacy and register:
-Setting
-Participants
-Gender
-Channel
-Topic
-Tone

5. LANGUAGE AS TEXT AND DISCOURSE
Although grammar and vocabulary are vital
components of the language, we must also look
at the language at the level of text or discourse.
- Discourse organisation
- Genre

6. GRAMMAR
arrive
arrive + -d arrived (past)
arrive + -ing
arriving (continuity)
take (take, took, taken)
happy (adjective) happily (adverb) happines
(noun)
unhappy (opposite meaning)

7. CHOOSING WORDS
I
will
at
around
eight
o’clock.
arrive
They
didn’t
She
is
until
arriving
in
exactly
last
Tuesday.
two
hours.

8. Countable nouns – chair, chairs
Uncountable nouns – furnitures
e.g. The chairs /furnitures are very modern.
Transitive/Intransitive verb
To herd sheep (T) (herd)
(open) The dentist says: Open your mouth. (T)
The dentist’s surgery opens at eight o’clock. (I)

9. LEXIS
Language corpora
-Large banks of language data stored on
computers.
-Users of computer corpora can get a
concordance for words they are looking for.
CONCORDANCE – selection of lines from the
various texts in the corpus showing the
search word in use.

10. WORD MEANING
Table: write on table, eat off table, table a motion,
summarise information in a table.
Book: read a book, book a table, booked for speeding.
The same collection of sounds and letters can
have many different meanings.

11. EXTENDING WORD USE
• Black mood (very cross)
• Green (naive)
• E.g. The price of mangoes went up.
• She went up the stairs.
Metaphors:
- She kicked the bucket.
- He has bitten off more than he can chew.

12. WORD COMBINATION
• COLLOCATIONS- words which co-occur with each
other and which language users have come to
see as normal and acceptable.
• clenched fist,
• clenched teeth,
• clenched eyebrows

13. PARALINGUISTIC FEATURES OF LANGUAGE
• Take place outside the formal system language
(grammar, sounds)
• Include other factors which influence on the
process of language
• May be devided into two categories: vocal and
physical paralinguistic features

14. VOCAL PARALINGUISTIC FEATURES
• e.g. whispering = secrecy
shouting = anger
breathiness = deep emotion
nasal speaking = anxiety

15. PHYSICAL PARALINGUSTIC FEATURES
• Include the way we use our body to express our
wishes, emotions, expectations, etc.
• Facial expressions: we can use our face for
expressing out current mood.
smiling = pleasure
raising eyebrows = interest or surprise
clenching of the teeth = anger

16. • Gesture:
shrugging shoulders = indifference
crossing arms = relaxation
scratching head = puzzlement
• Proximity, posture and echoing, include:
- distance between the speaker and listener,
- posture of head,
- eye contact,
- similarity in posture and behaviour (echoing)

17. SPEAKING AND WRITING
Speaking
• simple verb forms and present forms are more common
than past verb forms
-in speech passive verbs forms are used rarely
• Will, would and can are more common

18. • In conversation we tend to take turns rather
than speak in well-formed sentences
• A: BISCUIT?
• B: YEAH.
• A: HERE.
• B: NICE (talking about biscuits)
• A: They are my fav
• B:
-I like gingernuts best
• A:
-ourite, but I ... Thought, you
know,.....erm, when I was in town, to cut
down.......

19. Writing
• Is pre-organised and planned,
• Can be formal or informal,
• To indicate attitude, emotions, etc., we use:
- dashes,
! exclamation marks
new paragraphs
, commas
CAPITAL letters
, , ....

20. FIVE PRONUNCIATION ISSUES:
1. Pitch (a device by which we comunicate meanings)
2. Intonation (a much subtler ways of meanings)
3. Individual sounds
4. Sounds and spelling
5. Stress
(the point in a word or phrase where pitch changes, vowels
lengthen and volume increases )

21. INDIVIDUAL SOUNDS

22. VOCAL CORDS (CLOSED AND OPEN)

23. SOUNDS AND SPELLING
• /Λ/ e.g. won, young, funny, blood, flood etc.
• ou e.g. cloud (au), pour, enough, through,
journey...
• was vs. I was robbed
• Connected speech:
• Ellision (can’t vs. I can’t dance)
• assimilation (that bad guy – /bæg gaı/ )

24. STRESS
- a term we use to describe the point in a word or
phrase where pitch changes, vowels lengthen
and volume increases
• ballet (/̕bæleı/ or /bæ΄leı/)
• dance
• EXport n.
• exPORT v.

25. • PRIMARY stress and SECONDARY stress
• e.g. ͵singul΄arity, ͵infor΄mation, ͵claustr΄phobia
etc.
• stress and meaning
Brad wants to MARRY my daughter? (I can’t believe
the relationship is that serious.)
BRAD wants to marry my daughter (I knew Steve
was keen on her, but Brad?)

26. • THANK YOU FOR YOUR
ATTENTION!